S. BROOM.
S. Broom operated to California during the 1850s Gold Rush.
USA, New York.
S. Broom operated to California during the 1850s Gold Rush.
USA, New York.
The FOTW and FAME flag illustration follows Lloyds 1912.
S. Copaitich & Co. Freeshipping Ltd. operated from 1895 to 1913.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Fiume; FOTW lists the company under Rijeka, Croatia.
Established in the 1820s, Hicks operated an early New York–Liverpool packet service as the Liverpool Line. Its duration is not known in the cited account.
USA, New York.
The FOTW rendering has a thicker S than its 1957 source. Rosanoski also notes that the company is incorrectly named R. Stein there.
S. Stein operated Mönkedamm from 1954 to 1963 and Mönkeberg from 1960 until scrapping in 1965. Lloyds identifies Willy Poeppel as proprietor in 1956–1957 and Heinrich Broeker as agent in 1963–1964. Mitchell associates the firm with Rolf Faulbaum Reederei without further explanation.
Germany, Hamburg.
Brown’s 1951 livery is also attributed to Thorn Line, Ribble Shipping and H. Harrison (Shipping); the 1958 edition again includes Thorn Line. Stewart outlines the letter in black. A black-and-white photograph of Blackthorn confirms the funnel.
A black-and-white photograph of Firethorn confirms this funnel. The flag in the photograph may be that of Booker Line.
S. William Coe & Co. was associated with Booker Bros. (Liverpool), later Booker Line. Lloyd’s 1998 account placed its amalgamation into James Fisher & Sons (Liverpoool) in 1995; the 2003 account instead described a merger in 1978 to form Coe Metcalf Shipping. The 1978–79 listing already combined most of the Coe and Metcalf fleets under Coe Metcalf, while Coe remained listed as manager in 1980–81.
Its management interests included Bann Shipping, Thorn Line and Thorn Line Finance, C. Crawley and Metcalf Motor Coasters. In 1978–79 it managed one Coe Metcalf vessel. Ribble Shipping shared its address in 1953–54, although the register referred Ribble to W.J. Ireland, for whom Rosanoski found no corresponding entry.
U.K., Liverpool.
Sache’s flag follows the Comité des Armateurs Fluviaux website.
Mahieu is an inland-waterway barge operator.
France, Le Havre.
The red flag has a very broad blue horizontal band bearing a white star. The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top and a broad band of the flag. O.B. Sørensen used the same livery; the 1939 source leaves the funnel emblem undescribed.
Recorded from the 1939 sources through 1970–1971, S.H. Smith Sørensen managed A/S Heron and Smith Sørensen’s Tankrederi A/S. Lloyds 1970–1971 treats the two companies as a joint venture. He was also managing director of O.B. Sørensen & Co.
Norway, Arendal (Tromoy).
Itel Carina was recorded at Antwerp in May 1973 with a black funnel, an orange ring around a yellow centre, and black lower-case ssi. The ends of the two s forms are double thickness. No flag was noted.
The company is listed in Lloyds 1973–1974 with Itel Corporation as agent.
USA, New York.
Aldor Ingebrigtsen’s April 2006 port-side photograph shows white CTG letters on the hull, suggesting charter. The funnel letters, initially read as FR, are identified by Rosanoski as FA.
Mitchell’s funnel is probably based on Lars Hagerup. His funnel drawing clearly shows FR, but his separate shield drawing shows FA in white on blue.
Fiskernes Agnforsyning apparently began with Lars Hagerup, built in 1946; its last two ships were sold in 2007–08. Initially listed under Johan Hagerup Jr, it later appears in its own name. Lloyds links it to the Coldstore & Transport Group website. That group began with Vesterålen Shipping in 1985, with the group and trademark established in 1997 at Sortland. Eimskip acquired a majority in 2004 and full ownership in 2005, when the trading style became Eimskip-CTG.
Norway, Tromso.
The funnel follows the vessel named Saanguine in a photograph at Singapore in October 2009.
Sumana Naree was bought by an Indian buyer in September 2009 and renamed Sanguine according to the cited records.
Singapore.
Early livery sources name Sabine Transportation Co. Jordan describes a red funnel with an emblem and black top; the flag and funnel gave rise to the Diamond S nickname.
Sabine Towing appears separately in the 1953–54 and 1958–59 registers.
USA, Port Arthur, TX.
The tanker company appears separately in the earlier registers. Munger T. Ball is listed as agent by Jordan and as president and general manager by Lloyds 1953–54.
USA, Port Arthur, TX.
Sabine’s origins are variously dated to 1908, 1909 and 1919. Lloyds records the merger of Sabine Towing and Sabine Transportation in 1961. Former vice-president Bill Withers gives commencement in 1909 and describes a fleet of tugs, inland barges and U.S.-flag tankers. The business was known as the “Diamond S” from its flag and funnel and operated on the Mississippi–Missouri system and Gulf coast.
Withers records a merger with Chromalloy American in 1967, Chromalloy’s acquisition by Sequa in the mid-1980s, and sale of Sabine to Kirby in 1992. In 1998 ships, tugs and Port Arthur property went to Hvide Marine and Stickle Enterprises; Kirby retained and renamed the barges. Withers regarded this asset sale as the end of the original company. Stickle received the Sabine name and continued using it and the logo, although by Withers’s 2003 account the original vessels had all been retired. The later Lloyds Chromalloy ownership entries are identified by Rosanoski as outdated.
USA, Port Arthur, TX; later Groves, TX.
The green funnel has a black top separated from it by a broad white band. The band bears a red panel shaped somewhat like a fluttering flag and containing a white S. The green house flag has a fairly broad white border and the same red panel and white S.
Sacor Maritima was formed in 1961 and was earlier listed as an Lda. Its operating subsidiary Tripul – Sociedad de Gestao de Navias Lda. was formed at Lisbon in 1992. Tripul in turn operated through a name subsidiary and S.M. International Transportes Maritimos Lda., also formed in 1992, at Madeira.
Portugal, Lisbon.
Recorded on Mustafa, the funnel is black with a broad white band edged red above and below. The observation specifically says the edging is “not black rings”. No flag is recorded.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The funnel follows Saehan Estrella from the port side on 25 May 2013, with starboard views also recorded. Unlike the website logo, the attached funnel emblem has no intrinsic black shading; sunlight casts shadows from it onto the band.
Lloyds dates the business to 1979 as Saehan Shipping Co., renamed Saehan Marine in 1980 and Saehan Marine Service in 1992. The company website instead describes Saehan Marine’s formation in the 1970s for domestic cargo transhipment and chemical transport, without the Shipping name.
Ocean-going operations in the 1980s added LPG, sulphuric acid and molten sulphur services. In the 1990s Saehan Marine Service specialised in vessel and crew management, while Saehan Marine Operation handled chartering, operations and agency work. Saehan Marine Gas followed in the 2000s. These and SM Management formed the Saehan Marine Community.
South Korea, Busan.
The company’s funnel emblem is green. S1133 follows Stalo at Newcastle on 9 July 2008 and a later Maritsa photograph.
Venus Heritage on 4 February 2012 carries the older Alassia funnel, referenced as A1074. Its return on the 2010-built vessel and 2011 sister Venus History is unexplained, despite the VH initials matching their names. Website photographs show S1133. The blue varies: Pelopidas on 17 June 2012 appears a softer sky blue.
Safety Management Overseas was formed in Panama in 1994 as a renaming of Alassia Steamship Co., founded in 1965 by Vassos Hajioannou, also rendered V. Haji-Ioanni by Mitchell.
A later management contract covered the fleet listed by Safe Bulkers as its own. Polys Hajioannou, chairman and chief executive of Safe Bulkers from 2008 and reported as holding 60%, also served Safety Management and previously Alassia. Shared offices and overlapping histories left Rosanoski uncertain about the exact corporate relationships.
Greece, Piraeus; later Athens.
The funnel and flag follow a portside photograph of Sagan Frontier on 29 April 2012. Thin black lines separate the funnel bands. The flag is indistinct, and its white dividing line is assumed from the logo rather than clearly observed. Saga Discovery confirms the starboard funnel view.
The chartered Saga Monal has a plain white funnel and a swallowtail-shaped panel on the superstructure, presumed to accommodate a window. Saga Morus instead has a normal panel; the panel shape is not established as a separate flag variant.
Saga Shipholding was formed in 2005 and later appeared under Anglo-Eastern Ship Management.
Saga Forest Carriers, a commercial manager of the Saga Pool and part of the Hesnes Group, is also listed with a 2005 formation. Its website instead traces the open-hatch gantry vessel pool to 1991, formed by E.B. Aaby’s Rederi, Borgestad and Nippon Yusen Kaisha. A 1987 report already names a Saga Forest Carriers consortium including Bulls Tankrederi, Aaby and Borgestad, a chronology the source leaves unresolved.
The two Norwegian founders left the pool in 1995. Headquarters moved from Atlanta to Tønsberg in April 2000. Leif O. Hoegh joined in May 2002 and began withdrawing in 2009, leaving in 2010; Attic Forest joined in 2009.
Norway, Notteroy.
The original funnel was yellow with a black top separated by a very narrow white band, seen on the conventional funnel of Saga Ruby and the differently shaped Saga Pearl II. Saga Rose at Wellington on 28 February 2004 flew a dark blue flag with large white SAGA; it was observed but not photographed unfurled.
Saga Sapphire’s portside funnel displays the newer design with the Saga name. The starboard side is entirely different, represented by S1624. The bow jack is a lighter blue with white Saga on a long flag slightly more than twice as long as high; the same flag also flies at the mainmast.
The starboard funnel is blue with white linework. Rosanoski suggests a cruise track and two small V-shaped birds but does not establish that interpretation. Photographs of Saga Sapphire in July, August and October 2012 also show the flag used as both bow jack and masthead flag.
Quest for Adventure’s portside design lacks the Saga name, while its starboard side uses S1624. The apparently incomplete boundary between blue and white is described in the discussion as deliberate, supported by the company website. Rosanoski suggests that the differing portside designs may give the ships individuality.
Questions in the photograph discussion about incomplete paintwork or a number seven did not establish a design meaning. Rosanoski instead identifies the dark blue area as part of the normal funnel top.
The Saga Group entered cruising with Saga Rose, trading as Saga Cruises or Saga Holidays. Lloyds first gave formation in 1997 and later amended it to 1996; the company appeared as Saga Cruises Ltd. by 2011–12. Spirit of Adventure Cruises was introduced as a brand in 2005.
U.K., Folkestone.
Sagittarius was recorded in January and December 1967 with a black funnel carrying a broad white band edged red above and below.
Sagittarius Maritime appears in the 1973–74 register, with Allied Shipping International Corporation as agents.
Greece, Piraeus.
The green funnel has a black top and a broad white band bearing a red maple leaf charged with a white S. The flag is a white tapered swallowtail with a green border and the same maple-leaf emblem.
Saguenay Shipping was an agency company, recorded as agent for Cedar Shipping in the 1963–64 and 1966–67 registers. It used the funnel of Saguenay Terminals and appears to have been part of that company.
Canada, Montreal.
The first design has a black funnel with a broad white band edged green above and below and bearing a green S. The flag is a white pennant with a green frame except at the hoist and a green S. The width of the border is uncertain: Stewart shows the colours as equal.
The second version substitutes a silver or grey funnel band and has a silver or grey pennant with a black-and-green biband border except at the hoist. Both carry a green S. NJK records a silver funnel band but gives an ordinary-shaped S; Rosanoski considers S402 suspect.
Saguenay Terminals apparently operated through Saguenay Shipping. Its funnel was used by Cedar Shipping, F.L. Parsons, Spruce Shipping and Sun Steamships. Ships, including chartered vessels, normally carried the prefix Sun; Cedar Shipping was listed under Saguenay Shipping’s agency.
Canada, Montreal; later Port Alfred Qu.
The funnel recorded for “St, Constantine” at Lyttelton on 11 December 1971 was black with a fairly broad dark-blue band. Rosanoski suggests a possible connection between these colours and E.A. Karavias Ltd.
Saint Constantine Maritime appears in the 1970–71 and 1973–74 registers with Karavias (London) as agents.
U.K., London.
The funnel was recorded for St. Thomas in August 1964 and St. John in April 1965.
No rename or shared-use assertion.
The 1966–67 register lists St. Paul Navegacion Ltda. S.A., with Renato Salvatori as agents. By 1970–71 it apparently became Saint Paul Marine Transport Corporation, represented by F. Scinicariello [Cafiero Mattioli]. The ships differed but retained the naming system, St followed by a name in English. The company is also recorded in 1973–74.
Italy, Naples.
The funnel is based on a starboard photograph of Sainty Visionary taken on 2 June 2013.
Sainty Marine had operated since 1980 as a public shipbuilding and international ship-trading company, within the state-asset investment corporation Jiangsu Guoxin Investment Group. It established its own shipyard in 2003. Rosanoski’s separate company-profile reference gives incorporation as 16 June 2013; the two dates are retained as recorded.
China, Nanjing.
The thickness of the red bands is uncertain.
Lloyds dates the formation of Sanko Asia Line Ltd. to 1988 and its change of name to Sakura Shipping to 1997. The fleet was held through name subsidiaries; in 1992–93 the company was listed as agents only.
Alan Watt records the livery for an owner or charterer from 1976, with reports extending back to 1970. Rosanoski suggests that 1988 might instead mark location in Japan if this was previously Sanko Kisen (Asia) Ltd., also called The Sanko Asia Line Ltd. The latter appears in the 1985–86 register as agents only. This possible explanation does not resolve the conflicting dates.
Japan, Tokyo.
Dov Gutterman describes a blue house flag divided into three equal stripes by thin horizontal white stripes. At the centre is a gold map of Cyprus bearing a white disc with a blue S. In September 2004 he reported frequent Salamis calls at Haifa and flags and funnels without an inscription.
Josef Nüsse’s table flag has a much larger, more golden island and the white inscription SALAMIS LINES at the base. Rosanoski initially questioned whether it was for shore use only, but photographs of Salamis Glory in June and July 2007 show this version as both bow jack and mainmast house flag. Its proportions may differ slightly from the table flag. A September 2009 photograph suggests that the jack is single-sided.
The funnel panels are documented on Pontos on 3 June 2008 and Salamis Glory on 27 June 2007. Their island shapes differ from the flag. The S leans slightly towards the fly, as it also does on the photographed flag, rather than standing upright as in the FOTW image. Salamis Glory’s funnel design is the same on both sides and lacks a white outline around the island. A photograph of Salamis Filoxenia on 23 May 2011 confirms the house flag and the outlined-island funnel version.
Vassos G. Hadjitheodossiou began the Salamis Group in 1959 with a customs-clearing office in Ammonchostos (Famagusta), naming it after the nearby ancient Kingdom Salamis. The business expanded into tourism as Salamis Tours and then into shipping and transportation. Salamis Shipping Services Ltd. became a separate entity in 1999 under Salamis Tours (Holdings) Ltd. The group included Salamis Shipping S.A. of Piraeus, Salamis Lines and Salamis Shipping Services of Lemesos, and Salamis Cruise Line.
Lloyds listed Salamis Shipping Lines Ltd. at Piraeus as agents through an operating company. Salamis Lines (Hellas) Ltd. was listed at Piraeus in 1998 and 2000, at Limassol in 2003, and subsequently as Salamis Lines Ltd. Rosanoski therefore places the company in Cyprus. By 2011–12 Salamis Lines was listed as managers only.
Cyprus, Lemasos.
This funnel is documented in port-side photographs of Astra on 24 January 2006 and Iblea at Port Botany on 15 October 2012.
This funnel comes from a port-side photograph of Oliver Jacob on 26 October 2013. The photograph is dull and the blue appears dull too, resembling that of the website logo.
Salamon was formed in 2002 as an independent ship-investment business; Christian Salamon is named as CEO in 2008. Its ships were held through name companies. In the 2011–12 register Salamon no longer appeared as a company entry, while known SAG vessels were listed under their managers.
Germany, Dortmund.
The funnel is black with a broad red band bearing a panel of the flag. The flag is described as a green-and-white diagonal biband, coded “Pbds” in the source. NJK records the funnel panel the other way round.
Saldanha Whaling is recorded in the 1963–5 and 1966–7 Lloyds references.
South Africa, Cape Town.
The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top. NJK records Fides with a buff funnel in December 1967.
Fratelli Cosulich is recorded as agent.
Italy, Trieste.
Salt Union was formed in 1888 as a conglomerate of English salt-work owners and was incorporated in England and Wales. Imperial Chemical Industries took it over in 1935 and sold it in 1992. It became part of the American Compass Minerals International in 2005.
UK, Winsford; later Liverpool.
The company was formed on 22 April 1868 under a title translated as A Company for the Acquisition of a Steamship in Salten. It had become Saltens D/S by delivery of its first vessel on 24 October 1870. Later registers record it as Saltens D/S A/S.
Norway, Bodø.
Bawa I’s July 2009 photograph shows the new logo, presumed to be a stylised S enclosing Z. Vanna, formerly Tom Elba and described as a recent fleet addition, also shows Z59 with an orange hull in August 2009.
Mgarr’s blue funnel has a white logo. Its earlier February 2008 white funnel with a narrow black top belonged to the period before an apparent Zammit connection. Z62 is documented from June 2009 and confirmed in October 2010. Rosanoski considers the vessel probably chartered in Zammit colours because Equasis does not name Zammit.
Vanna initially had a white funnel with two widely separated blue bands and the logo between, alongside an orange hull. The change to Z61 and a black hull occurred before 7 June 2011; Rosanoski again considers charterer colours likely.
Z60 is sourced to a photograph, without an explicit separate verbal association in the document.
Corporate relationship to Salvu Zammit/Go Fuels and exact charter contracts remain unresolved. This groups source-labelled marks, not an asserted independent incorporation or exclusive use.
Bawa I’s June 2000 photograph shows a black funnel, yellow band and white circle with an unidentified charge. By June 2006 it had a white band with a ring and symbol, appearing yellow in a May 2008 photograph. By March 2009 only a plain white band is described. Another change is noted on 1 June 2011 without a verbal design. A small December 2009 view appears to show white with a blue logo, but the photograph is too small for certainty.
The recorded light blue is RGB 106, 221, 255.
Established in 1999, Salvu Zammit supplied marine gas oil by barge and is also recorded as Salvu Zammit & Sons at the same address. Salvu died on 10 January 2004. Zammit Bunkering appears connected through the operation of Bawa 1, Mgarr and Vanna. Transport Malta’s 2012 lists suggest that the barge fleet passed from Salvu Zammit & Sons to Go Fuels; Mario Zammit’s recorded move between the operators supports that interpretation, but his ownership status and presumed family relationship are not established.
Malta, Mgarr, Gozo.
Samatour was formed in 1981, with ships held in its own name and through name subsidiaries. Vessel names began with Salem.
Egypt, Alexandria.
The website emblem appears to derive from Ellerman’s Wilson Line; its upper pennant appears dark blue.
Samer traces its origins to the Ellerman & Wilson Lines Agency Co. of Trieste, formed in 1919. Trieste shareholders acquired its share capital in 1981 under managing director Dario Samer, who had joined in 1952. The company became Samer & Co. Shipping Srl. in 1985, with Dario assisted by his son Enrico and daughter Lilli. Samer Seaports & Terminals was formed in 1988. The group expanded as ships’ agents, forwarding agents and terminal operators, with offices in Italy, the Balkans and Mongolia. It was recorded as manager for North Korea’s Korea Daesong Trading Corporation in the mid-1990s.
Italy, Trieste.
The funnel resembles those of the Warner companies, among which Sami was a popular ship name. The illustrated flag was derived from the funnel; it is unclear whether such a flag actually existed. Warner Pacific Lines is instead recorded with a plain red swallowtail, W168.
Mitchell also identifies Sami III as the source of this funnel, while showing P.R. Warner’s Warner Pacific Line funnel as an alternative.
Sami Ltd. is recorded in registers from 1985–86 to 2005–06. Sami III was managed by Warner Pacific Lines, and NJK identifies Sami as a Peter Warner company.
Vanuatu, Port Vila.
This funnel is documented on Sammarina A in 2001 and in port- and starboard-side photographs of Samarina M on 17 January 2006.
The plain funnel is documented on Paico on 23 October 2005. Rosanoski suggests that it may distinguish cargo ships from the other two vessels, described as RO.
Sammarina, also called SST Lines, was formed in 1996 and is recorded under Romanian government control. Its ships were held in its own name and through a name company, Pellistera Inc. of Panama City. Early ship names began with Sammarina, usually followed by a number or initial; later names varied.
Romania, Constantia.
The funnel panel is the country’s ensign, with five stars, one smaller, representing the Southern Cross without the pointers.
The Government of Samoa established Samoa Shipping Corporation, which began operations in December 1974 primarily to provide ferry services between Samoa and neighbouring islands. It operated Queen Salamasina during 1977–1999 and appears in registers under West Samoan, Western Samoa and Samoa Shipping Corporation forms of the name. It expanded into freight forwarding in 2005.
In 1995 the corporation bought a 50 per cent interest in Samoa Shipping Services from Columbus Line [HamburgSüd-Gruppe].
Western Samoa, Apia; Matautu-tai.
The company used its parent’s house flag with its own funnel. The funnel is white with a blue top bearing the red letters SSS. The flag is diagonally quartered white and red, with the respective black letters HSDG.
Two Hamburg-Sud vessels were registered in Western Samoa in 1970. Hamburg-Sudamerikanische Dampf.-Ges. owned Samoa Shipping Services until selling a 50 per cent share to Samoa Shipping Corporation in 1995.
Western Samoa.
The company apparently uses the same funnel as D. Inglessis Fils S.A., cross-referenced as I57. S1633 is based on a starboard photograph of Alberta taken on 4 March 2014.
Samos Steamship was founded in 1991 by cousins Stamatis H., Nikos G. and Antonis D. Inglessis as a ship-management company. The Inglessis family of Samos had invested profits from land-based business in shipping as D. Inglessis & Sons [D. Inglessis Fils S.A.]. In 1963 it joined the consortium forming Pegasus Ocean Services, which controlled its fleet, although some ships continued to be bought independently. Disagreement over Pegasus’s functions led the family to withdraw in 1991; the cousins moved to Greece and established Samos Steamship.
Greece, P.Faliro, Athens.
The flag is documented in paintings of Stag Hound and Westward Ho. Mystic Seaport also attributes it as one of several flags used by John Ogden.
Sampson & Tappan is dated to 1840 by Mystic Seaport. Originally a China-trading firm, it joined the California gold-rush traffic in the 1850s and was apparently among the most active lines bringing Chinese immigrant labourers to California and South America. Its best-known ships were the fast clippers Stag Hound, built in 1850, and Westward Ho, built in 1852. A communication records the firm operating in April 1856; Winged Racer sailed until 1863.
USA, Boston Mass.
Mitchell apparently based this funnel on Thyrill, observed in May 1982. The vessel was formerly Litlafell, acquired in 1971 by Samband Islenzkra Samvinnufélaga and Oliufelagid H/f, renamed in 1982 and sold in 1986.
This funnel is based on a port-side photograph of Arnarfell.
Geest North Sea Line, formed in 1966, was acquired in March 2005, followed by Seawheel on 11 August 2005. Lloyds gives conflicting dates for Seawheel’s absorption into Geest: 1975 and 31 October 2005. Geest became Samskip Multimodal Container Logistics in 2006. It is located at Rotterdam in the later account, while Brown 1995 places it at Spalding, UK.
The website logo is usually shown on dark backgrounds with its dark-blue letters changed to white and the light blue retained. A photograph of Arnafell on 2 August 2012 shows the slightly slanted lettering on a panel facing forward at the upper side of the bridge.
Samskip originated in the shipping division of the Federation of Co-operatives, Samband. The company website dates Samband Line to 1943, while Lloyds gives 1946. It became a limited company in 1991, with Samband holding 85 per cent, and underwent reconstruction in 1993 with new share capital sold to investors. Lloyds records the name Samskip h/f (Samband Line) from 1991 to 1994, then Samskip h/f.
The parent Samskip Holding B.V. was founded in Iceland in 1990 and later had its headquarters in the Netherlands. The group developed global transport services by land, sea, rail and air, including Samskip h/f, FrigoCare, Samskip Multimodal, Samskip Icepack Logistics and Samskip B.V. Bruno Bischoff Reederei was acquired in 1998; the operating company Ost-West-Handel Bruno Bischoff later became Ost-West-Handel und Schiffahrt. Around 2005 Samskip acquired Van Dieren Maritime and a 40 per cent share in Silver Sea. All operations were united under the Samskip brand on 30 September 2006.
TECO Lines was jointly owned with Estonian Shipping from February 2003, having been ESCO Container Lines before its name change on 28 January 2004. Another account names Samskip and Tschudi Shipping, owner of Estonian Shipping since 1999, as the joint owners for three years. A September 2006 report records Tschudi taking the entire interest.
Early vessel names carried the suffix fjell.
Iceland, Reykjavik.
This funnel is based on Samsun Elroy in May 2006 and a close-up of Dangjin at Newcastle on 29 November 2012.
This funnel is based on a starboard photograph of Regina at Singapore on 10 June 2011. Regina was a managed vessel with Globex Shipping S.A. as registered owner.
A black-and-white photograph of Samsun Honour on 14 November 1999 shows a white funnel with a narrow black top and a dark circular emblem. Three narrow white diagonal lines, equally spaced, form a band across the circle on the starboard side; Rosanoski codes its direction PBdS.
Lloyds initially gives formation in 1983 as Samsun Corporation, later amending this to Samsun Shipping Corporation, renamed Samsun Corporation in 1987. A second company began in 1979 as Soe Jin Shipping Co. Ltd.; after acquisition in May 1989 it became Samsun Shipping Corporation. The two merged on 1 July 2000 as Samsun Corporation, which became Samsun Logix Corporation on 8 November 2004.
The registers distinguish Samsun Shipping Corporation from Samsun Corporation at the same address. In 1998 the former was an operating company of the latter; the combined business subsequently held vessels in its own name and through name companies.
South Korea, Seoul.
LJC 1885 also assigns this livery to Liverpool & London Steamers; Reed’s 1891 and 1901 editions give London & Liverpool S.S. Co.
Samuel Hough, also known as Hough Line, dated from immediately after the Crimean War, in 1856. It merged into Powell, Bacon & Hough Lines Ltd. in 1913.
U.K., Liverpool.
The flag is quartered diagonally in white and blue. No funnel is recorded.
The company used sailing vessels.
China, Canton; the source presumes the treaty port is meant.
Ships & The Sea shows a black funnel with a broad blue band edged white above and below, bearing a white J. Rosanoski considers this version inexplicable.
The other funnel versions are black with a broad band of the flag, or yellow or buff with a narrow black top and the flag flying from a white pole angled in the direction coded Pbds. The flag is red with a broad white horizontal band; a blue diamond touches the upper and lower edges of the band and carries a white S.
The company is recorded as Victor Samuelsen in the 1939 fleet account and Ships & The Sea, and as Samuelsens Rederi in the later registers. Its fleet included the name subsidiary Skibs. A/S Sunde.
Norway, Farsund.
The funnel is described as yellow or buff. Cassian was observed in May 1966 with a creamy yellow funnel comparable to that of N.Z.S. Co.
San Felicia appears in the 1963–64 and 1966–67 registers. Its agents are given first as Marcou & Sons (Shipbrokers) Ltd. and subsequently as M. Macou Shipping Co. Ltd.
U.K., London.
Archon Raphael was recorded with a mourning band and a diamond initially described as green but amended to blue. The funnel is that of the agents Diamantis Lemos, although the diamond is smaller than in the Brown versions.
San Gabriel acquired its first ship, Archon Gabriel, in 1954. Its last vessel, Archon Raephael, was wrecked on 23 May 1967 and sank on 27 December 1968. Ship names began with Archon. The agents are recorded first as Faros Shipping and later as Diamantis Lemos.
Panama; UK, London is the agents’ address in Lloyds.
Both funnel versions are red with a narrow black top and a white circle. The first has a black C enclosing smaller black letters SJ; the second has blue letters SJ. The letters in the second may actually be black, as they appear in the source: blue was assumed from the flag because the accompanying article does not specify the colour. The flag is red with a blue-edged white circle and blue SJ.
Allen D. Christensen was recorded with the first funnel but a flag resembling that of Johs. Fritzen & Son. San Juan Prospector was recorded in December 1967 with Marcona Corporation’s funnel.
San Juan Carriers appears in the 1963–64 and 1966–67 registers with Ocean Services as agents. Marcona Corporation is named as agent in 1970–71 and 1973–74. San Juan Vanguard Corporation and San Juan Venturer Corporation appear as one-ship companies in 1970–71; only the one-ship companies are listed in 1973–74.
USA, San Francisco CA.
Photographs of SJN Nordic from port at Lyttelton on 23 December 2010 and from starboard on 7 September 2010 show mirrored funnel designs, with the dolphin facing forward on both sides.
Founded in 1996 as a privately owned US company, San Juan Navigation operated dry-cargo vessels until suspending operations on 11 October 2011. It appears to have been a charterer, although its website also described an in-house fleet.
USA, Bainbridge Island WA.
The funnel is described as white with a narrow black top and a red M. Observations differ in the ground colour: Santa Ana was basically silver, Santa Constance white, and Santa Alicia light aluminium in May 1964 and silver in April 1974.
San Martin appears in the 1963–64 register, with Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Co. (Bermuda) as agents. NJK also records Cargo & Tankship Management Corporation as agent.
Bermuda, Hamilton.
The funnel is associated with A.I. Georgandis.
San Panteleimon was bought in 1953. The last vessel, Penny, is recorded under G.S. Milionis from 1967 until breaking up in 1972. The company’s agents were N.J. Pateras & Sons in the earlier registers and George S. Mellionis in 1970–71.
UK, London; later Greece, Athens.
San Pedro (Offshore) was registered on 12 October 1967 and deregistered on 27 October 1992. It was owned equally by the Inchcape Group and Stannard Bros. Holdings. The company appears as owner and operator in 1970–71 and owner only in 1973–74; ship names began with San Pedro.
Australia, Bankstown; Sydney.
The funnel is based on a port-side photograph of Bradshaw McKee taken on 29 September 2012. The same funnel is attributed to Port City Steamship Services and Port City Marine Services.
Sand Products had operated since 1924 and was owned by the McKee family, also owners and operators of West Michigan Dock & Market Corporation. Its subsidiaries included the operator Port City Marine Services and Port City Tug, owner of Bradshaw McKee, acquired in 2008. Wisconsin & Michigan Steamship sold three freighters in February 2008 which it had acquired in August 2006. Port City Steamship Services of Muskegon chartered vessels to St. Marys Cement (US) of Detroit.
USA, Detroit; Muskegon MI.
Mitchell apparently associates this funnel with Alrita. He also gives a version without the black top for Sandfrakt of Kopervik as a separate company, although its source vessel Faktor is listed within the fleet.
Nor Viking was photographed in May 1999 under a Norstone charter, the charterer’s name appearing on the bridgeboard in place of the vessel’s name.
Nor Viking’s funnel in June 2008 incorporates the new logo and appears darker blue than Norne’s.
Photographs of Norne from port and starboard show a sky-blue shade.
The June 2007 photograph of Norsund shows another funnel version, indicating inconsistent fleet markings.
Nor Feeder’s different markings in 2007 are unexplained. Unlike the rest of the fleet, it was managed separately, so Rosanoski suggests a possible charterer influence.
Exact mark proprietor unresolved.
Rosanoski cannot explain the letters on the funnel identified in the text as S128, unless they refer to original owners before a possible ownership change.
The company website dates Sandfrakt to 1972, owning and chartering vessels with an office and workshop at Øensvåg. Lloyds links it to Sandfrakt A/S and Ingodd in 1966–67; Rosanoski suggests that 1972 might instead mark a change of owners. From 2 June 2008 Sandfrakt Investering A/S was sole owner, with former shareholders Norvald and Jarle Matre owning that holding company. Sandfrakt Rederi appears in the later registers and is recorded with a 40 per cent interest in SAMA Shipping & Management.
Norway, Instévik; later Olensvag, also given as Olensvaag, Ølen.
This funnel is based on a photograph of Cimbris taken on 27 March 1989. The vessel carried that name from 1988 to 1991, although Rosanoski could not confirm it in Lloyds.
Josef Nüsse’s double-sided table flag is white with four horizontal red lines interrupted at the centre by the field. In that space is a black S within a double red bracket. Below is the black inscription SANDHAMMAREN . SHIPPING AB, with an enlarged dot. Rosanoski questions whether a table flag with such small lettering was used at sea.
Formed in 1988, the company is listed as manager in 1992–93. By 1998 its fleet was under Pelmar Shipping A/B, formed in 1990 at Helsingborg. Rosanoski traced the company for ten years but did not establish its subsequent existence.
Sweden, Ystad; Mitchell gives Skarhamn.
The chartered Gunnfjaun was photographed on 28 June 2006 for Sandinge Bogser o Sjötransport. The source contrasts that company’s blue colour with red boot topping against Bengt Pråmkompaniet’s orange; most of the small tugs lacked funnels.
The official company account says operations began in 1971; the archive says formed in 1970. A predecessor-versus-legal-company distinction is possible but has not been established. Separate Sandinge Shipping, Star Bogser and Bengt Pråmkompaniet relationships remain unverified.
A photograph of Åke on 2 July 2006 suggests that Bengt Pråmkompaniet retained the same funnel; Åke had served under both companies.
The official company account says operations began in 1971; the archive says formed in 1970. A predecessor-versus-legal-company distinction is possible but has not been established. Separate Sandinge Shipping, Star Bogser and Bengt Pråmkompaniet relationships remain unverified.
Star Bogser’s funnel is documented on Max, bought in 2002 and sold on 20 August 2003.
The official company account says operations began in 1971; the archive says formed in 1970. A predecessor-versus-legal-company distinction is possible but has not been established. Separate Sandinge Shipping, Star Bogser and Bengt Pråmkompaniet relationships remain unverified.
The funnel bands appear more red than orange in all the photographs, which Rosanoski presumes indicates an air/sea-rescue shade.
Lennart Sandinge formed the business in 1970. His wife established Sandinge Shipping in 1984, and their son Bengt began Star Bogser in 1992. Bengt Pråmkompaniet A/B was formed in 2002 and took over most of Star Bogser’s fleet. The businesses operated small tugs and barges; Lloyds separately records Bengt Olof Lennart Sandinge and Sandinge Bogser o Sjötransport.
Sweden, Lysekil.
The funnel is based on a photograph of Kolbjörn.
The company had Kolbjörn built in 1899 and sold her on 12 March 1937. Lloyds 1917–18 lists it under operator Tord Magnusson.
Sweden, Gävle; Sanviken in Lloyds.
Baroona, one of the early steam trawlers, operated by Sanford during 1913–1935, had a white flag bearing the black outline of a fish enclosing a blue S.
This funnel replaced the earlier black funnel with a logo used by the steam trawlers.
This funnel is based on a photograph of San Aotea II taken on 22 May 2007.
In 2010 Rosanoski found no sign of the current trawlers flying a house flag. Their logo was a slightly elaborate S, and he suggested that any flag might show it white on blue. This was an expectation, not a recorded flag.
Albert Sanford began commercial fishing in 1881 and incorporated Sanford Ltd. on 1 February 1904.
Acquisitions included Auckland Trawlers; Costello Seafoods of Tauranga; Feron Seafoods [P. Feron & Son] of Timaru, which became Sanford (South Island); NZ Marinefoods of Havelock; Bluff Seafoods; Skeggs Seafoods’ Deepwater Division at Nelson; Hikurangi Fisheries; Coromandel Fish Exports; Wanganui Seafoods; and the fishing assets of Simunovich Fisheries.
Sanford participated in New Zealand-Japan Tuna Co. and owned SS Fishing equally with Sealord Group. The latter was formed as Grey Pears 2 on 14 January 1998 and renamed SS Fishing on 4 March 1998. From the late 1970s several vessel names began with San.
New Zealand, Auckland.
Rosanoski identifies S485 as the correct current Sanko livery. Photographs of Sanko Laurel and Sea Bonanza show the red target’s outer ring narrower than the inner ring, with the central red circle larger than drawn: the red elements become progressively wider towards the centre.
Mitchell’s funnel presumably reflects a change towards Sanko’s colours and appears connected with Pacific Ares in 1974–75, although the ship-index reference does not name the owner. Hanei Sky was photographed in Sanko colours on 23 April 2002.
An earlier Eastern funnel, cross-referenced as E235, is recorded in the 1960s and 1970s. Mitchell’s notes for Diadem may indicate that version; those for Far East Trader show no similarity, while Bell Rosita has no livery notes. Rosanoski could not locate these three in Lloyds.
Eastern Shipping, also called The Eastern Shipping Co., is recorded in the 1960s and 1970s and later as owner, manager and agent. Alan Watt states that some pre-1986 Lloyds editions confused it with the agents of McCormick Shipping Corporation, particularly in 1985–86. It became Sanko Ship Management in 2002.
Japan, Tokyo.
Brown 1982 and 1995 show a flag with four white and three red horizontal bands, the two inner white bands narrower, and an overall red target merging with the red bands. Rosanoski and Alan Watt attribute that flag to Sanko Asia Line, renamed Sakura Shipping in 1997, rather than Sanko Kisen. The band thicknesses and continued use after the name change are uncertain.
The original funnel is identified in the source as S134. Ring and central-circle sizes vary between references.
The source records green as 090-145-085.
Sanko Kisen, also known as The Sanko Steamship Co., was formed in 1934. It filed for bankruptcy in August 1985 and was financially reconstructed in October 1989. A July 2012 report records another insolvency declaration on 2 July after owners withdrew chartered vessels over unpaid hire, leaving Sanko unable to earn revenue.
The source distinguishes several register entries named Sanko Kisen. The Amagasaki fleet appears under the principal company by 1978–79, and a Tokyo management entry appears to combine with it by address in 1980–81. A further Tokyo entry in 1973–74 and an Innoshima entry in 1992–93 and 1996–97 are recorded separately; no additional corporate relationship is established here.
Operating companies included Eastern Shipping and The Sanko Marine Co. of Tokyo. The latter’s fleet was under name companies in 1998 and appeared under Eastern Shipping in 2000. Eastern Shipping became Sanko Ship Management Co. in 2002.
Early vessel first names ended in ko.
Japan, Osaka; later Tokyo.
Alan Watt identifies S134 as the original funnel. The dimensions of the rings and inner circle vary between sources.
The earlier Eastern funnel, E235, was recorded in the 1960s and 1970s. Mitchell’s E456 presumably reflects a move towards Sanko colours and appears to relate to Pacific Ares in 1974–75, although the ship-index entry omits the owner. His Diadem notes may indicate E235; those for Far East Trader are dissimilar, while Bell Rosita has no livery notes. None of those three was found in Lloyds. Hanei Sky was photographed in Sanko colours on 23 April 2002.
Eastern Shipping, also known as The Eastern Shipping Co., was recorded during the 1960s and 1970s. Later registers list it variously as owner, manager and agent. Alan Watt identifies confusion in pre-1986 Lloyds editions, especially 1985–86, between this company and McCormick Shipping Corporation’s agents. The 2002 name change to Sanko Ship Management is explicitly recorded.
Japan, Tokyo.
The later livery, cross-referenced as S485, is supported by observations of Sanko Laurel in December 1998. The red target’s elements become progressively wider towards the centre: the outer ring is narrow, the inner ring broader and the central circle larger than drawn. Rosanoski rejects Brown’s S217 flag attribution to Sanko Kisen. That flag has four white and three red horizontal bands, narrower inner white bands and a red target merging with the red bands; he attributes it to Sanko Asia Line, renamed Sakura Shipping in 1997. Its exact band widths and retention after the rename are uncertain.
The source records green as 090-145-085.
The Sanko Steamship Co., also called Sanko Kisen, was formed in 1934. Bankruptcy in August 1985 was followed by financial reconstruction in October 1989. A report posted in July 2012 records insolvency on 2 July, after unpaid charter hire led owners to withdraw vessels and deprived Sanko of earnings.
Several same-name register entries are distinguished in the source. The Amagasaki fleet appears under the principal Sanko company in 1978–79, and a Tokyo management entry seems to combine with it by address in 1980–81. A further Tokyo entry and a later Innoshima company are separately recorded, without an established additional relationship.
Eastern Shipping and The Sanko Marine Co. were operating companies. Sanko Marine’s fleet, held through name companies in 1998, appeared under Eastern Shipping by 2000. Eastern Shipping was renamed Sanko Ship Management in 2002. Early vessel first names ended in ko.
Japan, Osaka; later Tokyo.
Josef Nüsse’s table flag is orange-yellow with a delta triangle bearing a black S. Saffron-and-black vertical shading descends from the letter, with SANMAR in mixed-case black lettering below. Apart from the triangle it differs overall from the funnel. The funnel is based on Sanmar Majesty on 14 September 2007; some vessels show a narrow black top.
Sanmar Serenade was photographed on 28 June 2008 in poor light, making the orange shade suspect. The S in SANMAR differs, and the crossbars of the As do not meet their outer arms.
On Sanmar Stanza, photographed on 14 December 2010, the triangle appears angled, as though hurriedly mispainted.
Sanmar Shipping, also called SSL, belongs to a group active in chemicals, engineering and shipping. The group’s website gives an origin in 1972 but elsewhere changes the incorporation date to 1962. It entered shipping in 1992, acquiring six bulk carriers over two years. The website says Sanmar Shipping commenced operations in September 1994, acquired its first vessel in February 1995 and entered clean petroleum-product tankers in 1996. Shipping was spun off as an independent company in 1999.
The group was formed by N. Sankar, son of S.N. N. Sankar, founder of Indo Commercial Bank and India Cements. N. Sankar joined his father’s Chemplast business in 1967, left in 1972 and bought it and assumed management in 1997. The decision to create the group is dated to 1991; its name combined his name with that of his brother N. Kumar.
Lloyds initially dates Sanmar Shipping Corporation to 1995. Its amended account instead gives Chemical & Plastics India Ltd., formed in 1995, renamed Chemplast Sanmar in the same year and Sanmar Shipping in 1999. These differing corporate accounts are retained rather than reconciled.
India, Chennai.
Sweden, Ystad.
The livery comes from a Brazilian house-flag chart dated about 1950. Ivan Sache reads the letters as ENSA, Empresa de Navegação de Santo Antônio; this is an interpretation of the inscription.
Brazil, Piauí.
The funnel is based on King Sugar on 30 November 2010. A starboard photograph at Lyttelton on 24 December shows an almost black symbol, interpreted as a lighting effect. Sea Harmony in April 2013 confirms the light sky blue of the website logo, but King Sugar at Sydney on 6 October 2013 has a darker blue, described as more of a 255. Rosanoski therefore finds the blues inconsistent.
Sea Honesty at Wellington on 31 December 2000 had an orange funnel, which Rosanoski assumes represented a charter. Its name company appeared under Towa Shoun in 2000 and Santoku in 2003.
Also called Santoku Shipping Co., the company’s website dates the start of operations to June 1972, with a public offering ten years later and Masashi Taga as principal shareholder. It records reorganisation in September 1981; Lloyds gives 1981 as the formation date.
Operating companies included KTM Corp S.A., formed in 1997 at the same address, and Towa Shoun of Osaka. Towa Shoun was listed as a Santoku operating company from 1998, with its own and name-company fleet in 2003. By 2008 it was omitted and the vessels appeared under Santoku.
Japan, Osaka.
The funnel is black with three white rings arranged one above two; the flag is white with three red rings in the same arrangement. Alan Watt identifies NJK’s arrangement of two above one as inverted. S421 was observed on Tosa Maru on 17 May 1964. Sagami Maru, Mikawa Maru and Tosa Maru were also recorded with Nippon Reizo [Nichirei Corporation] livery, apparently under charter.
Sanwa appears in the registers from 1963–64, with the spelling Sanwa Senpaku used by 1978–79.
Japan, Tokyo.
Mitchell’s funnel appears to relate to Seagull, listed in 1988–89 under Fuji Kisen Kaisha’s agency.
This funnel is based on Legend Phoenix on 11 June 2006. Pax Phoenix carries the same funnel; the letter leads Rosanoski to assume that the marking belongs to Sanzo. Other vessels were chartered: Fleet Phoenix definitely to Sanko, and Santa Phoenix probably to Hapag Lloyd.
Green Phoenix was photographed on 24 December 2012 with this funnel, attributed by the photograph source to MMS Co. [Meiji Shipping Group]. Rosanoski identifies MMS as manager only and regards a charterer’s livery as possible, explicitly calling this pure surmise because no charterer is named. The vessel was built in 2011, loaded scrap in May that year, and web snippets suggested availability for sale or charter from new.
Exact operator of design unproved.
MMS management is not emblem identity.
Sanzo Kigyo, also known as Sanzo Enterprise Co., is dated to 1979. Its name company Sanzo Enterprise (Panama) S.A. was registered on 11 July 1973. The first vessel, Andhika Wanasatya, was built in 1977 and was presumably chartered, judging by its name. Register entries place the Panamanian company with Indonesian agents before Sanzo Kigyo appears as agent, owner and manager. By 1998 Lloyds lists Sanzo Kigyo as an operating company of Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, with the fleet under Sanzo Enterprise (Panama).
Japan, Tokyo.
The white funnel has a red stylised S in two parts, angled slightly in the direction coded Pbds. The white flag has the same two-part red S, with SANARA in double blue lines placed parallel to the hoist.
Netherlands.
This funnel is documented on Ichnusa from starboard on 29 September 2000 and Arbatax from port in 2007.
The Dimonios funnel is squat and elongated, curving forward with an angled rear. The flag-like design fills its depth and is based on the back of the funnel on both sides. It uses the flag of Regione Autonoma Sardegna. Rosanoski assumes that it represents the Regional Government as charterer, since SAREMAR’s other vessels do not appear to have changed. He suggests that on a conventional funnel it would occupy the top or a band; this is hypothetical placement, not another observed design.
Sardegna Regionale Marittima, also known as SAREMAR and recorded as Sardinia Regionale Marittima, is dated to 1987 by Lloyds and 1988 by its website. Originally under Società Finanziaria Marittima, it passed to state-owned Tirrenia following reorganisation and was transferred to the Sardinian Regional Government in 2009.
In May 2011 the Regional Government chartered Dimonios through SAREMAR; the charter expired in autumn 2012.
Italy, Cagliari.
Mitchell shows the funnel on a Pateras page.
Saretap bought Arsenal in 1964, renamed her Marita Thorden in 1965 and restored Arsenal in 1967. In 1970 she passed under the same name to Arsenal Shipping Co. Ltd., retaining the same agents, Pateras Brothers.
Greece, Piraeus.
The star is angled on S1376, documented on Asphalt Commander and Asphalt Spirit, but upright on S1377, photographed on Asphalt Transporter at Newcastle on 30 July 2010. Rosanoski suggests a possible connection with a US Navy commander’s sleeve insignia because the founder was a former naval officer, but his rank is unknown and the explanation is expressly theoretical. Either star orientation might be an error if that interpretation is correct; neither is resolved. The occurrence of the angled version on two ships disproves the suggestion that an upright star was deliberately used elsewhere simply to avoid being identical.
Preserve vessel dates; neither exclusivity nor rank symbolism established.
Most Asphalt-named vessels appear in the colours of managers Chronos Shipping, confirmed by the Chronos website. Rosanoski suggests that Chronos also owned a couple of vessels chartered to Sargeant. Some smaller tankers instead have black funnels with three yellow bands and a yellow star above them, whose ownership was not explicitly confirmed on either website.
Harry Sargeant Sr. founded Sargeant Marine in 1983 to transport asphalt in chartered vessels. His son Harry Sargeant III succeeded him. The business introduced ISO bitumen containers in 1989 to reach remote destinations and began acquiring asphalt tankers in 1992. It expanded into tankers, tugs, barges and containers, including the purchased and converted Asphalt Commander, then described as the world’s largest asphalt tanker at 35,000 deadweight tons. The group developed into the largest fleet of asphalt tankers and barges. Asphalt Seminole was named in recognition of the son’s Florida State University connection.
USA, Coral Springs FL; later Boca Raton FL.
The funnel is black with a broad band of the flag. The white flag bears a red circle touching its upper and lower edges, with a white star in the circle.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The unnumbered version is the general company flag, documented in sources from Griffin 1895 onwards and still flying above the company building in the later account. Klaus-Michael Schneider’s image was based on photographs taken on 15 January 2007.
Numbered flags identified individual vessels by their sequence in the fleet. Loughran gives the example 51 and states that numbering ended in 1929 after some 77 ships. The 1890 painting of Anton von Kiel, commanded by E. Aereboe, shows 40, supporting the straight-number format; the painted flag lacks an ampersand on the saltire.
This version has an outlined panel at the bottom labelled “Schiffsnummer im unteren weißen Feld”, meaning vessel number in the lower white field.
The flag is white with a red saltire, black S and B in the hoist and fly quarters, an ampersand at the centre and black characters below. Jorge Candeias read the bottom group as 1773, with the second 7 smaller; discussion questioned whether that character was a dash. Jarig Bakker initially supported the small 7, but Rosanoski subsequently considered the sources to favour a dash and doubted either a date or fleet number of 1773. He had not seen the original source and left open another explanation.
Rosanoski’s comparison gives Lloyds 1904 as 1.-73., Lloyds 1912 and Brown 1926 and 1929 as 1-77, and Reed 1912 as 1-78. A later passage instead describes the Lloyds 1904 S1521 image as 1 and 77 separated by a dash with a dot beneath, which could resemble a small 7 in a reduced scan. This difference within the source is retained. Rosanoski could not explain the use of 1- before a sequence number.
This funnel had been adopted by 1973.
Geheimrat August Sartori established Sartori & Berger at Kiel in 1858; steamship ownership began in 1868. Ownership passed to Knud Knudsen in the late 1960s. In the 2009 account his son Volkert was majority shareholder and managing director, with the family company operating as shipbrokers and agents and retaining its Kiel headquarters.
Sartori & Berger had operated as Michigan Ocean Line before joining A. Kirsten and Leo Adams Reederei in Hamburg Chicago Line, a joint service beginning on 15 April 1961. It left the partnership that year. Mathies Reederei is recorded as an associate. The post-war fleet used family names and had been sold by the 1966–67 register.
Germany, Kiel; Hamburg and Rendsburg also appear in the registers.
A black-and-white photograph of Harri shows a plain dark funnel.
Satama-hinaus was operating by 1964, when it bought the newly named Harri. Risto Rikkala, Antti Keskinen and Sulo Patane are named as involved. Recorded variants include Santama Hinaus S&H, S & H Satamahunaus and Satamahinaus Ltd. Alfons Håkans acquired the business in 1991.
Finland, Lepsama in Brown; Helsinki in the Alfons Håkans source. The proposed correction to Lepsala is questioned in Rosanoski’s note.
Ace Bridge at Wellington on 20 June 2003 had an orange funnel, probably indicating a Mitsui charter. Ultimax was in NYK colours on 10 May 2013.
Sato Kisen, also called Sato Steamship Co., was formed in 1957. Its later fleet was held through Stevens Line Co. Ltd., formed in 1989 at Port Vila, Vanuatu, and name companies. The 2011–12 register records Sato as manager of the name company, while Stevens Line appears separately with sundry managers.
Japan, Onomichi.
The FOTW image is described as an orange, light-green and orange horizontal triband. Blue stripes cover the orange at the lower hoist and upper fly to form an S at the centre. Rosanoski instead finds light blue and orange in the company website logo and no evidence that it is actually used as a flag.
Satrans appears to be principally a road-transport company within the Dillinger Hütte Group, with some inland-shipping involvement, probably not as an operator.
Germany, Saarlouis.
The funnel recorded for Olga Minacoulas is yellow with a broad blue band bearing a white cross paty. At the centre of the cross is a blue circle containing a red M.
Saturn Shipping appears in the 1963–64 register with Kenfig Steamship as agents.
U.K., London.
Sawayama Kisen was formed in 1917 and consolidated into International Energy Transport Co. [Mitsui O.S.K. Lines] in April 1989. Rosanoski suggests a possible connection with S. Sawayama of Nagasaki, listed in 1917–18. Mitchell uses Sawayama Kaisha Kisen, while the 1985–86 register uses Sawayama Steamship Co.
Japan, Nagasaki; later Kobe.
The funnel was chocolate-coloured.
Sawmillers Shipping operated Kianga from 1922 to 1933.
Australia, Sydney.
Loughran describes Scaldia as charterers of “more recent interest”; Mitchell also records it as a ship manager.
Belgium, Antwerp.
The flag is divided diagonally into white hoist and fly quarters and red upper and lower quarters, with a black stripe along the top and a yellow stripe below. Two interlinked yellow rings contain black LB and AL respectively, for Lloyd Brasileiro and Alianca. Rosanoski relates the quarters to Lloyd Brasileiro and the black band and rings to Alianca, leaving the yellow band unexplained.
After Transroll refused the LB/AL funnel, a new flag and funnel replaced the initials with black SCAN and BRAS on white panels over black arrows within thicker interlinked rings. The SCAN arrow points upwards and the BRAS arrow downwards. Each arrowhead has a flattened point, a white lettering panel and a black base line; the second is reversed. Rosanoski associates the arrows with Transroll.
Another variant has SCAN in yellow and BRAS in red. The later Klaus-Peter Bühne account states that it was never officially used.
Josef Nüsse’s table flags have proportions 5:3 and are all placed under Brazil. Rosanoski’s early note questioned whether they were advertising flags and whether ships retained their original funnels. An early Schneider reply mentions one unhoisted flag refused by Transroll without identifying it; the later account supplies the more specific design history above.
Scan Bras was established in 1984 by Alianca and Lloyd Brasileiro for trade between Brazil and Scandinavia, particularly coffee. Transroll joined in 1988, with each partner receiving one-third of the profits. Though listed at Botafogo, decisions were made in Hamburg, with Alianca the principal participant and the others described as quiet partners. Klaus-Michael Schneider identifies Arnold Keller as the person who established and dissolved the Hamburg company; Rosanoski distinguishes its German registration from its Brazilian parentage.
The service linked Rio de Janeiro, Santos and Pagua with Oslo, Aarhus, Göteborg, Malmö, Stockholm and Helsinki. Its common fleet included the newly built Laplandia and Gotlandia from Neptun-Werft, Rostock. Scan Bras dissolved in 1991; Alianca acquired larger container ships and continued the business through Hamburg.
Brazil, Botafogo; Germany, Hamburg.
The first funnel is orange with a panel of the flag; it was replaced in 1973 by a white funnel with a narrow orange band, its direction coded Pbd. Brown does not carry the orange band to the sides. The flag is white with a narrow orange bend in the upper fly and the black inscription Scan Austral in the lower hoist. Loughran’s second illustration uses yellow where the text specifies orange.
Scan Austral developed from Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic’s Australienlinjen service. The Bryggan account dates restructuring to 1969 as a consortium with Wilh. Wilhelmsen and Det Östasiatiske Kompagni. Loughran dates formation to 1970 and lists Wilhelmsen, Transatlantic, Dutch East Asiatic and Swedish East Asiatic. The company name also appears as Scandinavian Australia Carriers and Scandinavia Australian Carriers; the differing dates and participant descriptions are retained.
Norway, Bergen.
The white flag carries a captain’s sleeve with four gold bands and a diamond-shaped curl. Brown 1982 instead shows five bands and a round curl. Tasman Express Line, permitted to use a slight variation after subchartering two SCOL vessels for a distant trade, advised that four bands were correct. Its description places a small nick at the top of the upper band, separating it from the curl; Nüsse’s table flag places the nick at the bottom of that band.
Mitchell shows this funnel under Scol Rederi A/B. It may derive from Scol Trader or Scol Venture, for which his drawings give no funnel detail.
The company is apparently also known as SCOL Shipping A/B or SCOL Rederi A/B. It chartered Rane from 1973 to 1977; Rosanoski did not find it in Lloyds and considers it probably a charterer only.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The flag has red, white and red horizontal stripes in Spanish-fess proportions, with blue SEAL lettering in the central stripe separated by small blue discs.
Josef Nüsse shows a swallowtail version, with very dark-blue letters, under S.E.A.L. – Scandinavian East Africa Line A/S – Oslo.
Also called Skandinaviske Øst-Afrika Linje, the company was a Den Norske Amerikalinje subsidiary operating a regular Madagascar service from 1921 to 1981. It was sold to Deutsche Afrika Line [Deutsche Afrika-Linien] in 1981.
Germany in FOTW; Norway, Oslo in Nüsse.
The double-arrow livery probably belongs to the post-1980 operation, since vessels retained their original company colours during the first period. Nüsse’s flag is double-sided; its smaller emblem and darker blue are supported by a photograph of Regula’s funnel.
The Collectors Corner cap badge shows a larger emblem and lighter blue, while the Swedish cap-badge site gives a darker shade. The Ursula photograph supports the darker colour. Rosanoski rejects the attribution to a supposed Linjebussen International Scandinavian Ferryline, explaining that the flag belongs to Scandinavian Ferry Lines.
This apparently later funnel is based on a photograph of Ursula. A corresponding flag was not shown and was only expected to apply.
Scandinavian Ferry Lines, or SFL, began in 1969 as the collective name for Svea’s ferry services. Rosanoski questions the account that it was a rename of Linjebuss International, since that company continued to appear until 1980. The first service used ships from Svea and Linjebuss, operated by Linjebuss, Trave-Line and Skandinavisk Linietrafik. Following Johnson’s 1974 takeover of Svea, the name apparently lapsed or continued only as a service name.
In 1980 SFL was revived as a 50:50 venture with Swedcarrier, bringing the Linjebuss Öresund operation together with SJ/Svelast. It also merged with the Danish Öresund operations, covering Limhamn–Dragör, Malmö–Tuborg and Malmö–Copenhagen fast ferries. Johnson’s share was sold during a liquidity crisis, with Swedcarrier becoming sole owner in 1983. Some vessels also formed a joint venture with the whole Öresund fleet under Öresund management. SFL became SweFerry A/B in 1991.
Sweden, Helsingborg.
The illustration uses a darker yellow to make the white stand out. The Amsterdam flag chart associates the flag with Vikaren but supplies no home port.
Transatlantic, Bergenske and Fearnley & Eger established Scandinavian West Africa Line, or SWAL, during the Second World War to serve the Portuguese colonies in west Africa. A separate source dates Den Skandinaviske Vest-Afrika Linje’s operation to 1947–1966. Recorded as charterers, the line also participated in Service Commun d’Armements Desservant l’Ouest Africain.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
The earlier triangular emblem has yellow, blue and red in clockwise order. It appears on the Bryggan postcard and is confirmed by a photograph of Aurora af Helsingborg on 30 May 1994.
The white flag carries a point-down triangle formed from three trapezoid blocks: red above, dark yellow to the left and blue to the right. The company explains red as Denmark, blue as Sweden and yellow as Germany. The order differs from the earlier emblem. Menja carries the logo on its white superstructure because its funnels are too small, and photographs confirm the flag and the funnel design on other vessels.
António Martins-Tuvalkin observed the same emblem on a dark-blue flag at Helsingor harbour, whereas flags aboard and on the Swedish side were usually white. Aurora af Helsingborg also appears to fly a dark version in a later photograph. Rosanoski notes that a dark-blue element would not stand out on a dark-blue field and that the funnel emblem appears lighter blue; the precise shades remain uncertain.
Rosanoski suggests that the changed colour order might reflect geography, or perhaps the country of a vessel’s registration. Neither explanation is established.
The Swedish Scandlines A/B developed from Scandinavian Ferry Lines through the SweFerry name in 1991 and became Scandlines in 1997. A proposed merger with the Danish and German ferry companies did not take place; it remained separate. Narrative sources date Stena’s acquisition to 1999, while the later Lloyds entry gives purchase in 2000. Earlier register entries continued to describe Swedish-government control.
The Rostock parent Scandlines A.G. was formed on 21 July 1998 from Deutsche Fahrgesellschaft Ostsee and Scandlines A/S, under German and Danish state ownership. The later account calls the parent Scandlines GmbH, with Scandlines Deutschland and Scandlines Danmark as affiliates. The Danish predecessor had been formed by SweFerry and DSB Ferries, acquired Europa-Linien in 1996 and absorbed Öresund in 1997. Lloyds later amended its account to formation of Scandlines A/S in 1998 followed by renaming as Scandlines Danmark that year.
Deutsche Fahrgesellschaft Ostsee became Scandlines Deutschland in November 1998. Euroseabridge was acquired in stages: one account gives a half interest to the Danish company in 1998 and the balance in 1999, while the website dates acquisition to 10 August 1999. It became Scandlines Euroseabridge on 1 January 2000 and merged into Scandlines Deutschland on 1 January 2004. Balticum Seaways’ ro-ro service was acquired on 1 May 1999.
T&E ESCO RORO Line’s operations were taken over on 26 June 2003 and renamed Scandlines Estonia AB. In June 2007 the state-owned group was reported sold to British 3i and Alianz Capital, each with 40 per cent, and Deutsche Seereederei with 20 per cent.
A 40 per cent interest in Mols-Linien is dated to 1 January 1999 by the website, while Lloyds gives February 1999 and attributes it to Scandlines A/B. A November 2007 report records sale to Clipper Group, although Lloyds August 2008 still gives a 30 per cent interest. Sydfynske also passed to Clipper in November 2007, in a joint venture with Bornholmstrafikken.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Hamlet and Tycho Brahe are shown with the common funnel, while some photographs retain Deutsche Fahrgesellschaft Ostsee colours, probably predating the merger. A 2013 Hamlet photograph could show a very dark-blue funnel rather than black.
Scandlines developed from cooperation between the Swedish, Danish and German state ferry services. It apparently began as a trading name after Scandinavian Ferry Lines became SweFerry, with the Swedish reorganisation variously dated 1991 and 1992. The source describes a Danish joint venture in 1996 and the Swedish company’s adoption of the Scandlines name in 1997. The service subsequently used a common livery while remaining divided between the German–Danish group and the Swedish company.
Germany and Denmark, with the parent at Rostock; a separate Swedish company at Helsingborg.
The propeller’s three blades represented the original members and remained unchanged when the fourth joined. Ships retained their own funnel markings. The illustration’s colour shades are taken from the website image.
Scanservice began in 1969 as a Scandinavia–Far East service operated by Wilhelm Wilhelmsen, Svenska Ostasiatiska Kompaniet and Det Östasiatiski Kompagni. Koninklijke Nedlloyd joined in 1972, when the service became ScanDutch.
Denmark, Copenhagen.
The flag is blue with a yellow saltire between the white letters PATB.
Also known as Portulloyd.
Scanno Marine was a short-lived venture chartering Roger Rougier in the Bass Strait trade. It ended with the failure of its parent, Scanno Transport, in 1983.
Australia, Tasmania; Hobart is queried in the source.
The funnel was recorded for Dubai Trader in January 1966.
Scanship’s sole vessel, Dubai Trader, was bought in 1965 and sold in 1967. Sea Express Lines is listed as agent in 1966–67.
Panama; Hong Kong in Lloyds.
The funnel is black with a broad band of the flag. The flag is white with two narrow red bands. In the funnel portrayal the bands appear equally wide, or the red slightly wider, which Rosanoski considers unlikely.
U.K., London.
Nüsse’s blue table flag has very broad white letters and is supported by the flag flown on a postcard of Dana Scarlett. The funnel is partly obscured by lifeboats: if it has a blue base, there is a large gap between that and the letters, which lie close to a very narrow blue top.
Scarlett Line operated Dana Scarlett between Landskrona and Tuborg from 1985 to 1994. The service began as L-T Linjen, successor to Skandinavisk Linietrafik, and changed its name to Scarlett Line in 1989. Marine Trading A/B is recorded as agent in 1988–89.
Sweden, Hamstead; later Landskrona.
The 1937–38 telegraphic-address listings use both Steenberg (Schach) & Co. and Schach, Steenberg & Co.
Denmark, Copenhagen.
The firm was founded in 1918 and acquired Hernodia in 1919. The ship was sold to a Finnish firm in 1923 and broken up in Sweden in 1959.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
The flag is blue with a white diamond bearing a blue M. The black funnel has a broad band of the flag edged white above and below. Brown 1926 also attributes the livery to G.H. Spliethoff. Brown 1926 and 1934 and Ships & the Sea show a black funnel M, which Rosanoski considers unlikely.
The company is recorded in The Worlds Merchant Fleets 1939.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
The letters are black, with sources placing dots after all letters or only after the Ss. The funnel diamond varies in size; Stewart shows it slightly overlapping the upper and lower red bands. Brown 1958 attributes the livery to International Kustvaart Maats.
The company’s background lay in coal trading involving the Rheinisch-Westfalissches Kohlen Syndicat and six Dutch traders. The account dates Steenkolen Handelssvereniging’s formation at Utrecht to 1896 and its move to Rotterdam to 1902. It also links American Petroleum Co. with the formation of Scheepvaart-en Steenkolen to carry coal from the UK. Steamship ownership is recorded from 1896; Stoomvaartmaatschappij Nederlandsche Lloyd was formed in 1901 for other activities.
The name also appears in English as Shipping & Coal Co. Ltd., which is separately listed as an associate. The company controlled Nederlandsche Lloyd and managed Internationale Kustvaart Maatschappij. The Transport form of its name appears in the 1973–74 register.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
V296 comes from a port-side photograph of Roelof on 19 May 2007. Its flag is derived from the funnel emblem, not a separately observed flown flag.
The company acquired the vessel renamed Roelof in 2007 and appears under B.V. Kustvaartbedrijf Moerman as managers. Lloyd’s gives 1992 as its formation, but Rosanoski identifies that date with J. van Urk Jr. C.V. He suggests a connection because both used the vessel name Roelof and the same manager, while retaining different register identities.
Netherlands, Ridderkerk.
Euro-Rijn’s inland fleet has served major European waterways since 1979, directed from Moerdijk and the German subsidiary Euro-Rijn Deutschland in Duisburg. Euro-Rijn International handles international transport. Activities include forwarding, logistics, chartering and agency. The accompanying FOTW note instead gives the subsidiary’s location as Dortmond.
Netherlands, Moerdijk.
Belgium, Antwerp.
Separate personal operation versus partnership unknown.
Exact individual/company unknown.
Schepers & Co. of Elsfleth was formed in 1994 and later appears as H. Schepers Bereederungs GmbH & Co. K.G., formed in 1997. Lloyds gives an earlier trading sequence as Reederei Heinrich und Rudolf Schepers until 1963 and Tim Schepers & Söhne until 1987. Register numbers later cross over between the H. Schepers and Rudolf Schepers entries, leaving the identities difficult to separate.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Bad Zwischenahn Reederei Rudolf Schepers is also dated to 1994 and given the same earlier trading names. Its website traces family river shipping from the Ems to the Weser and Elbe. It states that Captain Rudolf Schepers transferred the business to his father Tim in the 1970s. Jan joined in 1995 and Katrin in 2003.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Rudolf Schepers, born in 1875, became sole owner of Haren 76 in 1910 after its purchase by his father Hermann in 1903. In 1926 he bought his first iron vessel and named it Thekla after his wife. After his death in 1949, Thekla transferred Rudolf, Thea and Hans to their sons Gerhardt, Hermann and Heinrich. A fourth son, Rudolf, born in 1915, ordered Rudolf Schepers in 1950 and Thekla Schepers in 1955.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Thekla Schepers and Heinz Bölle founded Thekla Schepers KG in 1969, taking over Rudolf Schepers, which sailed as Marus until 1977. The family’s Tesch group became Reederei Thekla Schepers GmbH & Co. KG in 2003. The company also traces a longer tradition to the mid-eighteenth century. It formed TS-Shipping in 2005 and operated through Tesch Bereederungsgesellschaft, formed in 1989.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is documented by the company website, Nüsse’s table flag and a July 2006 photograph. Borussia Dortmund’s funnel was photographed in September 2005. Bought in 1993, the vessel was named after the owner’s son’s favourite football team and painted in its colours: a black hull with the remainder sulphur-yellow.
Rudolf Schepers, born in 1957 and grandson of the earlier Rudolf, captained family vessels under Thekla Scheppers K.G. He left in 1989 to form Rudolf Schepers K.G. and bought his first vessel in 1990; Lloyds dates formation to 1990.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The independent business associated with Engelbert Schepers traces its origins to Captain Hermann Kiepe and his wife Maria Schepers. Their daughter Helene and Captain Heinrich Schepers formed Reederei Schepers in 1953. Engelbert was later assisted by Magdalena Schepers-Zeiss and Alexander. The account connects Schepers Navigamus Trans, formed in 2004, with the later Schepers Bereederungs name and vessels of Kiepe Schepers Containerschiffe, formed in 2005, and Kiepe-Schepers Schiffahrt, formed in 1975. Other Kiepe businesses are explicitly left unconnected.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Conrad Schepers is recorded with Conrad in the 1950s and 1960s. Heinrich Schepers is listed with Helena Schepers in the 1970s; the vessel name suggests a predecessor of HS Schiffahrts, but the register number instead links to the Elsfleth entry.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Wilhelm Schepers appears in 1978–79 and later as Reederei Wilhelm Schepers K.G. An earlier Schepers Rederei entry lists Helena Schepers, previously under Bernhard Schepers.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This funnel is conjectural. Dutch & German Coaster Fleets describes yellow with the house flag, lettered RSSL and varying slightly between ships. It might mean a panel or a flying-flag emblem; Mitchell does not make clear whether his flag drawing was also intended as a funnel design.
Schepers Rhein-See Linie of Dusiburg appears in registers from 1956–57 and later as Heinrich Schepers Rhein-Se-Linie. Mitchell records cessation in the late 1980s.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell connects this funnel with Condor, also listed under Condor Reederei. Its attribution to the personal or company name is therefore clouded. He also shows an A909 funnel for P/r Ador Schiffahrts under Condor.
Two further funnels are shown without explanation in this section. The prose calls them S1338 and S1349, while the Sources list gives S1348 and S1349. The numbering discrepancy is retained without reassignment.
Gerhard Schepers expanded his fleet in 1970–71 and later appears as an operator at Aschedforf-Ems. He continued under his own name while also merging with Johhannes Bros. to form Condor Reederei O.H.G. The source’s date reference is malformed; it is not silently normalised.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell’s S1354 is presumably an early funnel, possibly based on Christopher. The S1355 panel was placed on a black funnel solely by association with S1354; that ground colour is assumed.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This livery is based on a starboard photograph of Frederik on 16 December 2011 while under charter.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The H. & R. Schepers flag has the same livery as former partner Rudolf, although the S may be smaller.
The funnel is documented on Helene S in 2006 and as a more distinct panel on Adelheid S on 7 August 2013.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The website flag logo appears almost the same as former partner H. Scheper’s, with a possibly smaller S, but funnel photographs and another website button do not show that difference. The funnel is based on the chartered CSAV Rio Petrohue.
The funnel is documented on the chartered CMA CGM Brasilia in December 2005 and Tim S at Port Botany on 6 September 2011.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell’s funnel may derive from Margareta, but the line drawing has no markings. Mitchell gives 1985, while the ship index records construction for T. Schepers in 1984 and sale in 2004.
The funnel is based on Alexander B on 4 April 2010; the flag comes from the company website.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
On Margareta B the small funnel leaves the emblem displayed as a panel on the white bridge superstructure; the source cross-references T569.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell appears to base this earlier funnel on Helene. He shows the S black; Rosanoski presumes white to be more likely.
Mitchell shows black letters, but Rosanoski assumes they should follow K357. The difference is the angle of the flagstaff.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This funnel is based on Helene on 13 June 2007.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Annette’s port and starboard photographs show the flag emblem pointing forward on both sides, with letters reading normally even on the apparent reverse, as though double-sided. The flag was taken from the funnel but also appears on the website, possibly for Schepers Bereederungs too. Herm Kiepe carries the logo on white superstructure. Vessels listed under Schepers Navigamus are in their managers Hartel Shipping & Chartering’s funnel colours.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell attributes this funnel to Bernard Schepers and Hermann Elfring for Turmfalke, owned during 1957–1963; Lloyds instead lists Bernhard Schepers.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This funnel may be based on Thekla. Bernhard Schepers is also recorded with Maria Elise and Helena Schepers.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No vessel is attached to the funnel in Mitchell. Anton Schepers is separately recorded as owner of Anton.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
S1345 presumably belongs to the later Germann and S1346 possibly to the earlier vessel of that name. The later ship was recorded by Mitchell as 1978, but another source dates construction to 1968 and Schepers ownership to 1978–1985.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
A photograph of Arnold Scheper’s Anke S shows very dark green. Mitchell places the funnel under Heinrich Schenker, with a pencilled Arnold and a reference to Anke S.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell attributes this funnel to Herman Schepers, but several Hermann Schepers entries were found. His noted vessels Herm S and the uncertain reading Allyia were not traced.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
S1351 presumably belongs to Hubert Schepers’s Navaro, owned during 1984–1993; the drawing shows only a yellow funnel, and the shield’s charge appears to be a heron. S1352 is also placed under him, apparently for Hermar of Huberna Bereederungs, neither of which was traced.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Maria Schepers funnel may relate to St. Antonius and Tria. Its shield shows a ship sailing on a green sea beneath a light-blue sky. The descriptive passage calls it S1355, but its Sources entry is S1356; no silent numbering correction is made.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This funnel may be based on Lamarea, recorded for L. Schepers of Aschendorf-Ems during 1967–1977.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell names no source vessel for Johann Schepers’s funnel; Lloyds lists Johann with Katja.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Both funnels are attributed to Tim Schepers & Söhne, apparently for Bernard S and Thea S without further detail. The S1360 letter may be white.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source gathers several small-vessel owners named Scheper or Schepers, mostly based at Haren-Ems, recorded from the 1953–54 register onwards. Transfers of vessels suggest possible connections, but they are not all established as one company.
Unitas GmbH of Haren is listed as an associate, with Captain Hermann Schepers as managing director and Stefan Schepers as deputy fleet manager.
Germany.
The flag logo follows the company website as archived on 24 January 2001.
Founded on 22 August 1972, this private inland-shipping concern was owned and led by Erika Märker after her husband Heiko’s death in 1987. F.W. Neukirch, a Bremen transport and logistics firm, took it over on 1 July 2007.
Germany, Bremen.
The website flag differs from Brown 1995 by placing the diamond wholly within the field; Rosanoski leaves open whether Brown is wrong or the flag changed. FOTW replaced the earlier O29 drawing with O269. The company explains yellow and white as Hannover’s Welfen colours, black, white and red as the national colours dating to the North German Alliance of 1867 and the first merchant-navy flag, and blue with white as Stade. A repeated summary omits red from the national-colour list. O269’s funnel follows JVO Scorpius on 10 August 2007. The O looked black on a March 2009 JPO Leo photograph, but a May 2011 photograph confirms blue.
The document lists other Oltmann operators as assumed associates on the basis of names, locations and family-named vessels. Under the Oltmann und Söhne Kustenschiffahrt names, Rosanoski records one vessel, spelt Wilhelmine Pltmann, for which Mitchell gives different funnels under two company names.
The family’s maritime history begins with Jürgen Oltmann Snr. ordering Meta-Maria in 1836. The company dates its foundation to his son Jürgen’s purchase of Aurora on 1 February 1862. Theordor followed with a vessel in 1896, and later generations included Johannes, also called Hans, and Gerhard. Their first motor ship, Antje Oltmann, was built in 1935. Gerhard managed the business from the mid-1960s while continuing as a master; his sons Jan and Peter joined between 1980 and 1992 after serving as masters. The office moved to Fredenbeck in 1998 and a new office opened in Stade in 2009.
Lloyd’s dates the modern company to 1962 as Reederei Gerhard Oltmann K.G., renamed Schiffahrtsgesellschaft Oltmann Verwaltung mbH in 1989. Brown gives the earlier form Reederei Gesellschaft Gerhard Oltmann K.G. Rosanoski infers a later change to the heading’s mbH & Co. K.G. form, possibly around 2010, although that form also appears separately in the 1988–89 register.
Germany, Drochtersen-Dornbusch, subsequently Fredenbeck and Stade.
The flag is blue with a white cross, surmounted by an undefined white diamond carrying a red oval O. The white funnel has a black top separated from the base by a broad band of the flag. Colour shades follow the website image.
Nüsse records the company as Oste Reederei GmbH & Co. K.G.
Germany, Hemmoor.
Mitchell’s funnel is the same design as P641 for Gebrüder Peterson K.G., identified with Reederei Hans Peterson & Sohne, but uses a darker blue here.
Captains and shipowners Emil Jess, Karl Schlüter and Hans Peterson founded the company in 1970 to charter their three fleets. It later belonged solely to the Peterson family and operated in shipbroking and cargo chartering. Lloyds instead gives a 1971 formation as Schiffahrtskontor Rendsburg, Peterson, Schluter & Werner; Rosanoski found no corroborating record of that firm or lead on Werner.
Operating interests included the Hans Peterson and Karl Schluter companies and Mar-Con GmbH & Co. K.G., formed in 2002 at Rendsburg.
Germany, Rendsburg.
The funnel may carry various owners’ or charterers’ colours. Both the company photograph and Mitchell’s portrayal show a black top. The flag is documented by FOTW and Josef Nüsse’s table flag; no further verbal design is supplied.
Claus-Wilhelm tom Wörden built his own sailing ship in 1911. His son Wilhelm built a motor sailing ship in 1940, and Klaus-Wilhelm a coastal liner in 1955. The family account places Klaus tom Wörden’s succession in 1985.
Navalis Schiffahrtsgesellschaft was formed in 1972 under Klaus-Wilhelm, described by Josef Nüsse as a partnership with Rahmann. The concern later formed part of the Navalis Group. Lloyd’s gives formation as Reederei Klaus Wilhelm tom Wörden in 1980, a date Rosanoski marks with “sic”, followed by the Schiffahrtskontor tom Wörden GmbH name in 1989 and GmbH & Co. K.G. in 2000.
Klaus Wilhelm tom Wörden was also listed separately as a manager at the same address. Scott Shipping Management, formed in 1999 at Douglas, Isle of Man, appears as a major operating company before being listed independently from 2005.
Germany: Himmelpforten, later Gräpel and Oldendorf.
The flag is blue with a white-edged red lozenge containing white GSB, the S twice the height of the other letters. Schneider records seeing an image at Hamburg’s Turmweg flea market on 28 April 2007.
Nüsse shows two table-flag variants. Rosanoski records light blue as 120-189-227 and medium blue as 043-082-173, without assigning those numerical values individually in the text.
The yard traces its origins to boatbuilder Hinrich Schürenstedt in 1838. The source places a move under his son August about a century later. August and his three sons developed production from wooden to steel ships; the sons adopted the Gebrüder Schürenstedt name when they took over. Flooding prompted another relocation in 1974. Tax adviser Heinrich Wurthmann arranged capital for a 25 per cent stake, increasing the holding to 51 per cent in 1975 with Enno Poets and Louis Rieke. The yard filed for bankruptcy in 1979, with the bankruptcy occurring in 1980–81.
Germany, Bardenfleth; the FOTW passages use Bahrenfleth.
S1473 is described as divided by diagonals into blue above, red below and white at the sides, with a black S overall. Rosanoski identifies the blue and red quarters as reversed relative to the quoted source and says the S should be squatter. The source-based S1474 remains alongside the criticised rendering.
The business began with the acquisition of Neuende in 1948 and sold its last two vessels in 1970. Its name means trading in ships of any kind and appears in several spelling and punctuation forms in Lloyds.
Schneider describes it as a Bugsier company; Rosanoski distinguishes the 1957 German fleet source, which names Bugsier as operator, from Lloyds, which does not. He suggests that the similar flag quarters may be significant, without establishing a stronger relationship.
Germany, Hamburg.
The 1950s sources attribute this livery to Schlüssel Reederei D. Oltmann & Co.; it was apparently also used by the connected Honold and Co.
The flag is described as a triband coded NWN, with a red shield on the white centre, a white contour line and a white key. Schlüssel means key. Mitchell omits the key from his funnel portrayal, which Rosanoski presumes is representative rather than a distinct design.
Mitchell’s T715 funnel is attributed to Tankschiff-K.G. Petromar, recorded as an operated company in 1973–74 and supported by a drawing of Humboldt.
Formed in 1950 as Schlüssel Reederei Bereederungs K.G., the company changed its name in 1984. Earlier registers use Schlüssel-Reederei D. Oltmann and then Schlüssel-Reederei OHG. Rosanoski suggests that D. Oltmann may have acted as manager or agent; founder Herbert Drewes was later recorded as owner of D. Oltmann Seeschiffahrt.
Operating subsidiaries included Hansa Mare Reederei and Hansa Shipmanagement, the latter formed in 1995 and deleted from the April 2004 register. In October 2012 Schlüssel acquired Reederei Harmstorf & Co. Thomas Meier-Hedde.
Germany, Bremen.
The white flag has a central shield with a yellow field, a red-clad arm and a white hand holding a blue key. Schneider explains Schlüter as the person who locks a door and holds the key. In the Meyer source the letters are smaller and of even width, unlike the drawn version.
The Lloyds 1912 scan shows the arm extending to the shoulder with a padded-clothing effect. Rosanoski considers the supposed key to look more like a jemmy.
The Massary 1930 source also supports lettering of constant width.
The website logo appears to show a key with a pointed triangular end and its wards uppermost, rather than the oval end in Meyer. Rosanoski initially read it as an arrow. He suggests comparison with the flag’s design, explicitly not its colours, if replication of the logo is considered likely; no definitive correction is established.
Ferdinand David Schlüter and his cousin Johann Georg Maack founded the trading company on 1 May 1820, importing from the Americas. The first ship is dated to 1886, while one account gives establishment of the shipping company in 1903; Rosanoski could not confirm that date. Its sailing fleet was confiscated at the end of the First World War. It then built the steamers Altengamme in 1922 and Curslack in 1923, selling them in 1926 and 1935 respectively. The company withdrew from shipping but continued trading.
Knöhr & Burchard Nachfolger subsequently carried its cargoes under their own flag.
Germany, Hamburg.
The flag has ten alternating red and white horizontal stripes, with a central blue diamond containing white S & F. The documented sources include a summer 1897 supplement and an undated H. Carly flag chart issued between March 1889 and April 1899.
Christian Friedrich Schmeil and Gustav Adolf Friedrich founded the firm in 1883. Peter Kluge’s account gives its operating period as 1883–1955.
Germany, Hamburg.
NJK’s colour prints indicate a normally black funnel with a fairly broad red band bearing blue AAL. Sightings varied as vessels entered or left charter. The earlier flag image from Ben Line’s website was later replaced by the orange-field version also shown by Schoeller.
Charter entry/exit variants retained.
Cape York’s photograph shows the flag and funnel band taken as orange, possibly a reddish air/sea-rescue shade. A flag photographed on Cape Evered has a red-orange field, blue upper and lower borders and blue AAL lettering.
Red/orange shade uncertain; parent ownership is not identity.
Photographs of Cape Everad from both sides show a panel apparently shaped as a black flag without a pole, bearing orange PAS.
Cannot repair caption/code or choose exact company from initials alone.
The PNG Express website flag has an orange field, blue borders above and below, and blue PNG. Rosanoski suggests intended common group colours, while noting variations towards a reddish rescue orange.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Project Asia Services flag has a blue field, orange upper and lower borders and orange PAS. The source also records funnel photographs of the chartered Cape Delgado and Cape Howe, cross-referenced as P438 and P439.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Lloyds originally dated Schoeller Holdings to 1994, amending this to 1978. Its earlier listing as owned by Columbia Shipmanagement was also corrected: Columbia was a subsidiary and manager. Hanse Bereederung is described as a subsidiary by the company website but an associate by Lloyds.
United Chemical Transport was a joint venture marketing chemical and product tankers of Schoeller and chemical tankers of Tankreederei Ahrenkiel. Its predecessor was founded in 1986 by two Hamburg owners to coordinate their tanker fleets. From January 2003 the product tankers were commercially managed by the separate United Product Tankers, or Up Tankers, from shared offices.
Schoeller operated Austral Asia Line, PNG Express and Project Asia Services. Austral Asia Line B.V. was formed on 8 July 1995, with a Netherlands head office and Brisbane managing office. Project Asia Services, incorporated in 1998 as a dedicated liner service for major natural-resources contracts, was based at Spijkenisse and operated from Port Pirie. The two merged on 1 January 2006 under the Austral Asia Line identity, trading from Brisbane.
AAL Shipping Agencies was formed in May 1995 as managing and port agent. Horizon Shipping Agencies took over port agency for Austral Asia Line and Project Asia Service in July 2001.
Cyprus, Limassol.
The yellow-over-blue flag is associated with the Papenburg firm; the letters are described as outlined black. Earlier discussion suggested an inland-navigation version or separate divisions. Klaus-Peter Bühne’s later explanation assigns yellow and blue to Christoph Bruns’s Papenburg company from the partners’ separation, dated in that account to 1893.
The Emden company’s flag is green over red with white S&B. Flaggenbuch has thinner letters and an ampersand at mid-height. Brown makes the ampersand as tall as the other letters, while other sources give it smaller; a monochrome Preussen funnel photograph supports the smaller form. Michels’s flag S is straight-lined and differs from the funnel. The later Bühne account attributes green and red to J.H. Schulte’s Emden company.
Christoph Bruns subsequently partnered Heinrich Fischer, followed by further Fischer generations. Klaus-Heinrich Fischer bought out Hellmuth-bruns in 1983; Bengt-Erik joined in 1990 and became an associate in 1991. Hermann Buss & Cie. replaced Klaus-Heinrich as associate in 2005, while Bengt-Erik succeeded him as managing director in April 2010. The company worked in deep-sea and inland shipping. Its website describes operating own and third-party vessels, while Rosanoski regards it as a charterer rather than an established shipowner.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Emden Schulte business developed a sailing fleet in the Baltic timber trade, bought its first steamship in 1914 and founded a shipyard in 1917. Heinrich and Johann Schulte’s second generation supplied raw materials to German mining and steel industries through seagoing and inland shipping. Bernhard and Hans-Heinrich took over in 1937–38, reopened the office in 1945 and lost the three surviving ships to expropriation. A new vessel was bought in 1949. Bernhard left on 1 October 1955 to establish his own company.
Schulte & Bruns encountered financial difficulties in October 1977 and was later wound up. Following the 1978 bankruptcy, Emder Bugsier P.W. Wessels took over half the staff and fleet interests, with Frisia Handels- und Transport and Jade Dienst taking a quarter each. Rosanoski considers Emstank apparently among the assets.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Associated register entries, assumed to belong to the Emden branch, include Schulte & Bruns & Co. Reederei, the various Schiffahrtges. and K.G. businesses, Dollart Reederei, the Baltic and Weser companies, and Schulte & Bruns Autotransport. Their recorded locations include Emden, Bremen, Hamburg and Dortmund.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell attributes Elise Schulte to the unidentified Erich Schulte and gives him a different funnel, although Lloyds lists the vessel under Schulte & Bruns. The separate Schulte document contains that attribution.
Johann Hermann Schulte of Leer and Nanne Christoph Bruns of Brake/Unterwwesser began their partnership with the jointly owned schooner Immanuel, whose arrival at Papenburg is recorded on 20 February 1882. The company was registered on 18 January 1883 and initially acted as shipbrokers and agents. An Emden branch opened under Schulte in 1892. The Papenburg history dates separation into independent businesses retaining the common name to 1916; the Schulte history instead gives 1893.
Germany, Papenburg.
Photographs of Everhard Schulte show this funnel. The top was initially interpreted as black, but a starboard Eva Schulte photograph shows it dark blue, like the letter.
This composite document covers several Schulte/Bruns entities and international management affiliates. Parent-company evidence does not establish every entity or historical domicile; retained for review.
Mitchell attributes this funnel to Erich Schulte of Brake for Elise Schulte, but his drawing does not agree. The vessel is recorded under Schulte & Bruns during 1950–1957; Erich’s attribution is not resolved.
No exclusive company allocation from surname.
This composite document covers several Schulte/Bruns entities and international management affiliates. Parent-company evidence does not establish every entity or historical domicile; retained for review.
Bernhard Schulte left the Emden business on 1 October 1955 to found his own company. Newbuildings in 1957–1962 were partly financed in partnerships, whose interests were gradually bought back. Dr. Heinnrich Schulte joined in 1963 and Thomas in 1967, becoming a partner in 1968. Bernhard died in 1975. Lloyds’s earlier formation dates of 1937 and then 1883 are distinguished from this 1955 foundation; Rosanoski considers 1883 to refer to the original Schulte & Bruns.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Thomas left in 1987 to form a separate business; Lloyds and the earlier FOTW account give 1988 for the resulting company. His son Alexander became a managing partner in January 2002. The company is expressly described as outside the Schulte Group.
BuS Shipmanagement was a Hamburg joint venture between Thomas Schulte and August Bolten Wm Miller’s Nachfolger.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
On 1 January 2008 Dorchester Atlantic Marine, Eurasia, Hanseatic Shipping and Vorsetzen were combined as Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement. Reimarus, formed in 2000, had become Hanseatic Shipping (Deutschland) in 2006; that company and Vorsetzen entered the German management business in 2008. Hanseatic Shipping of Limassol became Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement (Cyprus). Dorchester Maritime and Atlantic Marine had formed a joint partnership in January 2007, retaining distinct Isle of Man and Bermuda entities; the later management company used the Isle of Man name.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Eurasia’s international businesses supplied further management branches. The Hong Kong lineage originated in 1981, became fully owned in 1988 and is recorded under the Eurasia International (China) partnership name from 1999; it took the Bernhard Schulte Shipmanagement (Hong Kong) name in 2008, with a later Shanghai address. Singapore’s business began as Eurasia Marine Services in 1999 and changed name in 2001. The Indian business began in 1999, changed name in 2000 and became the Indian Bernhard Schulte management company in 2008. The Shanghai business was formed in 2006 and renamed in 2008. Eurasia International of Leer, formed in 2005, was omitted by the August 2008 register.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The wider group included management businesses in Athens, Bermuda, North Shields and Mumbai. Baltic Marine Gdynia was formed in 1987 as a Polish agency joint venture between Atlantic Marine and Hanseatic Shipping. Hanseatic Maritime Philippine Corporation was formed at Manila in 1994.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Other interests included Midocean Shipmanagement, formed in 1992; Navigo Management; Oldenburg-Portugiesische Dampfschiffs-Rhederei, acquired in 1996; and KIC Oil & Gas, with origins in Kuwait International Capital in 1995 and a later Labuan company dated to 2003. Gemini Shipmanagement, formed in 1998, later appeared under Peter Dohle. Affiliates included Blue Water Funds, Nautilus Crew Management, Ocean Shipmanagement, TWS Chartering & Shipbroking and GLSL Shipping (Cyprus). Rosanoski suggests an Erste Nordtank connection through BS Invest but does not establish it.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The group participated in Unigas International. In November 2007 a new Hanseatic Tankers product/chemical pool was announced for July 2008 with Sloman Neptun, Intrepid Shipping and Algoma Central, commercially managed by Bernhard Schulte (Hellas) in Athens.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is green with a red disc containing a white S. Disc size varies, with the photographed flag showing a larger disc. Website photographs give the green a greyish tinge compared with the brighter dark-green logo, while the funnel band lies between them. The logo green is recorded as RGB 002, 092, 051. A starboard photograph of Emmy Schulte confirms the funnel.
Mitchell records this funnel for Anna Schulte on 1 April 1978; the later register places the vessel under an operating company.
Schneider records a blue flag with a central red disc and white S from an image at the company’s new Berliner Tor Centre premises on 24 March 2009.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is green with a red square diamond containing white TS. Marie Schulte’s funnel photograph does not appear to show the flag’s diamond outline and uses ordinary lettering rather than the flag’s New Roman style. An observation of Titiania Schulte at Port Botany also supports the funnel. Again the flag photograph’s green looks greyish compared with the logo, with the funnel band intermediate.
The banner observed at Alster Lake on 17 February 2009 has approximate proportions 5:2, with the red diamond shifted towards the top and separate white T and S.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The family’s shipping origins lie in the Schulte & Bruns partnership, recorded at Papenburg in 1882 and registered in 1883. An Emden branch opened in 1892. The Papenburg account dates the partners’ separation to 1916, while the Schulte account gives 1893. Johann Hermann Schulte developed Baltic timber shipping, bought a steamship in 1914 and founded a shipyard in 1917. Subsequent generations supplied German mining and steel industries by sea and inland waterways. After the surviving ships were expropriated following the Second World War, a replacement was bought in 1949.
Germany, Hamburg.
The emblem is a cross fylfot. Some sources outline the circle in black, unlike Nüsse’s flag. Brown 1978 gives a narrower funnel band, but a monochrome photograph of Jaladhruv confirms a broad one.
Scindia was formed in 1919, with Narottam Morarjee & Co. as managing agents in the earlier records. It managed Bengal Burma Steam Navigation, Eastern Shipping Corporation and Equatorial Carriers, holding 40 per cent of the last in partnership with Nigeria’s Odipo family. The later source records Scindia under liquidators and managed by Five Stars Shipping.
Parts of the fleet were also managed by Binny International and Constellation Shipmanagement. Cargo vessels used the prefix Jala, meaning running water, while passenger vessels had El as the first name.
India, Bombay.
The funnel is based on a port-side photograph of SCL Nicole.
SCL Bern’s funnel, photographed from port on 6 January 2010, merges into a white base level with the top of the bridge superstructure.
SCL, or Swiss Cargo Line, was formed in 2005. Its ships were held through name companies and managed by Enzian Ship Management, also recorded as an operating company. Enzian Shipping is described as an SCL subsidiary.
Switzerland, Schlieren.
The flag logo appears as a website link. Mitchell draws the funnel band and S as one connected shape, without gaps.
The January 2007 photograph of 3 Maj shows the same funnel as Scorship Tankers, with the band and design in orange-red.
King Eric and King Douglas show the Scorpio funnel in the joint-venture manager’s fleet, although Scorship’s website displayed only the König logo.
USA, New York NY; later Monaco, Monte Carlo.
The Scorpio Tankers logo is incorporated in the funnel. Photographs of STI Heritage show mirrored white bands descending from aft towards the front, while the letters read normally on both sides.
STI Harmony’s starboard funnel on 31 May 2013 looks very dark blue, consistent with the flag and logo backgrounds, but Rosanoski leaves black versus blue unresolved.
Scorpio Tankers was formed in 2010 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange on 31 March. It was incorporated in the Marshall Islands, with principal executive offices in Monaco and New York.
This flag logo is recorded from the Scorship website.
Scorpio Shipping of the British Virgin Islands and König & Cie. formed Scorship Tankers at Hamburg in 2005 to manage tankers and bulk carriers. It became Scorship Navigation on 1 August 2008 and managed part of König’s fleet.
The group comprised Scorpio Ship Management, Scorpio Commercial Management, Scorpio Logistics, Scorpio Tankers and Scorship Navigation.
Scorpio Ship Management, or SSM, is dated to 1971 by its website and 1972 by Lloyds. Founder Glauco Lolli-Ghetti entered shipping in the early 1950s through marriage into the Bibolini family. Following the senior Bibolini’s death and division of the business in 1955, he created Carbonavi and developed his own fleet. After involvement in several companies he moved to New York in the late 1970s, took over Scorpio Shipping and created Scorpio Ship Management and the Garden-named fleet. The business moved to Monte Carlo in 1984; Lolli-Ghetti died on 18 April 2006.
Northsea Base Investments appeared among the website partners in the Handymax Pool in 2012. Although the website image disappeared in 2013, its logo still appeared that year on the Scorpio-managed Baltic Marshall.
Scot Isles, formerly Somers Isle of JR Shipping, initially retained the former funnel after its sale in November 2006, with the JR logo removed. It had this funnel and a blue hull in April 2007, changing to S1698 and a grey hull by 2009.
The funnel is based on a starboard photograph of Scot Mariner, with the Scotline logo on the superstructure. The source records the flag flying on Somers Isle on 11 July 2011.
Scotline was formed in 1979, with timber liner operations and chartering beginning in 1981. The group also handled woodpulp, ship management through Intrada Ships Management, engineering through Intrada Engineering, broking through Intrada Chartering and inland transport through HH Distribution.
Scotline Marine Holdings was formed on 3 November 1995 by Alexander George Munro Cato and Peter Thomas Millat, with one-ship subsidiaries. Intrada Chartering, formed in 1992, and Intrada Ships Management appear in the fleet’s management structure; later registers list the ships under Scotline’s name companies.
UK, Romford.
Mitchell’s drawing of the 1957 Scotstoun shows a black funnel with two white bands, probably S876. Rosanoski also suggests that the shield may have a white edge.
The other attributions are unclear. Kyoto Forest appears under Scotstoun in 1970–71 and is recorded by Mitchell as becoming Advara in 1975, yet an Advara photograph cited from Ocean Ships 1967 has another funnel. Mitchell’s first Advanport funnel, A513, might therefore belong to Scotstoun, but he also gives Scotstoun other designs. His 1964 Scotstoun has a red funnel with black top, possibly A513, while the 1968 vessel has black with three narrow blue bands resembling Buckingham Tanker’s B328.
Scotstoun appears under J. & J. Denholm (Management), later Denholm Ship Management, in the 1970s. J. & A. Gardner (Management) is listed as manager in 1985–86.
U.K., Glasgow.
This flag was used by the New York & New Orleans Line.
This flag was used by the New York & Savannah Line. Mystic Seaport calls it the Savannah Line and also records Dunham & Dimon using the same flag under that title.
The flags resemble those of Grinnell and Minturn, prompting a suggestion of possible business ties; none is established.
Scott & Morrell took over the Savannah packet line begun by William Whitlock Jr. in 1824, later becoming Scott Shapter & Morell.
USA, New York.
Brown 1978 gives the shield a broader white edge. A monochrome photograph of Ormsary confirms the funnel, while Mitchell omits both the O on the shield and its white edging.
Scottish Ore Carriers is recorded from 1953–54 under J. & J. Denholm, subsequently J. & J. Denholm (Management) and then Denholm Ship Management.
U.K., Glasgow.
The flag is blue with a white triangle issuing from the hoist and red SSMA. It resembles the UK Scottish Ship Management flag with an A added, but this does not establish a corporate connection. The funnel is also based on the older design in different colours. Observed on Tamdhu at Wellington on 11 February 1999, it has a seahorse with an upward-extending trident, surmounted by a crown with five equal points.
Keep component/source dates; do not infer identical legal company or UK connection.
Scottish Shipowners & Management, also called SSMA or SSM, is dated to 1995 by Lloyds. It appears as manager in 1996–97 and with a fleet under a name company in 2000. The company is identified as charterer at Allan Trader’s launch in July 2000.
The source separately records Scottish Ship Management (Australia), registered in November 1977, later renamed Spratleys Island Shipping and voluntarily deregistered in June 2002; Scottish Shipowners & Managers was registered in October 1991. These similar names are not silently treated as a single entity.
No firm connection with the former UK Scottish Ship Management is established. Correspondent RJT considered the Australian business a long-term charterer, usually obtaining vessels from Fairfield-Maxwell, and thought it might have bought the old name and design. This remained his interpretation, despite correspondence suggesting continuity as an Australian offshoot. The Intercontinental Group participated with the Australian operation in Lady Emily and Tandhu; RJT described an apparent venture in which each side supplied a vessel.
Australia, Sydney.
The business was operating by 1856, when Thomas, James and Alexander Scrutton and Samuel Linder jointly bought Stirlingshire. Its principal trade was with the West Indies; another Scrutton son subsequently joined, and the firm became Scrutton Sons & Co. It operated the Direct Line and London Line of Steam Packets by 1880. Thos. & Jas. Harrison acquired it in 1920.
U.K., London.
The black funnel has a broad red band bearing a white star. The red flag has two very narrow black bands with a white star between them.
Panama.
Formed in 1965 and controlled by James B. Sherwood, Sea Containers operated through subsidiaries from a London headquarters. Its principal activities were transport and marine-container leasing, with passenger operations including GNER trains, SeaStreak in New York, SuperSeacat in the Baltic and the half-owned SNAV-Hoverspeed in the Adriatic. In 2006 it planned withdrawal from ferries and other interests to concentrate on containers and trains as Sherwood left the board. Sea Containers and Sea Containers Services filed for US Chapter 11 protection on 15 October 2006.
The Silja investment was initially recorded as 50 per cent of Neptun Maritime in March 1999, amended to 51 per cent in April, and increased to 75.32 per cent in 2002. Neptun, renamed from Silja in 1998, returned to Silja forms in 2000 and 2004. Debt problems led to sale to Tallink on 19 July 2006. SeaWind was also held through Silja.
Sealink British Ferries was formed for the fleet acquired from Sealink UK in July 1984 and sold to Stena in August 1990, becoming Sealink Stena Line. Wightlink was sold in June 1995. Sea Containers acquired full control of Isle of Man Steam Packet in 1996 after holding 41 per cent; a sale was being prepared in 2003. Seastreak America was disposed of in 2008.
Other subsidiaries and operating businesses included Bass Express Ships, managed by Howard Smith; Color Seacat, formed in 1996 at Gothenburg; Hoverspeed/Falcon, formed in 1995 at Folkestone; Sea Containers Ferries (Scotland), formed in 1990 at Stranraer; and the London Sea Containers Services and Ferries & Ports businesses, the last formed in 1999. Lloyds initially dated Hoverspeed to 1990, then amended it to 25 October 1981 through a merger described in the source as Seaspeed and Hoverspeed.
J.B. Sherwood operated parts of the early fleet. Sea Containers Chartering and Sea Containers International later appeared under Sea Management Services. Other parts were handled by Atlantic Maritime Services, Ben Line Ship Management, Common Brothers, Shaw Savill & Albion, Unicorn Lines and Wallem; Isle of Man Steam Packet managed its own fleet.
Bermuda, Hamilton.
The funnel is based on Macforce at Hamburg in June 1994. Rosanoski could not locate that vessel in Lloyds, although Mactrader appears as managed, and presumes the marking goes back to Transoceanic.
Restless at Lyttelton on 15 March 2007 and Angelina from starboard document this funnel, also confirmed on Endless and Ageless. The panel and letters are slightly angled in the direction coded Pbd. Contributor Rick suggests that PM may stand for Papageorgiou Marine.
A further note records Angelina without funnel letters, but its wording combines “In 2007” with a photograph dated 17 September 2013. No definite change date can be extracted from that sentence.
Lloyds dates the business to 1969 as Transoceanic Shipping Co., renamed Sea Justice in 1979. A separate reference records Sea Justice’s incorporation in Panama on 12 December 1981. The 1985–86 register still lists Transoceanic (UBA) Maritime as manager for Sea Justice; by 1988–89 the earlier register identity itself appears as Sea Justice. Elias D. Papageorgiou is named as proprietor and earlier managing director of Transoceanic.
A biographical account, using Ilias or Elijah Papageorgiou, describes him as co-owner of Transoceanic with two vessels in 1968 and dates the rename to 1987. Rosanoski finds the translation disjointed, noting that 1980 also appears and might fit better. The account’s dates are left unresolved.
Early vessels had Transoceanic as the second part of their names; the later fleet did not retain that connection.
Greece, Piraeus; later Athens.
The funnel was recorded for Friendship Navigation’s Grand Explorer.
Sea King appears in the 1963–64 and 1966–67 registers as agent for Friendship Navigation Corporation.
USA, New York.
The funnel is based on an undated black-and-white photograph of Sea Lord, with assumed colours. It might belong to the subsequent owner, although Rosanoski found another funnel probably associated with that company.
Date, colours and company allocation unconfirmed.
The company operated Sea Lord in 1972–73, then sold her to Navegacion Nevgas S.A. without a change of name.
USA, New York.
The flag is based on the Maltese Merchant Flag, with the logo obtained from the Med Feeder website. Brown 1995 shows thicker crosses, the funnel cross not touching the wavy lines. A photograph of Maltese Flacon confirms a narrower funnel cross whose points touch the lower of two wavy lines, with at least four waves. Zejtun, photographed from port on 10 July 1978, differs: the points reach only the upper band, and the narrower funnel shows one full wave.
Sea Malta was formed in 1973 as the national shipping line, with the state holding two-thirds; Lloyds gives 1974, when the first ship was bought. It participated in establishing Tug Malta in 1979. Med Feeder, a joint venture with the Gallozzi Group of Salerno, began business in April 1994. Brown calls the company Sea Malta Ltd. A 2005 report states that the minority foreign shareholders had abandoned their interest and responsibility many years earlier.
The Malta Government transferred its shares to Adriatica SpA. di Navigazione in 2005, described by MN as a sale to the Grimaldi Group. Listed operating companies included Gozo Channel and Mediterranean Offshore Bunkering, the latter formed at Marsa in 1984.
Sea Malta went bankrupt and entered liquidation on 12 December 2005. Its continuing appearance in Lloyds led Rosanoski to presume that it still existed under Adriatica, although he did not find it on that company’s website. Equasis still recorded it as owner of Zebbug on 10 January 2007.
Malta, Valetta; later Marsa.
Sea Nebula merged with Hegge Shipping Line [Hegge & Co. Ltd.], possibly in 1983. Its activities included cargo handling, chartering, management and agency work.
Bangladesh, Dhaka.
S1792 is based on a portside photograph of Clarity on 19 July 2011 and a starboard photograph of Dignity on 27 June 2010. No additional colour or geometric description is supplied in the document.
The business originated in a ship-management partnership founded in 1967. The partners separated in 1975, and one resulting company became Sea Pioneer Shipping Corporation in 1992; Lloyds instead gives a formation date of 1993. Pioneer Tankers Corporation was established in 1995, bought its first tanker in 2000, and transferred its management activities to Sea Pioneer in January 2007.
Greece, Athens.
The funnel is based on Hydob, photographed from port on 8 June 2013. Rosanoski’s touched-up rendering of the photographed logo shows SEA PORTS CORPORATION and lettering he identifies tentatively as Arabic.
Sea Ports Corporation (SPC) was established in 1974 within the transport ministry as an independent Sudanese maritime body. It constructs, develops and maintains ports, harbours and lighthouses, and administers and operates ports on the Sudanese coast. At the time of the source account it operated four ports.
Sudan, Khartoum; later Port Sudan.
Comox Brave was photographed from port on 15 August 2013. The company logo is on the mast; the funnel itself is a system of black exhaust pipes.
Lloyd Muckle bought Sea Roamer and formed the company in 2002.
Canada, Comox BC.
The funnel is based on Osama in March 2007. That photograph shows a wider band, in keeping with her previous Unimarine Management colours; photographs of the other vessel, Emden 1, show a narrower version.
Sea Rose was formed in 2004.
Syria, Tartous.
The company appears in Lloyds from 1966–67 to 1973–74. Its vessels had Blazer as the second part of their names.
U.K., Folkestone.
The funnel marking and superstructure logo are those of Sam Simon, photographed from port on 6 December 2012 and ascribed to Sea Shepherd Conservation Society of Melbourne.
Sea Shepherd was incorporated in Oregon in 1981, following Captain Paul Watson’s foundation of the Earth Force Society at Vancouver BC in 1977. Both initially sought to protect marine mammals, with the immediate aim of stopping illegal whaling and sealing. Sea Shepherd subsequently extended its mission to all marine wildlife.
USA, Friday Harbour WA.
The earlier S1292 funnel appears to have been replaced by S1293, based on Trinity Bay photographed on 21 September 2007.
The first vessel, Karunda, was acquired in 1987. The company was registered at Portsmith QLD as Vadevol Pty. Ltd., subsequently becoming Faithfull Management Pty. Ltd. and then Sea Swift Pty. Ltd.
Australia, Cairns.
The flag logo comes from the company website. The funnel is based on starboard photographs of Key Star dated 7 October and 6 November 2013.
This funnel is based on Key Bora photographed from port on 13 July 2013.
Sea Tank Chartering, abbreviated STC in its logo, was established on 1 August 2006 as a tanker-chartering company. It took over vessels previously handled by Anders Utkilens Rederi.
Norway, Bergen.
The funnel is based on Rudy. Its black top is very narrow, as are the gaps between the horizontal lines attached to the G, compared with the white areas. Rosanoski presumes that G refers to the owners.
Formed in 1975 as Sultan Shipping Co. Ltd., the business became Sultan Lines S.A. and then Sea Trade Shipping Corporation S.A. in 1986. The intermediate rename year is written “19845”. Lloyds 1988–89 lists Sultan Lines as manager and Sea Trade as agent at different Athens addresses.
The owners were Ghassan and Muhieddine Ghandour. Listed operating companies included Sea Trade Management Co. S.A., formed in 2004, and Seatrade Management Co. Ltd., formed in 2002, both based in Athens.
Cyprus, Limassol; later Greece, Athens.
The funnel is based on Michail Arhangelos on 4 April 2007. Sea Wind acted as agent for the registered owner, Michail Arhangelos S.A., formed in 2006.
Angelina I was photographed on 1 December 2005. Lloyds 2003 listed her under operating company Angelina Shipping Co. Ltd., formed in 1996 at another Piraeus address. Renamed Michail M in 2006 under registered owner Delfino Shipping Ltd., she retained the funnel, as a photograph of 5 February 2008 confirms.
Rosanoski suggests that the M common to the similar funnels relates to the ultimate owner, with the slight design variation distinguishing the vessels.
Sea Wind was formed in 1998. Lloyds lists it as agent, while seaagent.com described it as owner and manager. Michail M was sold in 2008 and Michail Arhangelos in 2010. The company was absent from Lloyds 2011–12, and by March 2014 its former website no longer related to it.
Greece, Piraeus.
Loughran records the S111 funnel in addition to S112, and reports a house flag bearing the company title as well as the initials.
Sea-Land Mariner, photographed from port in August 1998, shows a readable reverse to the flag, confirming that it is double-sided. The central panel is indistinct but appears smaller than the illustration. Brown 1995 likewise shows a smaller panel, flanked by small red oblongs with the white words SEA and LAND. Mitchell assigns this funnel to Sea Land Intra Europe of Rotterdam, formed in 1991 to use freezer ships loading from mother ships.
CSX retained the Sea-Land livery.
The railway group acquired control of Sea-Land in 1986; its domestic service was retained as CSX Lines. In 2002 it sold the Jones Act container fleet to the Carlyle Group, which renamed it Horizon Lines. Sea-Land Containerised Freight Services Pty. Ltd. is also listed as an associated company.
USA.
In his 2004 comment Rosanoski could not establish the relationship between U.S. Ship Management and A.P. Möller, or which house flag the former used.
Sea-Land developed from Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corporation of the Waterman group. Rosanoski records a rename in 1960 and a Lloyds formation date of 1961; Mitchell instead dates the rename to 1958 and credits Malcolm McLean with forming the company in 1956. The ownership accounts also differ: FOTW records Waterman’s sale to R.J. Reynolds Industries in 1969, while Mitchell says McLean sold out in 1977. The business was spun off on 19 June 1984 and acquired by CSX Corporation in 1986.
Sea-Land acquired United States Lines through R.J. Reynolds in 1974. With Daejin Shipping of the Hanjin group it formed Hanjin Container Lines in 1977, and it later participated in the Grand Alliance. Its container ships carried Sea-Land as the first part of their names.
Maersk and Sea-Land agreed worldwide liner co-operation in 1995. A.P. Møller acquired the international services in December 1999, forming Maersk Sealand under the Maersk flag, while CSX retained the US domestic services as CSX Lines. Chesham Containership of Uxbridge and Intersea Operations of Elizabeth subsequently appeared under A.P. Möller. Rosanoski traces the US-flag ships through U.S. Ship Management and State Street Bank & Trust, but presents the corporate route as apparent rather than certain. The Sealand name was replaced by Maersk Line in February 2006.
A connection with Sea-Land Ships Inc. is only a guess, based on their Port Newark addresses.
USA, Elizabeth NJ; later Edison NJ and again Elizabeth NJ.
The funnel is based on Katea photographed from port on 6 November 2007. A starboard photograph dated 27 May 2007 shows the same view but reverses the colours of the second and third flags: the second has blue at the hoist, and the third has black in the first and fourth quarters.
Formerly Parry Brothers Ltd., Sea-Tow specialised in tug and barge operations, numbering tugs from Sea Tow 21 and barges from Sea Tow 1. The source dates the rename to the late 1970s, gives a Lloyds formation year of 1980 and formal registration on 1 February 1983; the company register also records an incorporation date of 18 July 1930.
Northport sold its half-share in 2004. After a management purchase, Sea-Tow sold its international interests and brand to Pacific Basin Shipping in August 2008. The domestic business remained in New Zealand ownership as Seapacific, the registered rename taking effect on 14 August 2008.
Sea-Tow International Services NZ became PB Sea-Tow (NZ) Ltd.; the source gives incorporation on 5 August 2009 but a rename on 2 September 2008, an unresolved sequence. Sea-Tow (Vanuatu), incorporated on 27 April 1995, became Seapacific (Vanuatu) on 22 May 2013.
New Zealand, Auckland; later Vanuatu, Port Vila, and again Auckland.
Seakite’s black funnel has a broad white band bearing ornate intertwined black T and S letters. The illustration widens the band to make the emblem visible. No flag was recorded.
Seabird Tankers appears in Lloyds from 1963–64 to 1973–74, with Seabird Ltd. as agent.
U.K., London.
Niki was photographed from port on 14 June 2013 and from starboard on 19 June. The principal design, perhaps a sailing boat, is mirrored so that it faces forward on each side. Whether the seagull is also reversed cannot be distinguished. The funnel was plain blue on 5 June 2008; the logo had been added by 2 November 2010.
Formed in 1983 as Seabirds Management Inc., the company became Seabirds Maritime S.A. in 1999. Its major operating company, formed at the same address in 1996, was first listed as Laruse S.A., subsequently amended to Larus S.A.
Greece, Piraeus.
The funnel is based on African Juniper photographed from starboard on 25 February 2014. Rosanoski notes that the anchor also appears in Seaboard Marine’s logo, although he could not find Seaboard Trading & Shipping named on the group website.
This funnel is based on African Azalea from starboard, dated 8 September 2006, and African Begonia from port on 27 March 2008. Several similarly named ships used it.
This funnel is documented by port and starboard photographs of African Iris.
Established in 1983, Seaboard Marine is a wholly owned subsidiary of Seaboard Corporation. Its Miami operations include cargo-consolidation and storage warehouses and a terminal at the port.
Seaboard Ship Management was formed in 1991 at Fort Lauderdale, later moving to Sunrise FL. It is listed under Seaboard Trading & Shipping of Shawnee Mission KS, another part of Seaboard Corporation. Seaboard Trading & Shipping had been renamed from Seaboard Overseas Ltd. in 1989.
USA, Miami FL.
The funnel is confirmed by photographs of Altius in July 2005 and CMA CGM Sine on 17 August 2005.
Captain Gabriel Petridis and Mons Bolin formed SSS Corporation in London in 1990 for vessel chartering and operation. Their involvement in Iran led in 1991 to a joint venture with Bonyard Shipping Co., named Seabon Holdings. Lloyds instead records formation in 1992 as Bonyad Marine Services Inc. and a rename to Seabon Holding Corporation in 1996.
Magnus Carriers Corporation was formed chiefly for ship management and controlled by Petridis and Bolin. One account dates its incorporation to 1996; Lloyds gives 1998 and locates it in Athens. Aries Maritime Transport Ltd. was subsequently listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
Greece, Athens.
This funnel is based on Seabourn Pride photographed from starboard on 29 July 2005, with a further portside photograph.
Seabourn Pride’s funnel top may still be blue in the portside photograph cited in 2009. It is black on Seabourne Spirit photographed on 4 July 2013; a close-up dated 15 May 2010 is also cited.
Saeborn Legend, photographed from starboard on 29 May 2012, may show another variation: the shield appears greyer, with blue central lines. She had the S1810 version in 2008.
The funnel logo is identified as that of The Yachts of Seabourn.
Founded by Atle Brynestad, Seabourn Cruise Line A/S was formed at Slependen in 1987. Carnival acquired a half-interest in 1995. In 1998 Seabourn merged with Cunard Line under the latter name as a major Carnival operating company.
Seabourn Maritime Management A/S, formed at Lysaker in 1992, managed ships for Seabourn and later part of the Cunard fleet. Seabourn Cruise Line Ltd., also formed in 1992 and initially listed as a name company, appeared in its own right from April 2006 as a Carnival operating company in Miami.
Norway, Slependen, later Lysaker and again Slependen; subsequently USA, Miami FL.
Mitchell assigns this funnel to Hvide Shipping. Its narrow black top is confirmed by port and starboard photographs of Seabulk Magnachem on 22 June 2004 and 24 May 2006 respectively.
The H375 and S544 emblems have a yellow chain-link ring just inside the circle, with the letter over a vertical yellow anchor. Brown instead shows a black-and-yellow rope edge and places the anchor over the letter. Hvide Marine used the same flag as Seabulk, substituting H for S.
Hans J. Hvide, originally from Oslo, formed Port Everglades Towing Inc. in 1958. It became Hvide Shipping Inc. in 1977, Hvide Marine Inc. in 1994 and Seabulk International Inc. in 2001. Seacor Holdings acquired full ownership on 1 July 2005.
The principal subsidiaries were Seabulk Offshore, Seabulk Towing and Seabulk Tankers. Bay Transportation Corporation became Tampa Bay Towing and then Hvide Marine Towing in 1998; the latter became Seabulk Towing in 2001. Seabulk Tankers Inc. was formed at Fort Lauderdale in 2003.
Acquisitions included Selat Marine Services in October 1997 and Care Offshore and Sosemar in December 1997. St. Philip Coastal Towing was also an operating company.
Other operating businesses included Hvide Chartering, formed in 1986; a separately listed Hvide Marine Inc., formed in 1995; Norlease of Chicago, formed in 1997; and Seabulk Offshore Ltd., formed in 1990, listed first at Fort Lauderdale and later Port Lafayette. Offshore companies were also established in Lausanne in 1998, Dubai in 1997, and Sharjah in 1999, the last later based in Dubai. Seabulk Offshore Holdings was formed at Fort Lauderdale in 1998, and an international company was listed in Singapore. Sun State Marine Services of Tampa dated from 1980, and TA Marine III of Des Plaines from 2000.
Seabulk Tankers Ltd., formed in 1974, appeared first in its own right and later under Hvide as agent, manager and name subsidiary. Seabulk Transmarine Partnership was another name company. Port Everglades Towing reappeared as an agency company in 1988–89.
USA, Fort Lauderdale FL; Mitchell gives Port Everglades.
This funnel is based on Tiger Cloud photographed from port at Singapore on 19 June 2011.
This funnel is based on Noara photographed from starboard at Singapore on 20 June 2011.
Samuel Norton and Yariv Zghoul formed Seachange Maritime in 2006 as an independent container-ship owner and operator.
Singapore.
The green funnel has a broad band displaying the flag. The white flag bears a light-blue L-shaped figure on its side, with sides angled as coded Pbds, above a light-green rectangle whose sides are angled Pbd. In that rectangle’s canton is a white square angled the same way.
Seacon appears in Lloyds in 1985–86 and 1992–93.
U.K., London.
S844 appears to be the principal funnel design. Some vessels have a narrow black top, as on Stirling Esk in June 2003; website photographs may show red or possibly orange tops, but are too small for certainty.
Putford Terminator retains a Putford black funnel without the band, carrying the Seacor logo. The other Stirling Offshore vessel, Putford Provider, uses the B626 funnel also found on some Boston Putford vessels.
Putford Vogager, photographed on 7 August 2006 and listed under Seacor Marine (International) and Southern North Sea, has this further variation.
The company originated in 1982 as Nicor Marine and became Seacor Marine following purchase in December 1989. It bought John E. Graham & Sons of Bayou La Batre in September 1995. Other operating companies included Seafish and Vector Offshore.
USA, New Orleans LA; later Morgan City LA and Houston TX.
Stirling Shipmanagement was acquired by Seacor Smit early in 2001 and renamed Seacor Marine (International) in 2002. Stirling Marine and Stirling Offshore remained listed as name companies.
U.K., Aberdeen.
Rosanoski tentatively dates Seafish to 1993, using its subsidiary’s formation date, and believes it became part of Feronia International Shipping. SEACORE Worldwide is listed as its operating company and a managed company.
USA, Houston TX.
The source dates formation as Secor Holdings Inc. to 1997, with a change that year to Seacor Smit Inc. and another in 2004 to Seacor Holdings Inc. It also records an earlier acquisition of Acadian Offshore Services, renamed Galaxie Offshore by 3 December 1996. Seabulk International became a full subsidiary on 1 July 2005.
Feronia International Shipping became a wholly owned subsidiary known as Seacor-Fish, then Seacor Marine (West Africa) SAS in 2001. National Response Corporation, a 1990 joint venture with Miller Enviromental Group, became wholly owned in 1995. The group held 33 per cent of Ocean Marine Services (Egypt), formed in 1999. Minvest appeared under Transmares Naviera Chilena before returning to the Seacor listings in 2006. Plaisance Marine, formed in 1996, operated Seahorse-named supply vessels; these were subsequently placed under associates. The 40/60 Marítima Mexicana (Marmex) venture with Grupo TMM was sold in March 2006.
Other operating businesses included Boston Putford Offshore Safety, G & B Marine Transportation of Golden Meadow, McCall’s Boat Rentals of Houston, and Seacor Marine. Regional companies included Seacor Marine (Asia) at Singapore and Seacor Marine (Europe) at Rotterdam, both formed in 1996; Seacor Marine (UK), formed at Lowestoft in 2002; and the International company’s Southern North Sea operation, formed there in 2003. Seacor Marine (West Africa) was based in Paris, and Seacor Worldwide was formed at Morgan City in 1993.
USA, New York NY.
The website logo may be very dark blue rather than black. SeaDream I, photographed from starboard on 19 May 2007, appears to have a black funnel top. The flag is based on another photograph dated 4 June 2009, and a portside view is confirmed by SeaDream II on 15 October 2011.
This flag, worn as a stem jack, is based on SeaDream II in a photograph dated 3 September 2012.
SeaDream was formed in August 2001 by Atle Brynestad, who had been Royal Viking Line’s largest shareholder and had founded Seabourn Cruise Line in 1987. It is described as a family-owned company. Co-owner Larry Pimentel left abruptly in January 2009.
Norway, Oslo, and USA, Miami FL.
The dark-blue funnel has a black top and a white–gold–white band, the gold representing rope. A white circle contains a seascape: a rising sun and clouds behind an island with a palm, approached by a three-masted schooner. Around it are the words “Islands in the sun - Fiji” and “Resorts and cruises”. No flag is recorded.
Fiji.
Anji’s blue funnel has a narrow black top and a vertically elongated red diamond edged white. A white G sits between smaller white A and J letters above and below. The diamond is thinner than illustrated. The colours broadly reverse those of Pacific Seafarers, and Rosanoski suggests a connection between the initials and the common agency, although not a complete correspondence. No flag was recorded.
Seafarers was associated with Pacific Seafarers Inc.; both used J.J. Georgelis Inc. as agent.
USA, New York NY.
The funnel was recorded on Eptanissos in January 1966 and resembles that of Stathatos.
Part of the fleet had previously appeared under Anthony D. Stathatos. Agents were Stathatos & Co. (1953) Ltd., subsequently listed as Stathatos & Co. Ltd.
UK, London.
The logo comes from the company website and the funnel from a photograph of Northica.
Seaflex was formed in 2004. Rosanoski could not establish its precise role, suggesting chartering or possibly management alone.
Denmark.
The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top and a red, two-line horseshoe-like emblem; the red flag bears the emblem in white. Loughran identifies the device as a drop of oil and the outline of the Thistle of Scotland, defines the red as deep maroon and shows a break at the emblem’s bottom on the funnel.
Formed in 1973, Seaforth sold its fleet to Sverre Farstad & Co. A/S in June 1989 and continued contract ship management. By July 2000 it was no longer involved in marine management. James Finlay held 55 per cent and Taylor Woodrow 45 per cent; the latter was understood to have bought out Finlay before selling to the company directors in August 1989.
Seaforth Marine Services, formed at Aberdeen in 1992, had a vessel through a name subsidiary, later managed by Specialist Marine Services.
U.K., Aberdeen.
Josef Nüsse’s table flag has lettering which makes it appear more an advertising flag than a house flag.
The funnel is based on Seafrance Manet from starboard and Seafrance Cezanne from port, where the funnel merges into the superstructure and the logo occupies that area. The white house flag has a blue isosceles triangle in the upper hoist, a red triangle in the lower fly and the company logo in the centre. Schneider and Sache call it a modernised SNAT flag. Rosanoski notes that their illustration uses bright blue, whereas the photograph shows dark blue. The photographed flag is worn as a stem jack.
Formed in 1990 as Société Nouvelle d’Armement Transmanche, the company became SeaFrance S.A. in 1995 and traded as SeaFrance Sealink. FOTW dates full SNCF ownership to 1 May 1996, following an 86 per cent holding. Other accounts differ: Lloyds gives 90 per cent SNCF and 10 per cent Société Nationale Maritime Corse Mediterrannee, while Ships Monthly describes joint SNCM and Compagnie Generale Maritime ownership.
SeaFrance entered judicial liquidation after the European Commission ruled a proposed SNCF capital injection illegal. A liquidation order was issued on 9 January 2012. The source dates an accepted Groupe Eurotunnel bid for the three ferries to 6 November 2012.
Société Proprietaire des Navires had been formed jointly with Stena Line in 1990.
France, Paris.
The flag is divided diagonally from lower hoist to upper fly into black and red, with a yellow seahorse overall. Under tropical conditions the black tended to fade to navy blue.
Seafreight operated from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s under the agency of Stannard Bros. Launch Services of Sydney.
Papua New Guinea, Lae.
The Log shows S1312 for Seafire with a black hull. S1313 comes from a photograph at Wellington on 25 October 1997, when the hull was blue. The band difference followed a repaint: Mike Pryce’s advice led to its reduction to a narrow band in the rendering, although the actual marking was a red line.
The Log dates the business to 1983, when the Lim family arrived in New Zealand from Malaysia. The company-register account instead records incorporation on 27 March 1981, a rename to Seafresh Fisheries N.Z. Ltd. on 24 January 1996 and another to Lim Family Holdings on 29 January. Seafresh bought the listed company Lectrica early in 1996 to obtain a listing.
Its first vessel, Seafire, was acquired in 1991 and sold with Atlantic Elizabeth in 2002. Lim Family Holdings sold a majority holding in Seafresh New Zealand on 10 June 2002, a transaction subject to investigation.
New Zealand, Lower Hutt.
Seagull Senior’s funnel was recorded in February 1967 as buff; the descriptive entry allows yellow or buff, with a narrow black top. No flag was noted.
Van Engineers Ltd. acted as agent.
Hong Kong.
The S759 funnel is based on Cleveland on 30 December 2005, confirming earlier photographs of Advantage and Wilson. Wilson lacked the black funnel top. The flag illustration was traced to the company website through an apparent employee.
Ascension shows the S932 funnel. Its flag was not visible and is only assumed to have applied.
Sealift’s own account dates this private company to 1975. Lloyds gives 1984, which Rosanoski presumes concerns the start of shipowning, and records the name Sealift LLC from December 2005. Rosanoski also records the United States Government, through the Department of the Navy’s Military Sealift Command, as having a controlling interest.
United States: New York; the source also gives Oyster Bay NJ.
Samir Noaime and Samir Moukawem founded Sealine in 1979, opening a Ravenna–Beirut/Mersin line. It subsequently worked as a shipping-group agent and in logistics. The fleet appeared to be chartered.
Lebanon, Beirut.
The flag is described as lighter blue with a dark-blue horizontal band bearing SEALORD in white; the funnel band is also specified as dark blue. The lighter shade is undefined. The flag was derived from a painted bridge panel, not actually observed flying.
Rehua, photographed on 18 June 2008, has blue trawler-style funnels with white bases.
The website’s wavy SEALORD panel is labelled flagquote-01. It has only been seen painted on white superstructure, where the website image’s apparent white border is not visible. Rosanoski therefore questions whether a real flag exists and whether it would have a border.
The former Fletcher livery was retained by Fifeshire. One note says the letters merely changed, while the later comment says the initials remained unchanged. Rosanoski had not personally seen the flag flown in this period.
The funnel is based on Janas on 23 November 2008. Her owner, New Zealand Longline (Australia), registered on 24 March 2006, is listed as a Sealord name company.
Paerangi’s V206 funnel is confirmed in December 2003 and continued as P450 in a photograph dated 31 December 2007. The vessel belonged to Volstad A/S of Aalsund, listed as a Sealord operating company. Sealord bought a half-share in 2005, when she was registered under Paerangi Holding A/S; she was sold to a Norwegian company in 2007 and left Nelson on 23 October.
A black-and-white photograph of Aorere shows a dark diamond with a surrounding line, a white E and three white wavy lines on the starboard superstructure. The registered owner was Frend Trawl, so Rosanoski presumes a charter; the outer funnel was not available in the view.
The fishing business is described as operating from 1963.
Incorporated as Wonder Foods Ltd. on 24 October 1961, the company became Sealord Products on 23 July 1973 and Sealord Group on 19 September 1996. It acquired Fletcher Fishing in September 1990, operating it as Fifeshire Fishing. Rosanoski rejects Lloyds’ claim that Sealord was renamed from Fifeshire in 1992. Brierley Investments and the Maori group Te Waka Unua bought Sealord Products from Carter Holt Harvey in November 1992. Nippon Suisan acquired a half-interest in January 2001; Kura Ltd., registered in October 2000, was jointly owned by Te Waka Unua and Nippon Suisan.
The apparent subsidiaries included Sealord Charters, Investments, Management, Pacific and Shellfish. The register dates Charters to 27 August 1992, while Lloyds gives 2000. New Zealand Longline was formed on 10 December 1998 as a joint venture with Amaltal Fishing. The equal venture with Sanford, SS Fishing, was formed as Grey Pears 2 on 14 January 1998 and renamed on 4 March.
Fletcher Fishing became Fifeshire Fishing on 17 November 1990 and Carter Holt Harvey Equities (No. 8) on 4 March 1993. It managed two former Fletcher trawlers for Sealord. A separate Fifeshire Fishing (1993) company was incorporated as Beacontree Holdings in 1995 and renamed that May; Rosanoski could not establish its purpose but found no apparent vessel-owning or operating role.
New Zealand, Nelson; corporate headquarters in Auckland and processing headquarters in Nelson.
Both funnel and flag are blue with an orange logo.
Thenamaris Corporation S.A. is listed as manager.
Greece, Piraeus; Brown 1978 gives U.K., London.
The funnel is documented by port and starboard photographs of Charmey, the port view dated 6 May 2012. Rosanoski judged it probably Seamar’s: it was not the funnel of Atlanship or Suisse-Atlantique, neither website claimed ownership, and no charterer was known. He noted that Seamar, registered care of a trustee company, did not appear to be a trading company, but that name companies can have their own funnels.
Seamar was formed on 11 October 2011 for vessel acquisition, construction, chartering and operation. It owned Charmey, delivered on 6 December 2011 after Atlanship and Suisse-Atlantique took over a French company’s building contract. Suisse-Atlantique acted as commercial and technical manager.
Switzerland, Givisiez, Fribourg.
S1599 comes from a portside photograph of African Glory on 14 October 2011.
African Joy was photographed from port on 13 August 2012 and starboard the following day. The starboard design is mirrored: the bottom of the white band continues round the funnel and rises towards the stern on that side too.
S1441 is based on Hamburg Max on 10 September 2010. Earlier photographs show the Restis “R” of Enterprises Shipping & Trading. Rosanoski assumes that the later funnel belongs to Seanergy and notes a resemblance between its colours and curves and the website design: dark blue and orange separated by white, with white and orange lettering.
Fleet membership does not prove company emblem ownership.
Seanergy Maritime Holdings succeeded Seanergy Maritime Corporation. Its initial fleet was bought in the second half of 2008 from companies associated with the Restis family. It acquired control of Bulk Energy (Holdings) Ltd. in August 2009, followed by 51% of Capital Maritime Shipping (Holdings) Ltd. on 28 May 2010 and the remaining 49% on 16 September. The source also records purchase of the remaining 50% of Bulk Energy Transport (Holdings) Ltd., but gives both September and October 2010 in the combined account. A restructuring announced on 19 March 2014 included the sale of the vessels.
Greece, Athens; incorporated in the Marshall Islands, with executive offices in Athens.
The starboard view of Kurutai represents a return to Sea-Tow’s original colours.
Between 17 January and the morning of 19 January 2010, after Kurutai returned from Newcastle to Lyttelton, a white bird, presumed to be a heron, was added to the plain black funnel. A port photograph of 24 January documents it; the starboard view on 13 February shows a mirror image, so the bird flies forward on both sides.
Heron’s website photographs show Kurutai in the Sea-Tow funnel colours, while Pacific Way has blue funnels.
Sea-Tow Ltd. became Seapacific on 14 August 2008, with shares held by Sea Biz Ltd.; Lloyds 2011–12 still used the Sea-Tow name.
Kurutai was sold before June 2011 to Heron Construction, a family-owned dredging and marine-construction business founded by Willem Kroef in 1964. Its services included tug and barge operations, and Lloyds listed it for Pacific Way.
New Zealand, Auckland.
The funnel is based on Searoad Mersey photographed on 16 July 2008.
SeaRoad was formed to acquire Patrick Shipping’s assets and Tasmanian forwarding businesses, beginning operations on 25 March 2007 through SeaRoad Logistics and SeaRoad Shipping. The latter took over Patrick’s two ships without renaming them.
Australia, Melbourne.
The funnel emblem’s colour is unknown. The bird, presumed to be a robin, might be brown.
Merchant Ships 1944 gives these as alternative funnels, already represented in a black-and-white photograph of Robin Locksley in the 1942 edition.
Stewart places the flag’s oval nearer the hoist.
The Robin Line was established in 1920 as an intercoastal supplement to Farrell Line, taking its name from the Robin prefix on its ships, although some pre-war vessels had other names. The majority-owning Lewis family fell out with the Farrell family in 1933. Robin entered the Africa trade in 1935, and the companies remained bitter rivals until Arthur W. Lewis, Jr. died in 1954 and his heirs sold to Moore-McCormack. The house-flag source gives the company’s span as 1920–1957.
Seas controlled American & Cuban Steamship and operated Santa Steamship, Fairfield Steamship and Quinnipiac Shipping. Moore-McCormack appears as operator in later references.
USA, New York.
Seaspan Regent, photographed on 17 July 1978, is captioned under Genstar Overseas but appears in Lloyds under Seaspan International. Rosanoski suggests that the band may date from Genstar ownership.
The funnel is confirmed by Seaspan Discovery photographed on 11 October 2007.
The Washington Marine Group logo appears on vessel superstructure in white on red, black on white, or red on white. Charles H. Cates also carries CATES in black; Cosco Yingkou documents the red-on-white form. The Washington Companies are described as separately operated businesses linked by Dennis Washington’s significant ownership interests.
The Vancouver branch began in 1898 as Harry A. Jones’s Vancouver Tug. He sold it in 1919; after his death in 1924, his son Harold revived the business as Vancouver Tug Boat Co. Vancouver Shipyards, incorporated in 1902, was acquired in 1954. Harold’s death in 1956 left the business to Beverly McCarvill O’Toole. Acquisitions followed: Dolmage Towing in 1956, Vancouver Barge Transportation in 1962, Pacific Tanker in 1963 and Western Tug & Barge in 1965. Dillingham acquired the group in 1969.
Harold B. Elworthy founded Island Tug & Barge in 1924. It acquired Gardner Towing in 1926, Young & Gore Tugboats in 1956 and Victoria Tug in 1958, before McAllister Towing of Montreal bought it in 1960. McAllister also acquired Griffiths Steamship in 1961. Genstar bought Island Tug in 1969 and joined Dillingham in merging Island Tug and Vancouver Tug into Seaspan International in 1970. F.M. Yorke & Son was acquired in 1972, Genstar bought out Dillingham in 1973, and Gulf of Georgia Towing followed in 1977. Imasco acquired Genstar in 1986 and sold Seaspan to McLuan Capital Group that year. Seaspan acquired Vancouver Drydock in 1991.
Dennis Washington bought Cates Tug and Seaforth Towing in 1992, Norsk in 1995 and, according to the company account, Seaspan in 1996. Lloyds instead dates Washington’s controlling interest to 1994. The website adds Kingcome Navigation in 1997 and Seaspan Coastal Intermodal from Canadian Pacific in 1998, followed by amalgamation of Cates, Seaforth, Norsk and Kingcome into Seaspan in 1999. Rosanoski notes that Kingcome is not otherwise mentioned on the website and continues independently in Lloyds. The register’s initial Seaspan formation date of 1928 was amended to 1970.
Seaspan Coastal Intermodal retained a separate identity at Delta BC. Later operating companies included Seaspan Container Lines, formed at Nicosia in 2002, and Seaspan Ship Management, formed at Vancouver that year. Seaspan also participated in Arctic Transportation, a consortium formed in 1973.
Canada, Vancouver.
The blue flag has eighteen white wavy horizontal bands, making thirty-seven bands in total.
Marship Corporation is listed as manager in 1978–79, followed by Leif Hoegh & Co. A/S in 1980–81.
Greece, Piraeus.
Sea Spray’s black funnel has three white bands separated by narrower widths of black. No flag was recorded.
Ballestrero, Tuena & Canepa acted as agent.
Italy, Genoa.
The funnel is based on Goldenstar photographed on 13 November 2006, listed under Seastar Chartering. Mitchell assigns the design to both Valmas Brothers Shipping and Seatstar Navigation Co. S.A.; Josef Nüsse supplies the table flag. In September 2009 most of the fleet appeared to be chartered to Canfornav and wearing its colours.
Captain Alexandros Marinos is named as president and Koula Aspiotou as managing director of the group, which operated bulk carriers and an active chartering department. Aspiotou also sat on the boards of Seastar Navigation in London and Seastar Chartering in Piraeus.
Seastar Navigation was formed in Liberia on 15 April 1976. It first appeared under Valmas Brothers Shipping, later occupying the former operator’s address after Valmas disappeared from Lloyds. Seastar Chartering was formed in 1987 and took over agency listings previously shown under Navigation. The Israeli company Kamor held 39 per cent of Chartering.
Greece, Athens.
Mitchell records this funnel for Northern Lion and Ocean Servant; a photograph of Northern Snow in May 2003 confirms it. Rosanoski’s photograph checks in June 2005 suggest subsequent adoption of Frontline livery.
Seatankers was formed in 1987 and owned by John Fredriksen, later through Frontline. It acquired Naviera Quimica in May 1989.
Cyprus, Limassol.
The funnel, recorded in February 1966, is red with a black top separated by a very narrow white band. No flag was noted.
Switzerland, Lugano.
Nayadic was observed at Lyttelton on 12 March 1987 with letters extending to the edges of the funnel panel and a matching house flag. Aconcagua Bay in August 2008 confirms the livery, the flag appearing lighter orange than the lifeboat and funnel panel. Josef Nüsse’s table flags provide further examples.
Spring Bear, photographed from port at Brisbane on 7 September 1994, has an orangy-red funnel panel almost forming a band on the narrow funnel. The flag is definitely lightish orange, consistent with Nüsse’s later table flag.
Rosanoski stresses that the funnel panel’s red or orangy red does not establish the flag colour: the flag field is orange. Photographs and scans can vary markedly in this colour range. Brown 1995 and the resulting FOTW image show a black G, which Rosanoski regards as an error for dark blue. He is less certain about Brown 1982, published under the original company name: the G might once have been black, or its dark blue might have been mistaken for black. He had no flag evidence from the original-name period.
Five Groningen captain-owners established N.V. Scheepvaartkantoor “Groningen” in 1951, initially operating small coastal vessels. The company moved into larger reefers in the 1960s and became Seatrade Groningen B.V. in 1973. It acquired Dammers van der Heide in 1989. In 1991 chartering moved to Seatrade Reefer Chartering in Curaçao, with commercial activities handled at Antwerp, while Seatrade Shipmanagement became an independent company concentrating on management.
The Dammers acquisition apparently included the parent Shipping & Trading business as well as the Antillen company. Ships entered Seatrade’s fleet or Dammers Shipmanagement, formed in 1994 at Willemstad. Triton, formed in 1994 as Triton Bereederungs GmbH & Co. K.G., joined the group in 2000 and became Triton Schiffahrts GmbH in 2001, serving the German management market from Leer.
Other listed businesses included K.U.K. Nordseeforschungschiff-Bereederung, formed at Wilhelmstraven in 1996, Novalines of Groningen, formed in 1998, and associate H & G Transport. From 1 May 2010 the vessels previously managed and operated by Alpha Reefer Transport, Lavinia and Seatrade entered the Hamburg Reefer Pool, with commercial work handled by HRC Hamburg Reefer Chartering.
Netherlands, Groningen.
The funnel is based on Karsnes from port on 29 August 2008. A starboard photograph of 6 February 2012 shows that only the symbol is mirrored, pointing forward on both sides, while the lettering reads normally.
This funnel is based on Doris photographed from port on 27 November 2009.
Seatrade Services, using sts in its logo, was founded on 1 November 2005 for chartering, ship management, operation and related maritime transport. Lloyds lists it both as a major operating company and as an associate of Euro-Baltic Shipping Services.
Estonia, Tallinn.
A black-and-white photograph of Sea Wind supports the funnel, but shows a narrow black top. Mitchell, who places Seatraders in Philadelphia, may have based his illustration on this vessel, although his line drawing has a black funnel. The central diamond dot is probably a measuring point.
Mitchell’s funnel is for Nora, placed under Panama, perhaps from the company name. Rosanoski could not establish the vessel’s registry; she appears in this ownership and agency relationship from Lloyds 1963–64.
Mitchell does not give a domicile for this funnel.
The US Navy source assigns these liveries to Liberia.
Seatraders began with Sea Wind, acquired in June 1949, transferred to the Liberian flag in 1954 and sold in 1957. It later acted as agent for Ocean Traders (Panama) and Universal Tramp Shipping. Ocean Traders’ Seabreeze, bought in 1954, became Sea Maiden in 1957 as agents changed from D.J. Negroponte to Seatraders. The vessels initially used Sea as their first name element.
USA, New York NY.
S545 is the original livery. Around 1965 it was replaced as container traffic overtook railway-truck carriage: two arrows forming the company initial symbolised regular two-way service. Talbot-Booth angles the earlier ladder device as coded Pbds. Loughran gives the S102 S a more rounded form.
The funnel is reconstructed from a verbal description and considered doubtful. The flag is assumed to apply, its design itself not being in doubt.
The business began in 1928 as Over-Seas Steamship Co. Ltd. of Montreal, carrying railway trucks by sea, and moved to New Orleans under the Seatrain name by the early 1930s. Another account places it initially at Hobroken, New Jersey, owning the Hoboken Manufacturers Railroad, and dates New York–Cuba rail-car services to 1929, while a separate page gives formation in 1931. It later turned to containers.
Pack & Kahn acquired Seatrain in 1965 through Transocean Associates, which was reverse-absorbed in September 1966. Shipbuilding began in 1967, but its workforce was laid off in 1975. Newtex Tankers was also acquired. Seatrain sought Chapter 11 protection on 11 February 1981. FOTW records final liquidation in 1982, whereas Lloyds gives a rename that year to Bay Tankers.
Transeastern Associates is listed as agent. Ships used the Seatrain name prefix.
USA, New York and New Orleans; later Edgewater NJ and again New York.
Brown gives the S flat top and bottom edges, while Mitchell shows a square S. Photographs of Trans Dania in September 2004 and Baltic News on 3 June 2003 confirm the funnel: its S is narrower than on the flag logo and overlaps the white bands more at top and bottom.
This funnel appears to be assigned to Trans Bay, listed in 1988–89 under the managed company Samiet Knardel.
Formed in 1970 as I/S Seatrans, the company was a consortium of Norwegian short-sea owners and charterers. It became Seatrans DA in 1988 and operated part of Det Bergenske D/S’s fleet.
Norway, Bergen; later Hop and again Bergen.
Seaunion’s activities included chartering, ship management, brokerage, vessel sale and purchase, freight forwarding and shipping agency in Hong Kong and China.
China, Hong Kong.
The flag is divided vertically red and blue, with a white diamond throughout based on the chief. The diamond bears a black V whose arms lie near its edges, topped by a small red star. A small white star sits at the base of each coloured half. No funnel is given.
Seavoss was formed in 1981, with its fleet held through name subsidiaries.
Germany, Elmshorn.
The flag combines the two owners’ funnels, with no lettering on the red ring around Algoma’s bear. The outer edges are vertical at the flag edges; the inner edges slope to form a white triangle descending from the top. At the base Algoma’s black overlaps ULS red, carrying Seaway in white. Algosteel and Algolake photographs confirm the flag. Rosanoski believes it had previously been used by Seaway Self Unloaders.
Seaway Bulk Carriers used a similar flag with SBC lettering. The partnership flags were flown in addition to the owners’ normal house flags.
Seaway Marine Transport (SMT) began on 2 January 2000 as a marketing partnership of Algoma Central and Upper Lakes Group. It merged their earlier Seaway Bulk Carriers and Seaway Self Unloaders partnerships, dating from 1990 and 1994 respectively. These partnerships managed much of the two fleets’ general-cargo laker business. SMT also held 25 per cent of Laken Shipping Corporation of Cleveland.
Canada, St. Catharines, Ont.; Know Your Ships gives Toronto.
Brown calls the company Seaways Shipping Corporation, assumed by Rosanoski to be the same business.
Exact legal identity unverified.
Skaarup Shipping Corporation acted as agent; Nordström & Thulin A/B is listed as manager in 1958–59.
USA, New York; later Greenwich CT.
The blue pennant has a narrow red border and combined white JF letters. No funnel is given.
Formed in 1990, Seaways acted as agent in its own name and through Seastar Maritime Management S.A., formed at Athens in 1994.
Greece, Piraeus.
Sky Wind’s photographed funnel has letters which appear dark blue rather than black.
On 4 May 2013 Sea Wind, as part of Tallink Grupp, carried the T676 funnel.
The Finnish SeaWind company was formed in 1989. It appeared under Effjohn International and then Neptun Maritime, later managing the Swedish SeaWind Line A.B., formed at Stockholm in 1993. The Swedish company progressed from a name company under the Finnish business to an operating company under Silja and then Tallink Silja.
A June 2002 account places it under Sea Containers through Silja.
Finland, Turku.
The original funnel was blue with a black top and a white L. Sources differ slightly in funnel shade and letter shape; Mitchell also assigns it to Seaworld.
The funnel is based on Argosy from starboard and Admiral L on 23 July 2008, the latter also showing a flag apparently in the same blue. Argosy’s registered owner was Arctos Shipping, with Laliotis as beneficial owner, explaining the L.
Admiral L on 7 July 2009 appears to have darker blue on the funnel top and panel. Sea Voyager on 12 April 2012 also looks darker, but the light is poor. No flags are visible to establish whether their blue changed too; Rosanoski leaves colour change versus lighting unresolved.
Sea Voyager was listed while building for J. Laliotis Maritime, a Seaworld name company. On completion her registered owner was Arlene Navigation, care of ST Shipping & Transport of the Glencore group, while Equasis listed Sea World Management as ISM manager. Rosanoski inferred continued Laliotis ownership from the marking and presumed a charter to ST. His follow-up identifies Seaworld as the Laliotis shipping arm and the funnel panel as the house flag, previously seen with Admiral L’s older funnel.
Formed in 1976 as Eurolines Contracting Co. S.A., the business became Seaworld Management & Trading in 1986. It was associated with John Laliotis, Eurolines’ managing director and founder of the maritime group in 1970. Vassilios Laliotis succeeded his father in 2000. Earlier vessels used the Eurco prefix.
Sea Globe Management & Trading was formed at the same Athens address in 2005. Laliotis tankers on BP charter and vessels in the group’s own colours were listed through Seaworld and Sea Globe.
Greece, Piraeus; later Athens.
The white funnel has a black top and the flag emblem. The white flag bears a brown-outlined ship’s wheel overlaid by green SECIL letters. Across IL is a narrow green horizontal baton with ends coded Pbds, edged in white and bearing MARITIMA in white.
Secil was formed in 1963 and also appears as Secil Maritima S.a.r.L. African Services DK A/S, formed in 1992, is listed among its subsidiaries.
Angola.
The funnel is based on a photograph of Sanem.
Also called Seda Shipping & Trading Inc., the company was initially dated to 1989 in Lloyds, amended to 1985. It appeared under H.I. Kaptanoğlu Shipping Group as a name company and then a major operating company, before listing independently with former group operating companies in 2008.
These included Cenk Denizcilik ve Ticaret, formed in 1992 and listed at Singapore; Haci Ismail Kaptanoğlu Shipmanagement & Trading; and Marama Denizcilik, formed at Istanbul in 1994. Cenk apparently later joined Cenk Group, as did Marama.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The green flag has a white-fimbriated red lozenge touching the edges, with a white capital W in its centre.
Weserland had Blockland built in 1952 and sold it in 1956; it appears under its operators in Lloyd’s 1953–1954.
Germany, Bremen.
The funnel is blue with a broad white band bearing a yellow “b”. Its upper stem and lower bowl angle towards the port side. Blue edging is broader on the fly side of the stem and the dexter inside of the bowl, with a projection at the sinister outer base, giving the appearance of a blue “L” behind the yellow letter.
Two flag forms are recorded. One is blue with a white vertical chevron pointing towards the hoist and a yellow block “b” angled like the funnel emblem. The other has a broad straight white vertical band and a yellow block “b” with a long narrow stem starting at the top and a widening bowl at right angles. Blue edging, absent at the stem’s top, widens along its sinister side and covers the bowl; a further blue line separates the bowl’s upper end from the stem. Nüsse’s flag agrees with Brown’s funnel emblem, leading Rosanoski to suspect Brown’s flag rendering.
Baco-Liner was formed in 1979. It took over RMS Afrika Schiffahrtsges on 1 October 1992 and merged the companies on 10 December, retaining its own name. Earlier agents included Rhein-Mass-und See-Schiffahrtskontor and RMS Afrika.
Germany, Duisberg.
Lloyd Reedereiflaggen 1933 outlines the flag circle in black. Rosanoski considers the early Brown versions suspect in light of the Lloyd and Talbot-Booth depictions.
The source also discusses a T382 funnel resembling one used by some Fritzen vessels. Both have a Thyssen connection, but Rosanoski cannot establish a relationship.
Founded on 9 December 1920, Frigga operated in general tramping. It announced its intention to leave shipowning in 1984, sold its last two ships in 1991 and was removed from the company register early in 1993.
Frachtcontor was among the original founders. By 1939 the shareholders included Westfaeli Transportation, Frachtcontor, Combined Steel Plants and Hoesch. In 1970 ownership was divided between August Thessen-Hütte, Hoesch and KMR Seereederei Frigga Beteiligungss.
The subsidiary “Frigga” Seeschiffahrt was formed in 1958–1959. August Thyssen Hütte appointed Frigga as disponent owner for its vessels in 1956–1957; Rosanoski suggests these were the companies later shown under the subsidiary. Christian F. Ahrenkiel became manager in 1985.
Germany, Hamburg.
Lloyds dates Seetouristik to 1970, while the company history says K.G. Seetouristik had operated since 1958. Its combination with Förde-Reederei to form Förde Reederei Seetouristik is dated 1990 by Lloyds and 1991 by the website. Seetouristik continued as a parent company owned by three partners and operating through the FRS joint venture; later vessels appeared under the Förde companies.
A.G. “Ems” and H. Simon K.G. managed parts of the fleet in earlier register accounts.
Germany, Lübeck-Travemünde; later Flensburg.
The white funnel bears a green device of three horizontal batons and one vertical baton, apparently incorporating a stylised T. The green flag has a very broad white horizontal band bearing the same logo.
Germany.
Lloyds dates this company to 1971, but Alan Watt reports sightings from 1966. Rosanoski therefore questions either the date or the identification among companies of this name. It is presumably the operator and charterer/broker listed by cy-marin. Two vessels previously placed under company (2) appeared here in 1980–81. Cosco Seiwa Shipping was formed in 1995 as an equal venture with China Ocean Shipping.
Japan, Tokyo; a company of the same name is also reported at Kure, Hiroshima.
This company appears in Lloyds from 1973–74 to 1992–93. Two vessels moved in the register to company (1) by 1980–81.
Japan, Ikoma-cho, later Nagasaki, Ikoma, Takaishi and Sakai.
A separate company appears in Lloyds 1992–93 and 1996–97.
Japan, Tokuyama.
A separate company appears in Lloyds 1992–93 and 1996–97.
Japan, Saganoseki.
A separate company appears in Lloyds 1996–97.
Japan, Shimokamagari, Aki-gun.
No selection among five entities from name alone.
Mitchell’s funnel may be based on Automobile Ace, which is listed without a line drawing. She appeared under Green Auklet Shipping with Seiwa as agent, then under Tungfu Shipping & Trading from 1989. Later named Morning Auto, she is photographed at Auckland on 14 January 2007 with a blue funnel in the inboard view.
The funnel is based on Fortune Ace, photographed on 16 August 1999 under the Panamanian flag. Her registered owner, Ace Hope S.A., formed in 1991, appeared first as a Seiwa agency company and later as a name company.
Other agency companies had their own flags; Rosanoski refers to Cosmos Marine Development Corporation.
Seiwa Navigation was formed as a private company in January 1974.
Japan, Tokyo.
The funnel is blue with a black top. The white flag bears a blue diamond edged black, with white SEKA letters angled and varied in size to fit the diamond.
Turkey, Silifike.
This appears to be a group livery, based on Seltas’s Denizkonak and also found on two other vessels. On Selmar’s Yusuf Aslan the ring is unpainted, although its shape remains visible.
S1452 is based on Ozgun Koray on 14 July 2005 and S1453 on Koray Ozgeun on 27 August 2008. Both appeared under minor operating companies at different Istanbul addresses, but Polarnet listed them as operated vessels in these colours without a Selmar connection. Polarnet’s own website logo differed.
Date-specific manager context does not prove mark user.
Selmar was formed in 2000. Its major operating companies included Seldeniz Seldenizcilik A.S., formed in 1997, and Seltas Denizcilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S., formed in 2003, both in Istanbul.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The first flag is blue with yellow SJ letters, the S shaped as a seahorse. It was observed on Reefer Duku at Lyttelton on 27 May 1983. Rosanoski assumes it was replaced by Brown’s version: yellow with a broad blue horizontal band carrying the same yellow letters. The black funnel has a broad band of the flag design.
Formed in 1981, the company became Sembawang Shipmanagement Pte. Ltd. in 1997. Earlier register forms include Sembawang Johnson Shipmanagement (Pte) Ltd. and Sembawang Johnson Management Pte. Ltd.
Singapore.
The black flag has a relatively narrow yellow horizontal band bearing SEMCO in white letters outlined black. S and O are larger than the intervening letters. A red shield with a scalloped top and white edge overlays the band; within it the band narrows, accounting for the smaller central letters. The black funnel carries the flag as a band, but its lettering is black.
Formed in 1986 as Semco Salvage Private Ltd., the company adopted its later name in 1992. It began as an equal venture between Sembawang Towing and the Singapore Government’s Temasek Holdings; Sembawang bought out Temasek in 1988.
Singapore.
The funnel is based on a portside photograph of Explorer in 2008, with the shield logo available on the programme website.
The flag is based on Explorer photographed on 18 August 2013. Rosanoski calls the rendering guesswork because the fine detail cannot be distinguished.
Semester At Sea (SAS) is a study programme founded in 1963, managed by the Institute for Shipboard Education and sponsored by the University of Virginia. It used the cruise ship Explorer from 2004.
USA, Charlottesville VA.
The short-lived transitional flag was dark blue–red–dark blue horizontally, without an emblem, apparently in proportions 2:3:2. MarCollect’s account says the partners used DSR funnel colours while unable to agree a logo. Rosanoski insists that this documented version should remain recorded even though its FOTW entry was later replaced.
The next transitional flag added the S-like Senator wave to the wider red stripe, coloured blue–white–blue from left to right. It is documented by Hartmut Weinhold’s 2005 flag wall and MarCollect. That account dates the subsequent separation to 1998, which need not conflict with the 2000 rename.
Funnel colours were not uniform. DSR Baltic showed the D235 form, while DSR-Europe had a dark sky-blue funnel with a red band; DSR-SENATOR on the hull was the principal common marking. D235 and S268 sometimes had narrow black tops. Some new vessels with very little funnel showed red with narrow blue top and base, represented by S795; its flag association is assumed.
The house flag under the DSR-Senator and Senator names is white with a three-line stylised S, two lines dark blue and one red, as in Nüsse’s flag. Brown 1995 instead gives the middle line in lighter blue. Rosanoski therefore questions D39; Nüsse also uses ordinary red rather than the darker website shade.
Mitchell’s funnel agrees with Nüsse’s table-flag colours. It appears on a Conti Reederei card noting that Senator chartered Conti vessels.
Senator Linie began in 1987, co-operated with DSR-Lines in east–west trades from 1991 and launched the Mediterranean–Canada Container Service in 1992. After Deutsche Seereederei’s 1993 privatisation, the DSR liner service and Senator merged in 1994, equally owned by DSR and Bremer Vulkan. Rosanoski questions a separate 1998 formation claim. Ships appear to have been chartered, with former DSR-prefixed vessels later under F. Laeisz name companies and using Senator as the second name element.
Hanjin became the principal shareholder in 1997, but reports differ on both the preceding shareholders and its stake: figures include 65, 70 and 75 per cent before 80 per cent, with earlier interests attributed variously to DSR, Bremer Vulkan, the State of Bremen and Hamburg-Süd. F. Laeisz is also recorded with 10 per cent. The name became Senator Lines on 1 July 2000.
In 2002 the line planned to cease global container operations by closing its Atlantic and Pacific services. It was reported to be going out of business at the end of February 2009 and to be wound up.
Germany, Bremen.
The reconstructed house flag uses the Croatian national tricolour with SBD in the white stripe. Isaiæ presents it as an example of Croatian tricolours used by steamship companies, but the actual flag may have differed. It was flown at the mainmast or elsewhere, with the appropriate Austro-Hungarian ensign at the stern.
The Senj Steamship Company is believed to have operated in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Senj, shown under Croatia.
Seran appears in Lloyds in 1985–86, 1992–93 and 1996–97.
Italy, Palermo; later Ravenna.
The funnel is based on Serenissima from starboard. Its very dark, dull colour looks black, but Rosanoski’s analysis indicates blue.
Serenissima Cruises became a joint owner of Serenissima in spring 2012. Rosanoski presumes that the former owner, Elegant Cruises of the USA, retained a share, with worldwide cruising continuing. Noble Caledonia operated the cruise line. The registered owner is given as Premier Cruises, care of manager West Wind of Split.
Unknown, possibly Croatia.
The funnel is based on Suprastar photographed from port on 26 September 2011 and from starboard at Singapore on 12 June 2011.
Neither source establishes the owner’s legal country. The archival Douglas/Isle of Man address may be a manager’s address and the Marshall Islands statement may concern owner registration or vessel flag. Those possibilities remain unresolved.
Serono owned Suprastar, built in 2011, and was listed under manager Midocean (IOM) Ltd. The ownership account also records Marshall Islands registration.
UK, Douglas, Isle of Man.
Both black and blue funnels were used, each with square white SC letters, possibly derived from Denis Freres. The white house flag shows a blue funnel divided by eighteen white lines into sectors of varying size, with a black band bearing SCADOA in white. That depicted funnel is not known to have been used on a ship.
A second white flag bears a circle made from twenty-four very narrow light-blue lines with wider white gaps, overlaid by a dark-blue seahorse. Below is SCADOA in dark blue, underlined light blue. Its purpose is unknown.
SCADOA grew from a France–West Africa service established in 1955 by Société Navale de l’Ouest and Compagnie de Navigation Denis Freres. They remained principal partners when SCADOA was formed in 1971, joined by Leif Hoegh, Nedlloyd Lijnnen and Scandinavian West Africa Line. Denis Freres withdrew in 1980.
France.
The red flag has a white diamond throughout, leaving red only at the corners. A blue four-pointed star overlays an angled green four-pointed star. No funnel is given.
The service is abbreviated SEAS.
France, Paris.
The photographed funnels incorporate the Boluda logo. Sertosa Trienta in 2003 provides S899; Sertosa Veintiuno on 1 September 2003 has a different funnel-base arrangement, S900. Neither photograph shows a flying flag, so the website’s group-style flag logo is assumed to apply.
Sertosa was formed in 1947 and also appears as Sociedad Servicios Auxiliares del Puerto. Naviera F. Tapias bought it in mid-1992 and sold it in August 1998 to Grupo Boluda and Compañia de Remolcadores Ibaizabal. Sertosa Norte was split off and sold to Ibaizabal in 1998. Both group websites listed the business until December 2007, when it disappeared from Ibaizabal’s site, although Boluda still described a joint venture.
Tugs generally used the Sertosa prefix; new tonnage under Boluda used V.B.
Morocco, Cueta; later Spain, Cueta, Cadiz and La Coruna, as successively listed.
Lloyds 1904 appears to show an anchor intertwined with a red-and-brown eagle, wings raised. Above is a red crown supported by two unidentified yellow objects. Red S and M letters flank the shaft above the flukes, with R below.
Lloyds 1912 appears to show a crowned anchor with a black chain hanging down the dexter side, white lightning flashes and three yellow-and-red objects attached midway. The canton occupies a full quarter. The online plate places the emblem on the right, prompting Jan Mertens to question whether this is a mistake or an earlier version; he reads decorative ribbons and possibly a screw behind the anchor.
Lloyd Reedereiflaggen 1933 shows a crown and foul anchor. Its funnel is not shown in that source and is assumed to apply.
Brown 1934 has letters, crown and foul anchor all aslant. Rosanoski sees a possible connection with the 1937 timetable, although its anchor is upright and the letter positions remain puzzling.
Talbot-Booth’s version has a crown and foul anchor. A black-and-white photograph of Român also supports the funnel.
Brown 1951 also assigns this livery to Navigatiunea Maritima Romana S.M.R. A small circle at the anchor’s centre is unidentified: it might be a twisted cable or a post horn.
The postal flag is white and swallow-tailed. Its square canton contains the national flag, overlaid by the royal crown, with a golden postal horn hanging below the canton on blue strings.
Alex Danes identifies the logo from reproductions of old postcards as an anchor with rope, a three-bladed propeller bearing S, M and R, sketchy lightning flashes, and a crown above a folded ribbon, probably Romania’s Steel Crown. The blue flag has a red canton with golden SMR and a golden logo in the fly half. The accompanying description estimates the canton at one-third the flag height and half its length, and the crowned anchor as almost filling the outer third. It still questions the central circle as cable or post horn. Rosanoski notes that golden SMR letters also appear on the fly emblem and are inadequately shown in most renderings.
Rosanoski finds differing versions in almost every source. An 1897 poster resembles Lloyds 1912, with a crowned anchor apparently tied by a ribbon. He compares it with Lloyd Austrico and presumes a royal or governmental basis, while the 1937 timetable provides another arrangement; the timetable’s validity from or until 30 June is unclear.
Serviciul Maritim Român, also called Roumanian State Railways and Roumanian State Maritime Service in early flag references, was established in 1895 under a law of 7 June 1888 to provide transport to and from the Levant. Carol I established it to buy Meteor and Medea; Merchant Ships dates steamship ownership from 1897. NAVROM Constanta was formed by royal decree in 1905. After the Second World War the Russians returned only Transilvana and Ardeal. A further maritime and river navigation company, named NAVRON in the original account and glossed NAVROM, was founded in February 1955.
Romania, Bucharest.
After Bourbon adopted a common identity in 2005, Rosanoski believed the Setaf-Saget flag had probably fallen out of use, although ships retained the old funnel markings. Compared with the reported flag, the funnel panel reverses the colours to blue at the hoist and red at the fly and adds a black outline of a square S reaching the top and bottom but not the side edges. He wonders whether this inconspicuous S might have been missed in the original flag report. S1006 is based on Fructidor from port and Shangor from starboard.
JS Loire on 2 December 2012 retains the basic design but changes the panel sizes. One note calls the S outline white and another grey; both are retained as differing descriptions.
Jean-Louis Bottaro founded Setaf in 1968 to provide worldwide dry-bulk shipping expertise for industrial customers. Lloyds gives a conflicting 1983 formation date. It was incorporated into Bourbon’s maritime group as the bulk division in 1996. Bourbon sold the activity in 2010, announcing an intended sale to a company wholly controlled by Bottaro and his family. Greenship Gas acquired Setaf-Saget from J.L. Bottaro & Associates in 2012, with the founder continuing as manager.
France, Suresnes.
The funnel is based on the owned Pietro Benedetti photographed from port on 13 July 2013.
Hans, photographed from port on 1 May 2005, was apparently chartered from, or managed by, Jolane.
Setramar Navigazione was established in 1993 to inherit Transwood Line’s shipping activities. One account dates Transwood to 1965, carrying West African logs to the Mediterranean; the group history dates Domenico Poggiali’s timber-transport business at Ravenna to 1964. Setramar merged with Transwood in the 1970s. A 1984 agreement with Linea Transmare created Linea Transmare COA for general cargo and containers; Linea Transmare withdrew in 1990, leaving Setrama in sole control.
The business traded as Setramar SpA until becoming Setramar Navigazione in 2004. A majority holding passed to the Bollare Group [Groupe Bolloré Technologies], which sold it to CMA CGM Holding on 5 September 2005. Later Lloyds listings placed it under Setramar Group Holding.
Setramar Naviera, formed in 2000, was initially a Jolane name company and later listed under Setramar Navigazione. Jolane, formed at Lugano in 1996, also had Hans in Setramar colours and was reported in liquidation in 2012. Setramar France is another associate. The fleet is described as chartered.
Italy, Ravenna.
Coastal’s flag was blue, with a white star amid the white CSSCo letters. The renamed Settlers company is reported to have had no flag.
Formed as Coastal Steam Ship Co. in 1898, the business was reconstituted as Settlers’ Steam Ship Co. in 1905 and taken over by Northern Steamship in 1908. Sea Breezes instead describes Coastal Steamship[s] as lasting until the outbreak of war in 1914. Contemporary references vary between Steamship and Steam Ship.
New Zealand, Auckland.
The flag was taken from a 1902 chart reproduced in Fune to Hata in 1994. Alan Watt first described the 1901 flag as white rather than blue, then changed the colour to blue, lighter than originally shown.
Japan.
Amalia was photographed from starboard on 6 September 2012. Alloceans was listed as ISM manager and Seven Seas as ship manager or agent; Rosanoski concludes that the funnel is common to both associates.
Mitchell’s funnel is presumably the same as that assigned to Alloceans, although his drawings differ slightly. He first assigns it to International Oceanways and then to Seven Seas Maritime S.A. of Piraeus, but the cited Andria is listed under the London agency. The K is connected with Kalamotusis, presumably Kalamotusis Shipbroking, a London manager at the same address, formed in 1960.
No corporate equivalence or documented shared use.
Seven Seas is described as a private company established in 1960, while Lloyds gives 1973. It served as the London office of All Oceans Shipping, later Alloceans Shipping; register accounts variously place the Athens company as owners’ representative and operating company.
UK, London.
The company appears in Lloyds 1958–59 with Barnett Borchard S.r.l. as agent.
Italy, Genoa.
The 1966–67 and 1970–71 listings are linked by Mira. Saguaro Ship Management is listed as agent in 1970–71.
Switzerland, Lugano; later U.K., London.
USA, New York.
The company appears in Lloyds from 1973–74 to 1985–86. Ships used Satya as the first name element.
India, Bombay.
The FOTW flag image is named S. Gitcovich & Co., differing from the document heading.
USA, Galveston.
The flag is a red pennant with a white circle.
The firm operated sailing vessels.
U.K.
This funnel was adopted in 1959 and is also assigned by Mitchell to Dorman Shipping.
Sources through 1966 still show the pennant with a cross and S. A 1967 book instead describes a blue flag with a white S, perhaps a late change, but Rosanoski considers that S872 may simply have been inferred from the funnel band.
British Coastal Ships, Tugs & Trawlers says the ships were chartered and usually wore their colours.
Thomas Jack formed Shamrock in 1897. It sold its ships in 1962, re-entered coastal trade in 1964 and sold out to Dorman Shipping in 1976. Mitchell gives both Dorman Shipping Ltd. and Co. Ltd., with C.S. Brown as manager.
Rosanoski presumes no connection with the Shamrock company under Costamere’s agency. He also notes that Lloyds apparently confused the Larne business with Shamrock Shipping Co. S.A. of Singapore in 1978–79, correcting it in 1980–81. Later listings place it under J. & A. Gardner and then Dennison management.
UK, Larne, N. Ireland.
The letters are SHX. Mitchell’s comments do not make the design’s colours clear.
Formed in 1983 under Chinese government control, Shanghai Haixing became China Shipping Development Co. Ltd. in 1997. Shanghai Jinjiang Shipping was an associate. Haixing also managed part of the Shanghai branch fleet of the Bureau of Maritime Transport Administration.
China, Shanghai.
The certificate shows the company flag separately and on the depicted steamers; it was offered by Boone Scripophily.
A 1939 share certificate depicts two of the company’s river steamers.
China, Shanghail [?].
The funnel is based on Kai Li on 3 February 2011, using the parent group’s logo. Seen at an angle from below, the emblem appears oval but is assumed circular. An April 2007 photograph, when Frozen Foods International of Monte Carlo owned the vessel, shows a dark-red funnel with black top and a distant circular logo that looks similar, perhaps with white lettering at the base; its detail is unclear.
Also styled Shanghai Kaichuang and abbreviated SKFC in its logo, the company announced a tuna-seiner purchase on 31 December 2008 through the proposed wholly owned Pan Pacific Fisheries (Marshall Islands) subsidiary. The source names Zhejiang Holley Technology as owner and also places the business within Shanghai Fisheries General Corporation (Group).
China, Shanghai.
Rui Ning 1 retains the funnel and superstructure colour of former manager Pacific Basin, with the China Huaneng logo substituted. Rosanoski could not establish whether it later changed to the blue version.
Port and starboard photographs of Rui Ning 6 in September 2010 show the logo apparently the same on both sides. This seems to be the principal funnel, also confirmed on Rui Ning 9, Leading Bravery, Ocean Energy and Pacific Energy despite their different managers.
Eastern Bund, photographed from starboard at Newcastle on 9 March 2012, appears to have a bluish-grey base and an emblem pointing forward rather than aft. Rosanoski suggests its different management might explain the variation.
Green Power wore the colours of its manager, Daiichi Chuo Marine.
Shanghai Leading Energy was jointly established by Huangeng Energy & Communications Holding and Huaneng Hainan Power, subsidiaries of China Huaneng Group. The source dates approval to 11 September 2008 but formal registration to 12 February 2008. It operated coastal, Yangtze and international cargo services and managed vessels for Rui Tong (HK). Its first purchase, Rui Ning 1, came in March 2009, and the first newbuilding entered service on 2 December 2010. The Rui Ning series appears to have been financed by ICBC.
China, Shanghai.
The double-ended ferries have no funnels; the company logo is placed on their hulls.
The group appears to have been formed in June 2009. It operated Shannon Breeze and Shannon Dolphin across the Shannon Estuary. Terence and Gabriel Mangan each held eight per cent, while Glynn Marine Investments controlled 36 per cent.
Ireland [Eire], Killimer.
UK, Newcastle.
The house flag is white with a red cross and a dark-blue canton containing a further red cross and white stars. The familiar stars have six points, but publications and a postcard show four- or five-pointed forms; some show angled stars. Many drawings centre the main cross, whereas the museum flag and film views put its intersection nearer the hoist. The museum description itself gives five-pointed stars, while Jan Mertens describes six-pointed stars and additional white crosses in the blue fields. Rosanoski’s company-provided image has a wider main cross and squatter stars. The museum example is dated about 1951. The funnel is buff, described by Talbot-Booth as a deeper, more buff pink than Bibby’s, later simply deep buff; Brown 1982 also gives pinkish buff.
The design resembles the first New Zealand national flag, but differs in fimbriation and star points. Adoption is variously dated 1858 and 1862, and neither the adopter nor the reason is documented. Stuart Park suggests identification with the 1834 flag and possible simplification. Rosanoski compares the similar flag flown by William Wakefield on Tory in 1839, with three angled stars, apparently made from an incomplete 1835 published description. New Zealand’s official flag had become the Union Flag in 1840, so he notes no conflict with a contemporary official British design. An anonymous comment records continued company use into the mid-1970s.
The fleet commodore used a swallow-tailed version of the house flag.
Ocean Ships 1967 assigns this funnel to Northern Star, although its black-and-white photograph does not show the design clearly. At her 1962 launch she had the usual funnel.
Griffin 1895 shows the separately operated Shaw Savill sailing fleet’s flag with a narrow white canton cross and four small white circles or blobs near its centre. They may be intended as stars, but the image is very small.
Ships often flew the house flag at sea, unusually accepting the resulting wear. During the joint service, White Star ships wore both companies’ flags.
Robert Ewart Shaw and Walter Savill founded Shaw Savill & Co. in 1858, initially as cargo brokers but carrying passengers within a year as The Passengers’ Line of Packets. It amalgamated with Patrick Henderson’s Albion Line and John Leslie & Partners in 1882 or 1883. Shaw Savill retained five sailing ships as a separate company, with the Leslie ships operating alongside them. Commonwealth Line was acquired in 1928 and renamed Aberdeen & Commonwealth.
After an Ellerman offer in 1910, White Star acquired Shaw Savill and retained ownership until 1933. The joint New Zealand service ran from 1884 to 1933, when White Star’s collapse left Shaw Savill in control. Joint ownership of Aberdeen White Star began in 1905, becoming sole ownership in 1932 or 1933; Aberdeen & Commonwealth was also jointly owned with P&O from 1932 before passing to Furness Withy. Sources variously date Furness Withy control of Shaw Savill to 1933, December 1935 or 1936.
The fleet principally used Maori ship names. Shaw Savill participated in Crusader Shipping from 1958 and Overseas Containers, and acted as agent for New Zealand Line. In the 1970–71 Furness Withy reorganisation it became one of four managing subsidiaries, including responsibility for Prince Line. A general shipping division took over subsidiary management in 1977. Full absorption into Furness Withy (Shipping) followed in 1985; the last ship was sold in 1986. The business eventually passed to Hamburg Sud, with Shaw Savill Holdings as the UK holding company.
UK, London.
What appears to be a blue field is a square S extending throughout the flag. The FOTW rendering identifies the dark shade as blue; Rosanoski notes that the source image looks black and tests as black except at the fly, where stronger blue appears.
Established on 27 June 1995, Shekou Container Line provided feeder services between Shekou, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Pearl River Delta ports. It was dissolved by voluntary liquidation on 22 March 2001.
China, Hong Kong.
S321 was used before and after the Second World War, followed by S322 until 1963 and then S323. Stewart gives the funnel a wider red band than other sources. A photograph of B.P. Engineeer confirms S322. The pre-1963 flag was yellow with a green cross, a red shell in the canton and a white shield with black BP in the fourth quarter. Rosanoski considers the S323 flag erroneous: Loughran’s narrow central red–yellow–green triband may result from yellow being printed through to the top.
The museum flag is dated 1955–1967. António Martins-Tuválkin relates its red and green vertical stripes to Mexico and the company name. Rosanoski questions this, suggesting instead a combination of Shell’s red, white and yellow with BP’s green, red, yellow and white; he also suspects a printing error in Loughran’s intervening full-height yellow.
Ridley Chesterton describes a white–yellow–white flag. A black-and-white photograph of Caerrnarvon shows the funnel’s yellow band wider than its white bands, which might also apply to the flag if it existed. Rosanoski doubts the flag, suggesting it may have been inferred from the funnel, but retains it because Chesterton explicitly describes it.
A postcard shows an equal-stripe variant. Martins-Tuválkin suggests simplification by the postcard artist or careless sewing of the real flag; Rosanoski questions giving the postcard precedence over the maker.
Shell-Mex and B.P. jointly operated the coastal oil trade until 21 December 1975, when their portions were reorganised as Shell U.K. and BP Oil. David Prothero traces Shell-Mex’s predecessor through Bowring Petroleum and Anglo-Mexican Petroleum, seller of Mex Motor Spirit, acquired by Shell by 1921; mex was subsequently dropped from the name.
UK, London.
This flag rendering is based on the National Maritime Museum example, with the recorded image proportions about 473 to 216.
Loughran dates S289 to 1 July 1963: a white flag with a broad red vertical band bearing the yellow shell. In June 1972 the shell became more stylised. The text says seven flutings but the drawing shows eight, confirmed by funnel photographs. Pryce instead dates S568 to 1962–1972. Rosanoski retains the competing chronology.
Conus was seen leaving Geelong in May 1998 with a plain buff funnel and black top, ending the red funnel with yellow shell; the whole fleet was to follow. This returned to the pre-1945 Anglo-Saxon and La Corona colours.
This funnel is undated. A golden shell, perhaps outline only, lies behind the letter; the appropriate contemporary Shell flag is presumed.
Mitchell’s funnel appears connected with Northern Shell, scrapped in 1975, for which he supplies a line drawing.
No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.
Chronology disagreement in source retained.
The cap-badge flag, labelled Svenska Shell rather than Lloyds’ Shell Rederi A/B, is blue with a shell proper above SHELL in yellow. The Stockholm company operated its own vessels after the Second World War until the late 1950s.
Source-designations retained; no exact legal-equivalence assertion.
Helix’s funnel was believed to be required by owner Unicorn Lines under the Shell charter, although Shell’s flag and corporate colours were prominent. It disappeared with the fleet-wide change to S479 in 1998.
Owner-required funnel explanation is believed, not proved; do not call it Unicorn company livery.
The Shell emblem flag was used across the British and Dutch fleets from 1932 to 1963 and by later national fleets. S569 is dated 1945–1963 by Pryce, although Rosanoski questions the starting date; the funnel emblem is recorded as added in 1945–46. A Daronia photograph confirms the narrow black top. The red flag bears a white disc with a yellow shell; the Dutch 1956 chart adds black edging to the disc. Numerous group companies used this livery, but a Brazilian source still gives Shell-Mex do Brasil the earlier plain funnel around 1950. The museum flag is dated 1955–1967 and is approximately 2.2 times as long as high.
Loughran dates the next change to June 1973, although Pryce gives S157 as 1972–1998. The flag has unequal yellow–red–white vertical bands, with a red-outlined shell on the white. Loughran omits the funnel shell without explaining a change, which Rosanoski assumes is a printing error. The Mobil chart assigns the livery to Deutsche Shell-Tanker.
Anglo-Saxon became Shell Tankers Ltd. in 1953. Asiatic Petroleum, formed in 1903, is described as becoming Shell Petroleum in 1946, although World Tanker Fleets calls the latter a new company. Shell Tankers became Shell International Marine on 1 January 1964 for chartering and advice, with fleet ownership and management passing to Shell Tankers (U.K.). The latter’s register lineage runs through Eagle Oil Transport, formed in 1912, and Eagle Oil & Shipping, renamed in 1950, to the Shell name in 1962; another account dates Shell’s acquisition and full control to 1959–60. Shell International Marine acquired Dovey Shipping in 1971. Shell International Shipping was formed in 1994 and renamed Shell International Trading & Shipping (STASCO) in 1995.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Dutch fleet came under Shell Tankers N.V. in 1954, merging La Corona and the Netherlands Indies tanker operation. Lloyds instead gives La Corona’s formation as 1912 and rename as Shell Tankers in 1959; the B.V. name followed in 1972. Curaçaosche Scheepvaart, formed in 1917, also came under Dutch Shell management. Somerset Shipping’s vessels were bareboat-chartered to and managed by Shell Tankers.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Atlas Tankers’ Cap-prefixed fleet was transferred to Deutsche Shell Tanker in 1959. Deutsche Shell A.G.’s vessels later appeared under Solena Shipping from 1986, with Deutsche Tanker Gesselschaft as manager.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Shell first shipped to Buenos Aires in 1914 through Anglo Mexican Petroleum Products. The Argentine operation used the Diadema name and later Estrella as shipping agent. Estrella Maritima was formed on 29 October 1930; its fleet passed to Shell Compania Argentina de Petroleo. The latter had been formed as Diadema Argentina de Petroleo in 1922 and renamed in 1960.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Norske Shell began in 1914 as Norsk-Engelsk Mineralolie A/B at Chritiania, adopting its later name in 1940; Shellbåtene appears in subsequent listings. The Faroese P/f Shell was formed at Torshavn in 1981 and later listed as P/f Foroya Shell.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Canadian account dates Shell Canadian Tankers (1964) to 1964 and a rename to 1981, but Rosanoski questions this because Shell Canadian Tankers already appears in 1953–54. Vessels used names ending in shell. Produits Shell Canada was formed at Anjou in 2003.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Australian company began as British Imperial Oil in 1905 and took the Shell name in 1937; its vessels used Shell followed by a number. The fleet later appeared through Phinda, formed at Sydney in 1997. Australian LNG Ship Operating was established in 1989 as an equal venture with BHP Petroleum. Shell also held about 40 per cent of Woodside Petroleum.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
British Malayan Petroleum was formed in 1947 and became Brunei Shell Petroleum in 1961. Brunei Shell Tankers was formed jointly with the state in 1986. The Hong Kong business originated in 1913 as Asiatic Petroleum (South China), became Shell Company of Hong Kong in 1955 and Shell Hong Kong in 1996. The Federation of Malaya company later appears as Shell Malaysia. Shell Eastern progressed from a London listing to Shell Eastern Petroleum (Pte) at Singapore.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Shell Union Oil Corporation was formed in 1922 and became Shell Oil in 1949. Phil Nelson describes the US consolidation following Shell’s quarter-interest acquisition in Union Oil of California, combining its operations with those of Union Oil of Delaware.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
British Imperial Oil (N.Z.) was registered on 7 August 1912, became Shell Company of New Zealand in 1927 and Shell Oil New Zealand in 1959. It participated in the New Zealand Oil Consortium, Coastal Tankers and Liquigas. A 1995 venture with BP, Caltex and Mobil owned Kotuku, managed by Coastal Tankers. Shell Todd Oil Services was formed in 1995, first listed in the UK and later at New Plymouth.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Shell-D’Arcy Petroleum Development was formed in 1951, became Shell-BP in 1956 and Shell Petroleum Development in 1983. Shell also participated in the Nigeria LNG consortium.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Shell U.K.’s lineage runs from Shell Marketing in 1915 through Shell Refining & Marketing in 1940, Shell Refining in 1957 and Shell Company of the United Kingdom in 1960 to Shell U.K. in 1967. The coastal fleet from the Shell-Mex/B.P. joint venture was reorganised under it from 1 January 1976, using group livery. William Cory was acquired in January 1990.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Loughran places S567 second in the sequence, contrary to the early sources. Lloyds 1904 shows S566’s funnel band outlined black at top and bottom and edged white from the funnel base; LJC 1909 assigns it to Anglo-Saxon.
The Shell–Royal Dutch group was formed in 1907 by Shell Transport & Trading and N.V. Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, founded in 1890. Shell Transport & Trading had originated as Marcus Samuel & Co. in 1892 and adopted the Shell name in 1897. The British tanker fleet was managed by Anglo-Saxon Petroleum and the Dutch fleet by La Corona and Nederlandsche Indische Tankstoomboot. The group acquired control of El Águila and its British Eagle Oil subsidiary on 2 April 1919; the Mexican portion was nationalised in 1938. Rosanoski questions a later Lloyds entry naming only Shell Transport & Trading as parent, despite describing joint formation.
Other maritime relationships included the Burmah-Shell Indian venture, Conch Methane Tankers with Continental Oil, Shakhalin Energy and the Shell/Mobil Moroccan venture. Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij held about 18 per cent of Qatar Shipping and listed the offshore Qatar petroleum operation. Hercules Tankers and Tanker Owners vessels were bareboat-chartered to and managed by British Shell. Amsterdamse Maritiem Transport Maatschappij is also listed as a manager.
The fleet used sea-shell names.
UK, London, and Netherlands, Gravenhage; international.
The Pittsburgh iron and steel foundry established a small Great Lakes ore-carrier fleet in 1906. Its last ships were sold to Pickands Mather Steamship Co. in 1969.
USA, Pittsburg.
The company-logo funnel is documented by Aquamarine SW photographed from starboard on 22 January 2013.
Efficiency OL was photographed from starboard on 30 July 2013. Her registered owner, Efficiency Ship Management Corporation, shared Shih Wei’s address and was a managed company, probably a name subsidiary. Rosanoski suggests that the changed lettering on an otherwise similar marking may relate to a 2012 charter to M.T. Maritime Management Group.
Do not equate Efficiency Ship Management with Shih Wei or infer OL meaning.
Shih Wei was formed in March 1985 and went public on 25 August 2003. It developed Pacific and Atlantic services with owned and chartered vessels, establishing the Panamanian subsidiaries Dong Lien Maritime in 1994 and Fortunate Maritime in 2006. Wisdom Marine Lines appears in Lloyds first as a name company and later as an operating company.
Taiwan, Taipeh.
The funnel is based on Royal Kawanoe and appears to be air/sea-rescue orange.
Formed in 1969, the company appears to have ceased operations in 1999, judging from the sale of Royal Kawanoe.
Japan, Nihama.
The funnel is orange/red with stylised white SF letters. Alan Watt corrects Brown’s red funnel to orange/red. The white flag has the stylised letters in red.
Formed in 1970, Shikoku Ferry also appears as Shikoku Ferry Boat. It acted as agent for Shodoshima Kosoku. Rosanoski infers that it and its name subsidiary may have ceased business because both are absent from Lloyds July 2000.
Japan, Takamutsu.
The aluminium-based funnel carries the marking of charterer Nihon Sekiyu. Alan Watt thought these colours unlikely to have continued, since Sun Marine appeared to have merged with Tsurumi Yuso.
Formed in 1950, Shimazu operated a fleet chiefly named Nippo Maru with numbers, including the name subsidiary Isle Shipping Corporation, formed in 1995. From 1998 the fleet appeared under Sun Marine, but Rosanoski could not establish whether this represented reformation, renaming or takeover.
Japan, Tokyo.
A separate Hofu company is recorded as manager in Lloyds 1978–79.
Japan, Hofu.
Pacific Venus was observed at Wellington on 21 February 2004. The mauve portion of the emblem faces aft on the starboard funnel too.
Shin-Nihonkai was formed in 1970. Its operating company Japan Cruise Line was formed at Osaka in 1989 and later operated through joint ventures.
Japan, Otaru; later Osaka.
The black funnel has a red band bearing a white S. On the white flag, a red S overlays a wider squared red S, the two separated by white edging so that they give the impression of three Ss.
Japan, Kobe.
The flag was based on the predecessor’s funnel bands. S177 continued from Tatsuuma, while S176 was adopted in the late 1950s.
Also called New Japan Steamship Co., Shinnihon traced its origins to the Tatsuuma family’s eighteenth-century Tatsuuma Shokai. The shipping business separated as Tatsuuma Kisen G.K. in 1909 and became Tatsuuma Kisen K.K. in 1916. Re-established as Shinnihon in August 1947, it merged into Yamashita-Shinnihon in 1964.
Shinnihon Sempaku Sangyo was an associate. Joint ventures involved Konan, Shinhitachi and Tsuruharu Kisen; managed companies included Daito, Konan, Naigai, Shinnihon Kinkai Kaiun, Tonan, Towa Sempaku and Tsurumaru Kisen.
Japan, Kobe.
The flag has a large serifed white S on blue. Website versions vary in shade; Jan Mertens notes much darker blue in a flag photographed flying at a ship’s bow and on funnels. A mid-1960s funnel observation was first darkish teal, then amended to light blue; Alan Watt subsequently records darker blue, as used by Shinwa Naiko.
Shinwa Kaiun, also styled Shinwa Kaiun Kaisha, was formed in February 1962 by merging Nittetsu Kisen and Toho Kaiun; Shinwa means New Unity. Lloyds gives 1950, the predecessor Nittetsu date. It joined the Nippon Yusen group in May 1964 and had joint ventures with Nippon Yusen and Kyoei Tanker. Shinsei Kaiun merged into it in February 1998. Dajin Shipping was established in Singapore in November 1999, initially as a local joint venture, becoming wholly owned in 2007 as a chemical-carrier department. Shinwa merged with Nippon Steel Shipping in October 2010 to form NS United Kaiun Kaisha.
The domestic business was separated as Shinwa Naiko Kaiun in June 1974 according to the NS United account and Lloyds. The translated Naiko history instead gives Nichiwa Sangyo’s establishment in May 1963, chartering from February 1964 and acquisition and renaming of a transport department in June 1976. These accounts are not reconciled.
Other operating companies included Aki Marine of Hiroshima, Harumi Senpaku and Shinwa Marine, renamed from Toyo Marine Service in 1991. Shinwa Chemical originated in September 1956 under a name translated literally as “shipping centre”; its original parent is unclear. It became Shinwa Chemical Corporation in July 1968 and moved from Kobe to Tokyo, took over the coastal tanker business in July 1972 and was described as wholly owned from April 1993. Shinwa Kaiun again purchased all shares on 31 March 2008, and Chemical entered NS United in 2010.
Japan, Tokyo.
The livery retains Shinwa Kaiun’s earlier marking. Atlantic Pearl, photographed from starboard on 7 January 2013, has a definitely darker funnel blue; the flag shade is uncertain but also darker. A commenter anticipated replacement by NS United markings, but Rosanoski found no website support for that prediction and noted the continued use two years after the merger. His Atlantic Grace comment likewise identifies the older marking with the separate Shinwa Naiko business.
The company’s stated establishment on 1 May 1961 may, Rosanoski suggests, refer to the parent Shinwa Kaiun, although that company is elsewhere dated February 1962. NS United and Lloyds date the separate domestic-transport business to June 1974; the translated company history instead records acquisition of a transport department and renaming in June 1976. It gives a stock-exchange listing in December 2005 and acquisition of Muromachi and subsidiaries in March 2011, while the group list dates Muromachi shares to 2010.
The group included Muromachi Shipping of Tokyo; Kyowa Kisen, Fuel Transportation and Nijo Shipping of Fukuoka; and Silja Transport, described as a port-services and harbour-transport company formed in June 1960. Another Tokyo company is rendered only as “Sea ? Ltd.” in the source.
Shinwa Naiko remained a separate group, with NS United among its major shareholders alongside Japanese banks and other investors. Rosanoski distinguishes this continuing connection from the former parent’s absorption into NS United in October 2010.
Japan, Tokyo.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
Brig existence corroborates plausibility, not exact painted label; no definite attribution.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
151 linked images must remain individually traceable. A single company identity/country cannot be assigned to this collection. Page generation requires subdivision by vessel/owner/period; no blanket country inferred from Nantucket examples.
The flag is undated.
Alert was a Nantucket whaler operating from 1807. Aaron Mitchell is named as owner in 1815; other recorded owners and the vessel’s eventual disposal are unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Alexander Coffin operated from 1832 under Richard Mitchell and was sold to New Bedford about 1844. Richard Mitchell & Co. acted as agent in 1836 and Richard Mitchell & Sons in 1840; intervening ownership entries are unknown or illegible.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
A painting is dated 1837, while Nantucket Signals gives flag use from 1838. It may also have continued under George Starbuck, whom Rosanoski does not connect with the Starbuck Family.
The Nantucket whaler Alpha operated from 1834 under Nathaniel Barney, later under William Hadwin in 1850 and George Starbuck in 1860, when she was sold to San Francisco. Agents included Hadwin & Barney, Nathanial Barney, and George & William Starbuck; other ownership entries are unclear.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals assigns A793 to 1830, A794 to 1834, both A795 and A792 to 1838, A793 again to 1841 and A79 from 1845. A further source is a painting of whaling signals dated 1840–1850.
American operated from Nantucket from 1828, first under Richard Macey, later Nathan Crosby in 1845 and Robert ? Gardner in 1850, before sale to Edgartown in 1853. Agents included Matthew Crosby, Daniel Jones and Robert F. Gardner. Another reference names Mathew Crosby as owner.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Ann was a Nantucket whaler from 1827, later owned by ? Coffin in 1830, Jered Coffin in 1833 and Jonas Coffin in 1837. Jered acted as agent during 1830–1837. She was sold to New Bedford in 1841.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is recorded in 1843 under agent Robert F. Gardner and may have applied only during his involvement. It also appears in a painting of 1840–1850 signals.
Atlantic operated from Nantucket in 1819–1862, then was sold to New York. The recorded owners include John B. Macey, B. Macy, ? Macey and Robert F. Gardner, with several gaps. Agents successively included Gardner, Macy & Co., John B. Macy, John B. Gardner, B. & P. Gardner, Robert F. Gardner and Zenas L. Adams.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source assigns B340 from 1831 to the end of the vessel’s career, with a small tail visible in the painted example. B661 has no specified date.
Barclay was a Nantucket whaler in 1819–1856, when she was condemned. Named owners include Jonathan Barney, Daniel Jones, William Barney and John C (?) Shaw. Agents included J.J. Barney & Co., Griffin Barney, William B. Rotch & Co. and John H. Shaw, the last during 1843–1852.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Richard Knipel chose dark blue because the available photograph of the Bard painting was black-and-white. Rosanoski considers red more likely from other paintings; the colour remains uncertain.
Brooklyn operated for Union Ferry Company between Brooklyn and Manhattan in the 1840s. A painting by James and John Bard, dated about 1846–1849, is the source of the flag reconstruction.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals gives the flag throughout the 1831–1843 period.
Catherine operated from Nantucket in 1831–1843 and was then sold to New London. Jered Coffin was the first owner and agent in 1831 and 1835; Christopher Weyer acted as agent in 1839, when ownership is not recorded.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
C1113 is recorded in 1836, 1844 and 1848, apparently continuing thereafter. C1112 is given as a second flag by Loughran, with a painted source dated 1840–1850 also cited.
Charles Carroll was a Nantucket whaler from 1832 to 1853, when sold to California. Nantucket Signals names David Joy as owner in 1832 and 1836 and William C. Swain in 1848, with David Joy and William B. Swain as agents. Another account says she was built for captain and possibly owner Owen Chase in 1832.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Clarkson was a Nantucket whaler under Joseph C. Chase in 1838 and 1842.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The painted flag is not listed for Columbia in Nantucket Signals. Since the Coffins had their own house flag, Rosanoski suggests it might belong to another owner; the same design is also allocated to Constitution, another Coffin vessel.
Columbia is recorded as a Nantucket whaler under the Coffins in 1841, 1846, 1850 and 1859.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Both C1117 and C1116 are recorded in 1835, with only C1116 in 1839 and presumably thereafter. Rosanoski suspects one of C1115 and C1116 is incorrect.
Columbus operated from Nantucket in 1820–1843, ending with sale to New London. The first owner is given only as Samuel ?, and Paul Mitchell is named during 1831–1835. Agents included Uriah Folger, Richard Mitchell, William B. Rodman, Paul Mitchell & Sons and R. Mitchell & Sons.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is documented in a painting of Nantucket whaling signals dated 1840–1850.
Congress was a Nantucket whaler in 1826–1843.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No period of use is specified. The painted source also assigns this flag to Columbia.
This version comes from a painting of Nantucket whaling signals dated 1840–1850.
Constitution operated from Nantucket from 1821 and was broken up in 1856. Owners included ? Coffin, Charles G. Coffin and, in 1839, Richard Mitchell, with several gaps. Zenas Coffin was agent in 1821 and Charles G. Coffin during 1831–1852.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No dates of use are supplied.
Criterion was a Nantucket whaler dated 1802–1829. John Cartwright is recorded as owner in 1815 and William Folger in 1829, when she was condemned; other entries are unknown or illegible. John Cartwright & Sons acted as agent in 1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
C1126, annotated “flag reversed”, is given for 1832, followed by C277 in 1836, C1126 again in 1840 and apparently C277 afterwards.
Cyrus operated from Nantucket in 1821–1845, when condemned. Named owners include Paul West, ? Pinkha, Henry D. ? and George Myrick, the last in 1832, 1836 and 1845. George Myrick Jr. acted as agent during 1836–1845.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals dates the flag from 1843 to the end of the vessel’s career. A painting of 1840–1850 whaling signals is also cited.
Daniel Webster was a Nantucket whaler in 1838–1857, subsequently sold to New Bedford. Owners named after 1838 include Jered Coffin, Henry A. Kelly and Zenas L. Adams; agents include Jered Coffin, French & Coffin, Benjamin Coffin and Adams.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Delight, called Derlight in the information section of the reference, is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1809, 1820 and 1822. Ownership, disposal and the flag’s date are unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Dispatch is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1820 and 1822, with owners, disposal and flag date unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Starbuck family flag was similar but lacked the tail. This vessel flag is recorded only from 1832, under David Joy.
Eagle operated from Nantucket from 1818 and was broken up in 1837. An uncertain Starbuck owner is recorded in 1821 and David Joy in 1831, with other entries illegible or unknown. Agents included J. & L. Starbuck, Simeon Starbuck and David Joy.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No date is assigned to the flag.
Edward is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1805; owners and disposal are unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated 1845–1849 and may have continued to the end; the Coffin owners also had house flags. A painting of 1840–1850 whaling signals is cited.
Edward Cary operated from Nantucket in 1841–1859, then was sold to San Francisco. Charles G. Coffin is named as owner in 1845 and Henry Coffin in 1858; other owners are unknown. Agents included James Ahearn, C.G. & H. Coffin and G. & M. Starbuck.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
E354, described as a pennant, is assigned to 1841 and E355 to 1845. Levi Starbuck also used the family house flag. E355 appears in the 1840–1850 signal painting.
Elizabeth Starbuck was a Nantucket whaler in 1834–1846, initially owned by Levi Starbuck and continuously under Levi Starbuck & Co.’s agency. Later owners are not named; she was condemned about 1846.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
E328 is given as a second flag and assigned to the 1848 sailing; E358 is undated. The painted 1840–1850 source also shows E328.
Empire operated from Nantucket in 1843–1852, when sold to New Bedford. Nathanial Starbuck was the first owner and G. & M. Starbuck the agents both initially and in 1848.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals supplies no date for this version.
Loughran dates Essex’s Nantucket whaling career to 1804–1819. Nantucket Signals starts in 1815 under Daniel Russell, names Gideon Folger & Co. as agent in 1819 and records her sinking in 1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Experiment is recorded from Nantucket in 1815–1817, initially under agent Freeman E. Adams, with owners and disposal unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
F340 is described as a second flag; Nantucket Signals gives no usage dates for either.
Factor operated from Nantucket in 1817–1826, when condemned. The owners are given as Obed Wies (?) in 1817 and Reuben Factor in 1820, with no owner recorded in 1823.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag supplied by David Warwick appears from its size to be a ship signal, probably from the sailing era and presumably British. The vessel identity is not otherwise established here.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No date is given for this flag.
Francis operated from Nantucket in 1816–1825, initially under Francis Macy and later with Daniel Jones as agent for the 1822 sailing. She was sold out of the fleet in 1825.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated in Nantucket Signals; the additional painting is labelled 1840–1850, after the stated loss of this Franklin.
Franklin, also called Franklin 1, operated from Nantucket in 1816–1832. John Cartwright owned her initially and in 1819 and 1825; Joseph Hornblower is named in 1828, followed by registration in 1829 and loss in 1832. Agents included Uriah Folger & Co. and John Cartwright.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is recorded as flown in 1834.
Franklin II operated from Nantucket from 1832, with an initial owner rendered James A. ? and James Athearn as agent through the 1841 sailing. Edward H. Barker owned her in 1845; disposal is unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Use is dated 1832–1849, with another example in the 1840–1850 whaling-signal watercolour.
Ganges is dated 1809–1858 by Loughran, but Nantucket Signals begins in 1815. Owners included Gideon Gardner, William H. Gardner, David Joy, Edward H. Barker, Edward Field and William R. Easton. Gideon Gardner and W.H. & J.L. Gardner also acted as agents. She was condemned in 1858.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals shows a smaller white panel and gives no date.
General Jackson operated from Nantucket in 1815–1823, when sold off. Owners included Francis G. Macy, John R. Macy and ? Macy; F.G. Macy & Co. and F.G. Macy acted as agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated in Nantucket Signals.
George Porter operated from Nantucket in 1819–1824, then was sold. The initial owner is illegible and Elisha Gardner owned her in 1821. David Pease & Co. and Robert Cogshall were the recorded agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals gives no date and shows a longer but narrower blue tail.
Gideon was a Nantucket whaler in 1819–1824, owned first by P. Baxter (?) and then ? Mitchell. J. & B. Burnell acted as agent for both recorded sailings; she was condemned in 1824.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated. Phillip H. Folger also had his own house flag.
Golden Farmer is dated 1809–1828 by Loughran; Nantucket Signals begins in 1815 under Zenas Coffin and gives no fate. Later owners include Richard ?, Thomas ? and Phillips H. Folger, with John Jenkins & Co. as agent in 1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Governor Strong operated as a Nantucket whaler in 1817–1822.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
H78 is assigned to 1840 and H549 to 1844. H549 is also shown in the 1840–1850 watercolour.
Henry Astor is dated 1839–1849, although Nantucket Signals begins in 1840. David Thane owned her in 1844, William R. Easton acted as agent on both recorded voyages, and she was sold to San Francisco in 1849.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated 1844 and appears in the 1840–1850 watercolour.
Henry Clay’s Nantucket career is dated 1838–1847, or from 1839 in Nantucket Signals. Christopher Wyer owned her in 1844 and Mathew Starbuck in 1847; Wyer acted as agent throughout. She was condemned about 1847.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No flag date is supplied.
Hero, called Hero II by Loughran, operated from Nantucket in 1816–1861 and was lost in the latter year. Owners included George Myrick, Joseph Mitchell, Joseph Starbuck and George Starbuck, with several gaps. Starbuck family members acted as agents for most recorded voyages.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No flag date is supplied.
Hesper operated from Nantucket in 1820–1825, then was sold to New Bedford. Owners are unknown; agents were G. & J.J. Barney in 1820 and J.J. Barney in 1823.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No flag date is supplied.
Huntress is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1819–1820, with ownership and disposal unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated 1833.
Independence operated from Nantucket from 1817, initially with Zenas Coffin as agent. Named owners include ? Mitchell, Henry Swift and ? Swift. She was lost about 1835.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Loughran’s small and large crosses are probably intended as stars. The lower number of small devices may result from the illustration’s size. Nantucket Signals gives no flag date.
Indus operated from Nantucket in 1816–1824, then was broken up. George Barrett was the first owner; later entries include Thadius ? and unidentified owners. T. Starbuck & Co. and Val. Hussey & Brothers acted as agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated in Nantucket Signals.
Industry is dated 1785–1820 by Loughran, while Nantucket Signals begins in 1815 under Silvanus Russell. Later owners are unknown or illegible, with Valentine Swain acting as agent. She was condemned in 1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals dates the flag to 1851; the additional painted source is labelled 1840–1850.
James Loper’s Nantucket whaling career is dated 1837–1860, or from 1838 in Nantucket Signals. Known owners include Levi Starbuck, George F. Folger and Henry Coffin. Levi Starbuck was agent through 1846, followed by Obed Starbuck in 1851–1855. She was sold to New York in 1860.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals assigns J152 to 1832 and J153 thereafter despite ownership changes. Its note “no border on flag haul and fly” appears inconsistent with the illustration and painted source. The painted M has a shallower V.
Japan is dated 1823–1849 by Loughran, but Nantucket Signals begins in 1822 and gives no disposal. Owners included Paul Mitchell, Alexander C. Mitchell, Levi Starbuck and Edward H. Barker. Agents included Paul Mitchell & Sons, James Athearn, and Barker & Athearn.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
J154 is dated 1833, 1837 and 1841; the second flag J155 is dated 1845 and appears in the 1840–1850 watercolour.
John Adams 1 is dated 1812–1849, with numerous unknown or illegible owners. Named entries include ? Barnard, Griffin Barney and Charles F. Gardner. Agents included Barnard & Macy, Silvanus Ewer, Griffin Barney, David Joy and Francis B. Folger. The disposal entry is unknown and its year is written 1949.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This flag has no date in Nantucket Signals.
John Adams II operated from Nantucket in 1819–1831, with disposal unknown. Owners included George Easton, ? Barclay, ? Macy and Silvanus ?. G. Easton & Co. and Peleg Macy Jr. were the recorded agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
J158 is assigned to 1838 and the second flag J159 to 1842.
Joseph Starbuck operated from Nantucket from 1838 and was lost after the 1842 voyage. Owners are not given; George Starbuck and then G. & M. Starbuck acted as agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source appears to show a light-yellow field, which Rosanoski considers unlikely.
Juno is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1816, 1818 and 1819, with owners and disposal unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The painted example comes from the 1840–1850 whaling-signal watercolour, with the vessel name uncertain.
Kirkwood is listed among Nantucket whalers without further ship details. The painted name is difficult to read but appears to identify the brig Kirkwood.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Loughran dates Lady Adams to 1802–1825; Nantucket Signals begins in 1815 under Obed Mitchell and records her missing in 1823. O. Mitchell & Sons acted as agent in 1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag appears in the 1840–1850 signal painting.
Levi Starbuck operated from Nantucket in 1833–1850 and was then sold. Nantucket Signals does not give a full vessel history but confirms Levi Starbuck’s involvement in 1833, 1837, 1841 and 1845.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This flag is also assigned to Charles Carroll, although no owner or agent connection is apparent.
The painted flag is identified by Nantucket Signals as the house flag of Frederick C. Sanford and Field & Sanford.
Lexington is listed as a Nantucket whaler without dates or a detailed history.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is also given as Mathew Crosby’s house flag and is dated 1834, 1838 and 1842.
Lima operated from Nantucket from 1815 under Paul Mitchell, followed by an uncertain Mitchell owner and Thomas Folger. Later ownership groups included William B. Coffin, Mathew Crosby, William Hadwen and Nathaniel Barney, and subsequently Henry Swift and Wm. H. Crosby, with further unnamed partners. Christopher Mitchell and later William B. Coffin acted as agents. She was condemned in 1842.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Lydia 1 was a Nantucket whaler in 1790–1818.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Lydia II operated from Nantucket in 1822–1835, when lost at sea. Owners included ? Coffin, Zenas Coffin and Henry Coffin; Zenas was also agent in 1822 and 1825.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No date is supplied, but Rosanoski associates it tentatively with the single recorded voyage.
Maria is recorded from Nantucket in 1815 under David Worth, with disposal unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Maro operated from Nantucket from 1816 until condemnation in 1828. Named owners were James Allen, Prince Myrick, John Swain and Mathew Mitchell; the final owner is illegible. E. Mitchell & Co. acted as agent in 1819.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This flag comes from the 1840–1850 signal painting.
Rosanoski questions Nantucket Signals: it illustrates M631 but the vessel account instead lists M630 for 1833, 1837 and 1841, annotated “flag is rotated 180 degrees”. That note appears to him to concern Maro’s M628 instead.
Martha is dated 1810–1849 by Loughran; Nantucket Signals begins in 1815 and gives no disposal. Recorded owners include Daniel Mitchell, ? Mitchell, ? Gardner, Robert Coggshall, Charles Bunker, James B. Russell and Charles W. Rand. Agents included Samuel B. Folger, James N. Bassett, William R. Easton and Peter Folger.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The painting names M632 simply Mary. Nantucket Signals dates M633 to 1847 and 1852.
Mary, also called Mary II, operated from Nantucket in 1831–1861, then was sold to New York. Owners included David Jones, ? Jones, Benjamin Gardner, Edward W. Perry and Robert B. Gardner. Daniel Jones was agent in 1835–1843 and Perry in 1847–1856.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to the 1841, 1845 and 1851 sailings, and appears in the 1840–1850 signal painting.
Massachusetts operated from Nantucket from 1841, with Robert F. Gardner, Zenas L. Adams and Hiram Baxter [?] among later owners. George C. Gardner and then Zenas L. Adams acted as agents. She was sold to San Francisco in 1861.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The rendering follows Nantucket Signals because Loughran’s devices and their number are indistinct. No date is supplied.
Minerva is dated 1789–1819 by Loughran; Nantucket Signals starts in 1815 under James B. ? and records her breaking-up in 1819.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
M204 is assigned to 1833, 1837, 1841 and 1845; M555 is a second flag in 1845. The painted M555 has a shallow V in the letter.
Loughran dates Montano to 1829–1869, while Nantucket Signals records sale to California in 1849. Owners included Philip H. Folger, Samuel B. Folger, James Athearn and Frederick C. Sanford. Agents included Samuel B. Folger, Barker & Athearn, and Edward Field.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated 1835, 1839 and 1844, but may have been reversed, perhaps only in 1839. Reversal would make it the house flag of John H. Shaw and J.H. Shaw & W. Folger. M637 comes from the 1840–1850 painting.
Mount Vernon is described as operating from Nantucket from 1837, although the same account includes a 1835 owner and agency entry. Owners included William Folger, ? Folger and ElishaSwain. William Folger and then John H. Shaw acted as agents; she was sold to Mattapoisett in 1848.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Loughran calls N549 a second flag. Nantucket Signals dates N550 to 1845 and N551 to 1837–1855. N627 comes from the 1840–1850 painting.
Nantucket, also called Nantucket II, operated in 1837–1859 and was lost in the latter year. H.G.O. Dunham owned her in 1850 and 1855 and acted as agent through 1850, followed by Perry & Dunham.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals illustrates N628, but the vessel account gives N630 with a full border for 1838 and a border at top, bottom and fly, corresponding to N629, for 1842. Its displayed N628 remains unexplained.
Napoleon operated from Nantucket from 1838 under George B. Upton, later John W. Barrett in 1851, and was sold to New Bedford about 1854. Agents progressed from Upton to Barrett & Upton and J.W. Barrett & Sons; some ownership entries are unknown or illegible.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
In the painted version the figure appears to walk and carry nothing, but its small size may conceal details.
Narraganset was a Nantucket whaler in 1841–1860.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals shows longer blue tails. N635 is assigned to the 1845 and 1849 sailings and also occurs in the painting; N634 is undated.
Navigator operated from Nantucket in 1841–1862 and was then sold to Boston. Owners are unknown for the recorded voyages, with Mathew Crosby as agent.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
No date is supplied.
New Packet is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1815 and 1816, with owners unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals places a narrower N nearer the hoist; another example is in the signal painting.
Norman is dated 1845–1868 by Loughran, while Nantucket Signals records sale to New Bedford in 1865. George Starbuck was owner initially and in 1860, with G. & M. Starbuck as agents and several ownership gaps.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Loughran shows a very small circle.
North America was built by Tristrom Hussey in 1816 and sold in 1828, with no intervening owner named. T. Hussey & Sons and Val Hussey & Bros. acted as agents and also had their own house flag.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated to the 1837 sailing.
Obed Mitchell operated from Nantucket from 1837 under Joseph Mitchell, followed by Aaron Mitchell in 1841. The owners also acted as agents; disposal is unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals gives the flag for all recorded sailings.
Ohio operated from Nantucket in 1833–1845, then was sold to New Bedford. Jared Coffin was the first owner and agent for the first two sailings; Austin Beard (?) owned her in 1841, with Christopher Wyer as agent.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Omega operated from Nantucket in 1826–1857 and was then sold to Edgartown. Joseph Starbuck owned her on several recorded voyages, followed by George, William & Mathew Starbuck in 1853; Joseph and G. & M. Starbuck also acted as agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag comes from the Nantucket signal painting.
Orion is identified in the Nantucket whaling-signal painting, described both as an 1837 painting and as covering 1840–1850.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source gives no flag date.
Pacific is dated 1818–1838 by Loughran, while the detailed account records sale to Fairhaven in 1837. Owners are unnamed, with Paul Mitchell & Sons acting as agents for much of the recorded period.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Paragon operated from Nantucket in 1819–1828, when sunk. Earlier owners are unknown; Samuel B. Folger is named in 1825, and J. Jenkins & Co. acted as agent in 1819.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
P505 is described as a second flag. Nantucket Signals shows a longer blue tail, deliberately shortened in Rosanoski’s rendering.
The source also records P151 in the signal painting.
Peru operated from Nantucket in 1818–1863, then was sold to New London. Named owners include Obed Coffin, Thomas Macy, David Joy, David Thane, William R. Easton and Zenas L. Adams. Agents included David Joy Jr., David Joy, Robert F. Gorham, David Thane and Zenas L. Adams.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
P170 is assigned to 1836 and the second flag P48 to 1848 and 1852. P48 also appears in the signal painting.
Peruvian operated from Nantucket in 1818–1857, when broken up. Known owners include Reuben Starbuck, Gorham Coffin, Frederick Athearn and Henry Coffin. Agents included Christopher Mitchell & Co., Gorham and William B. Coffin, Frederick Athearn and Robert F. Gardner.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to 1834, 1838 and 1842.
Phebe operated from Nantucket from 1826, with Gorham Coffin named in the later period and Christopher Mitchell & Co. as agent on several voyages. She was condemned about 1846.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated 1852 and appears in the signal painting. Earlier owners William B. Coffin and Gilbert Coffin & Son also had house flags.
Planter operated from Nantucket from 1818, initially under uncertain Coffin owners, later William B. & Gilbert Coffin, Bazilai T. Folger, Robert W. Gardner and Edward W. Perry. She burned out in 1859.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to sailings during 1830–1839.
Ploughboy operated from Nantucket in 1821–1843, then was sold to New Bedford. Owners included Philip Folger, Philip H. Folger, Philip C. Folger and Valentine Hussey. Philip H. Folger and Val. Hussey & Bro. acted as agents in the later period.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
President is identified among Nantucket whalers in the 1840–1850 signal painting.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is dated to the 1848 sailing and appears in the signal painting.
Quito operated from Nantucket from 1848 under John Cook, with J. Cook Jr. & Co. as agent, and was sold in California about 1849.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to the 1847 sailing. The painted version centres the R more closely.
Rambler operated from Nantucket in 1818–1855, when condemned. Known owners include Aaron Mitchell, Frederick C. Sanford and Edward Field; agents included Mitchell, Frederick C. Sandford and Frederick W. Paddock.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
R336 is described as a second flag; Nantucket Signals supplies no date.
Roxana operated from Nantucket in 1819–1824, then was sold. The first owner is given as ? Starbuck, with Peter Myrick & Co. and Reuben Starbuck as the recorded agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Sally’s first recorded Nantucket owner in 1788 is unknown. William Myrick owned her in 1819 and Peter Macy in 1820, with B. & P. Gardner and James Barker as agents. She was broken up in 1823.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to the 1830–1839 sailings and appears in the signal painting.
Sarah operated from Nantucket from 1827, with owners unknown for the recorded voyages through 1839. She sailed from New York in 1843 and was condemned in 1846.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag comes from the 1840–1850 signal painting.
Sarah Parker is listed as a Nantucket whaler.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals shows a more ornate S and dates the flag to 1845. Another example is in the signal painting.
Scotland operated from Nantucket in 1845–1851, then was sold to New Bedford. The owner is unknown and French & Coffin acted as agent for the 1845 sailing.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Sea Lion operated from Nantucket in 1819–1825, then was sold to Buenos Ayres. The first owner is given as ? Russell; later owners are unknown or illegible. John Jenkins & Co. and John B. Macy were the recorded agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
S1274 is undated, and S1281 is not mentioned in the vessel-detail section of Nantucket Signals. The additional painted source is dated 1840–1850.
Sophia operated from Nantucket under John Cook in 1846 and 1848, with J. Cook Jr. & Co. as agent, and was sold to California in 1849.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Neither flag is dated; both Nantucket Signals and Loughran call S1276 the second flag.
South American, called South America in the vessel account, operated from Nantucket from 1816 and was lost in 1825. Named owners include Griffin Barney in 1818 and ? Coffin in 1822.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to the 1835, 1843 and 1851 sailings and appears in the signal painting.
Spartan is dated 1821–1864 by Loughran; Nantucket Signals records sale to New Bedford about 1863. Owners included ? Jones, Daniel Jones, Samuel Jones, Elisha Swain, David Thane and Frederick B. Chase. Agents included P. & B. Gardner, Daniel Jones, David Thane and Gardner & Chase.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The square flag bears a white bow and arrow, or perhaps a stylised bird outline, with an eight-pointed star in the upper fly.
Spirit of Adventure was a New Zealand sail-training ship observed at Lyttelton on 30 March 1990.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to the 1830–1839 sailings.
Statira operated from Nantucket from 1826 under Griffin Barney, later Samuel B. Tuck in 1830 and 1834. Tuck acted as agent in 1834–1839. She was sold to New Bedford in 1843.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The painted flag differs from Aaron Mitchell’s house flag, whose diamond extends throughout the field. Nantucket Signals lists no separate Susan flag, so Rosanoski questions whether one portrayal is wrong.
Susan is recorded under Aaron Mitchell in 1826, 1833, 1837, 1841 and 1846.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Despite only one recorded sailing, Nantucket Signals does not confirm when the flag was used.
Swallow is recorded as a Nantucket whaler in 1793, with owner and disposal unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated in Nantucket Signals.
Tarquin operated from Nantucket in 1815–1824, then was abandoned. Owners included James Bunker, Richard Macy and ? Macy, with R. Mitchell & Co. as agent in 1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source gives no date for T541.
Thomas I operated from Nantucket in 1809–1825, when condemned. Owners are unknown for all recorded voyages.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Thomas II operated from Nantucket from 1819 under ? Starbuck, followed by Elisha Starbuck and Peter Folger, and was sold in 1825. P. Chase & Co. and K. Starbuck were the recorded agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to 1837, 1841 and 1851 and appears in the signal painting.
Three Brothers operated from Nantucket in 1833–1865, then was sold to New Bedford. Starbuck owners included an unidentified member, Mathew, Richard and George; agents included Joseph, Mathew and G. & M. Starbuck.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source dates use to 1836 and “1942”, retaining an inconsistent later year.
Thule operated from Nantucket in 1832–1843 and was lost after the 1842 voyage. Samuel B. Tuck owned her on several sailings and acted as agent in 1836–1842.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated.
Two Brothers operated from Nantucket from 1844. John Cook owned her for one 1846 voyage; the record apparently includes two voyages that year, with J. Cook Jr. & Co. as agent. Other owners and disposal are unknown.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to the 1851 sailing; the painted source is labelled 1840–1850.
Tyleston is described as operating from Nantucket from 1839, although agency entries begin in 1838. Later owners included Freeman Lowell, ? L. Adams, probably Zenas, and Edward W. Gardner. Agents included David Thane, A.W. Starbuck, Zenas L. Adams and Edward W. Gardner. She was condemned in 1854.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Nantucket Signals shows a larger panel and gives no date.
Vulture operated from Nantucket in 1816–1822, then was sold. The first owner is unknown; ? Barney owned her in 1819, with M. Barney & Co. as agent.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is assigned to 1836, 1843 and 1847. The vessel name on the painted example is unclear.
Washington, called Washington II by Loughran, is dated 1819–1868 there, but Nantucket Signals records condemnation in 1849. Owners included ? Coffin, Peter Beckwith, Mathew Crosby, ? Crosby and Benjamin T. Coffin. Zenas Coffin and Mathew Crosby were the recorded agents.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
W393 is the second flag. Nantucket Signals omits stars from its illustrated canton but mentions them in the vessel account without a number. Neither flag has a usage date.
Weymouth operated from Nantucket in 1813–1835, then was broken up. No owners are named for the listed voyages.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The source shows no clear stars, but three pale spots suggest white canton stars whose number and arrangement cannot be determined. Rosanoski considers that an earlier, 1777–1795 national-flag version may have been used, noting the fifteen-star flag from 1795.
William was a Nantucket whaler in 1817–1820.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
William & Nancy was a brig, possibly a whaler, and probably the vessel recorded arriving in 1823 and 1826.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Y46 is assigned to the 1836 sailing; Y45 has no date. The painted source is also cited.
Young Eagle operated from Nantucket in 1832–1847, when sunk. Simeon Starbuck owned her in 1832 and 1836 and acted as agent throughout; later owners are unknown or illegible.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is undated in Nantucket Signals and appears in the signal painting.
Zone operated from Nantucket in 1827–1847, then was sold to Fairhaven. Earlier owners are illegible or unknown; James Athearn owned her in 1839 and Levi Starbuck in 1843. Agents included S. & J. Mitchell, Athearn and Starbuck.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This flag is assigned to both Charles Carroll and Lexington despite no evident owner or agent connection; another painted source assigns it to Columbia as well. Their contemporary operation does not resolve the attribution.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Adopted in 1965, the livery combines Watkins’ red and Gamecock’s blue funnel colours with Elliott’s flag. Two black towing hooks sit on a bar, connected below by a shallow V of wire; the same device is blue on the flag. The funnel pole is slightly angled as coded Pbd. The museum flag is dated 1955–1967.
This appears to match black-and-white photographs discussed under William Watkins, showing a panel but no visible central towing hooks.
William Watkins and Elliott Steam Tug formed Ship Towage in 1950, also acquiring Gamecock Tugs from Ocean Towage & Salvage. Loughran and Mitchell date a rename to London Tugs on W.H.J. Alexander’s takeover to 1968, while the National Archives gives 1969. Rosanoski questions whether the change instead applied to constituent William Watkins, since Ship Towage continued in Lloyds.
The company operated for Elliott, Gamecock and Watkins, and later for parts of the London Tugs and Alexabdra Towing (London) fleets.
U.K., London.
Sunny Maria, registered to Baltor & Co. S.A., has a plain blue funnel.
Sunny Lina, registered to Sunplan Ltd. S.A., has a large white S with a very small white B over it. The photograph is dated 17 February 2008.
Sunny Lisa, registered to Certima Holdings, was photographed on 4 July 2009 and arranges SB differently. Davidships suggests Shipdeal and Baltor as the meaning; NDR notes that Baltor occurs only as Sunny Maria’s registered owner, whose funnel has no letters, and suggests Belize, the ships’ registry, as another possible meaning of B.
No Shipdeal/Baltor identity or shared-company claim.
Shipdeal was formed in 2004 under Russian Federation government control. Its three vessels, each under a one-ship company, used Sunny names and different funnels.
Russia, Kaliningrad.
The black funnel has a broad white band edged red at top and bottom, bearing a blue diamond; Stewart makes the diamond smaller. The blue flag has three narrow, evenly spaced red horizontal bands, overlaid by a white diamond with SCC in blue. Brown 1958 gives the letters in black.
The company was associated with Scheepvaart-en Steenkolen Maatschappij.
U.K., London.
Above the galley in the flag’s upper diamond is ANTESI, with the S rendered as Greek Sigma.
The company appears in Lloyds from 1978–79, later under Arkadia Lines management. Its sole remaining ship subsequently appeared under Saimaina Shipping, formed in 1992, with Arkadia now acting as agent.
Greece, Athens.
The funnel is based on Sam Panther photographed from port on 27 June 2013.
Sam Tiger, photographed from port on 10 January 2012, has Shipping Asset Management in very small letters beneath SAM. Their colour is uncertain but appears dark blue too.
Created in 2009, SAM provided ship trading, operation and management for related and third-party owners. It built up a dry-bulk fleet for various shareholders and acted as exclusive agent for the vessel owners.
Switzerland, Genève.
SCI also used this livery for Jayanti Shipping after taking over its management. State of Maharashtra’s funnel bands were recorded as yellow, but Rosanoski specifies saffron and bases the rendering on the FOTW Indian flag.
This funnel is based on Nicobar photographed from port in December 2012.
Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) was established on 2 October 1961 by amalgamating Eastern and Western Shipping Corporations. Lloyds instead traces it to 1950 and records its merger with Mogul Line on 30 June 1986 without a name change. It operated under Indian government ownership and formed Irano-Hind Shipping jointly with Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines in 1976.
India, Bombay, later Mumbai.
Mitchell appears to base this funnel on Fua Kavenga.
Olovaha’s photographed gateway logo is dark, apparently the same blue as the funnel top, although the colours are unclear. The red device below is a narrower form of the website logo, explaining the earlier S-like sighting.
Fua Kavenga’s emblem was first observed at Lyttelton on 27 April 1986 as khaki-like with darker spots; the white flag bore a sideways red S-like figure topped by a smaller, less distinct S. In September 1991 the emblem looked natural stone-grey with darker side blotches, and the ship flew Pacific Forum Line’s flag. The Log instead describes a brown Ha’amonga gateway to the King’s palace. A query about the differing T520 and T519 flag fields received no response.
Shipping Corporation of Polynesia (SCP), also listed as Tongan Shipping Corporation of Polynesia, operated Fua Kavenga in 1979–2000. It appeared under Columbus Overseas Service management and later as a Tongan government operating company.
Tonga, Nukualofa.
Intertwined red and black arrows surround a map of Trinidad. Rosanoski says the arrows apparently represent the trading route; the colour shades follow the website image.
The corporation is abbreviated SCOTT.
Trinidad & Tobago, Port of Trinidad.
Shipping King Island operated John Franklin between Launceston and King Island from 1954 to 1965.
Australia, Currie, King Island.
Leefoon was recorded with a black funnel. No house flag was noted.
Shipping Managers was listed as manager of three companies in 1963–64. Leefoon belonged to the managed company Dah Kiu Shipping Co. Ltd.
Hong Kong.
Jordan describes this funnel, whereas Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 gives the Counties Ship Management funnel. Rosanoski tentatively extends that attribution to Norwich. Stewart’s 1953 and 1957 editions also assign the livery to Norwood Steamship; US Navy 1961 and Stewart 1963 place it under Norships Ocean Carriers, apparently by then the sole operated company with the consolidated fleet. The blue shade follows Lord Lloyd George as seen in January 1967, recorded against Stanmore Shipping under Nicolaou’s agency.
Ships Finance & Management operated companies including Norfolk Steamship and Norwich Steamship. Merchant Ships places it under Counties Ship Management. Its vessels bore Lord names, but the registers differ over ownership: Jordan assigns Lord Byron to Norfolk, while Merchant Ships places the vessels under Ships Finance & Management; both put Lord Cochrane under Norwich. By 1973–74 Lord Byron was listed under Norships Freighters, with George Nicolaou as agent.
UK, London.
The FOTW flag is taken from Stewart and uses its illustration number as a reference.
Shofuku Kisen, also called Shofuku Steamship, was formed in 1937 and became part of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha group. Its fleet was held through a name subsidiary, Adonis Maritime, formed in 1978. It also had a joint venture with NYK. Odesta and Univan each managed one vessel; in 1985–86 Shofuku itself was listed as manager and as agent for Adonis and other companies, including the joint venture.
Japan, Tokyo.
A separate Hakata entry appears in the 1980–81, 1992–93 and 1996–97 registers.
Japan, Hakata.
The Kobe company was listed in 1956–57 and 1970–71.
Japan, Kobe.
The Imabari company was listed in 1958–59 and 1970–71.
Japan, Imabari.
The Ichinomiya company was listed in 1963–64 and 1970–71.
Japan, Ichinomiya.
The Osaka company was listed in 1963–64 and 1970–71.
Japan, Osaka.
This Tokyo namesake was listed in 1970–71.
Japan, Tokyo.
This Shimonoseki company was listed in 1970–71.
Japan, Shimonoseki.
This company was listed in 1978–79.
Japan.
This passenger-ferry operator was listed in 1980–81 and 1996–97.
Japan.
The Shimotsu company was listed in 1980–81 and 1985–86.
Japan, Shimotsu.
This Shimonoseki company was listed in 1992–93 and 1996–97.
Japan, Shimonoseki.
The Saigo company was listed in 1996–97 and 2005–06.
Japan, Saigo.
The emblem combines Nissan’s S with Nihon Yusosen’s lifebelt in the national colours. Loughran draws a more straight-angled S; Brown gives the squared version confirmed by Watt. The FOTW rendering was published under Showa Kaium, which Rosanoski corrects to Showa Kaiun.
Mitchell records this funnel without explanation.
Mitchell’s drawing of Nissan Maru shows a blue funnel with a red top and broad white band, bearing what may be a red diamond surmounted by a blue baton. An emblem is also shown without comment.
Showa Kaiun, also called Showa Line, was formed in 1964 by merging Nihon Yusosen and Nissan Kisen. Loughran names Showa Yusosen as a chief constituent, but Watt does not support this and the company continued to be listed independently. Nippo Lisen [Nittetsu Kaiun] joined the group under the Reconstruction Act, apparently retaining independence as a bulk-carrier pool for Shinwa and Nippon Steel. Showa sold its liner operations to Nippon Yusen Kaisha in 1988 and merged into NYK on 1 October 1998, after which the name was phased out.
Operating subsidiaries included Hinode Kisen, acquired in April 1964, Nagoya Kisen, Nissan Senpaku and Showa Line Engineering. Oceanic Cruise was operated until June 1987 and subsequently listed under Showa’s agency. Showa participated in the Japan Six Lines Consortium, formed in 1972, and the Oasis Container Express Lines consortium of November 1979 with Kawasaki Kisen, Nippon Yusen, Mitsui O.S.K. and Yamashita Shin-Nippon Kisen, whose name Rosanoski queries.
Japan, Tokyo.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Okyama company was listed in 1980–81 and 2001–02.
Japan, Okyama.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Stewart gives equal bands apart from a narrower central white band. Other sources show narrow red bands, but differ over whether the white bands are equal or the central one wider. The S also varies in size: Brown 1995 shows it extending essentially just over the bands. Alan Watt regarded the rendering as about right.
Founded in 1945, Showa Yusosen held vessels in its own name and through its Tokyo subsidiary Y.K. Murakinao Kaiun. It had joint ventures with TIS Shipping and, from 1985, Kaisho Shipping, and also acted as agent. Loughran calls it a chief constituent of Showa Kaiun, but Watt does not support this and it continued to be listed separately.
Japan, Tokyo.
Showboat was registered in South Australia on 7 May 1971 and operated Lady Chelmsford as a cruising restaurant from 1971 to 1986. Deregistration was requested on 5 February 2010, when strike-off action was in progress.
Australia, Adelaide.
Ohtori Maru was seen at Lyttelton on 30 November 1986 with a medium-blue funnel; the flag was confirmed aboard from a company calendar and a document illustration. The Japanese Funnel Chart shows dark blue. Earlier sightings used charterers’ funnels, leaving the ownership of this livery uncertain. A differing telephone number raised the possibility of a namesake, though the 1993 register supported the address and Alan Watt described the funnel as generally darkish blue.
Alan Watt identifies this funnel as a Shinwa charter livery rather than Shoyo’s own.
Also called Shoyo Shipping, the company was listed from 1980–81 to 1992–93. Most of its fleet was managed by Tatsuo Omarua of Tokyo, whose listed management activity was confined to Shoyo.
Japan, Tokyo.
Taiwanshan was recorded with a black funnel. Its flag was not seen, but Rosanoski assumes the horizontal red–white–blue triband with three descending stars, blue, red and white respectively, annotated Pbd in the source.
The second funnel is red with the flag as its top. Rosanoski rejects the Marine News rendering of the band and flag: it reverses the field to blue–white–red and gives descending red–blue–white stars.
Shun Cheong was listed from 1963–64 to 1978–79 and managed Tai Ping Steamship Navigation in the 1966–67 and 1970–71 registers.
Hong Kong.
Talbot-Booth’s rectangular flag of 1936–44 is divided corner to corner into equal halves, with narrower crossed miners’ hammers on longer hafts than the FOTW variant. Rosanoski questions the latter’s field division and red fly where another account specifies orange. He also observes that PAM 31’s lettering is horizontal near the base, not diagonal. Jan Mertens rejects both the proposed 1925 Rotterdam source and a suggested confusion with the 1952 Flaggen auf dem Rhein. The company’s 2012 logo is red rather than the earlier orange.
Mertens describes a flag divided by an ascending diagonal, with crossed miners’ hammers parallel to the diagonal on the white hoist and large white SHV initials similarly placed on the orange fly. PAM 31, built in 1951, is cited as carrying the flag, though Rosanoski disputes what the photograph supports.
The pennant in Flaggen auf dem Rhein moves the hammers to the upper hoist and puts thinner initials horizontally. Michels shows smaller hammers right in the upper hoist, with white dots after the letters. PAM 34, built in 1958, apparently flies it in a black-and-white photograph. Rosanoski finds that company photographs of three tugs support hammers in the upper hoist and letters at the base, rather than centrally.
The company’s tug photograph allows the livery’s arrangement to be discerned, but not the lettering, which Rosanoski assumed.
SHV began on 1 April 1896 as Steenkolen Handels-Vereeniging, the Coal Trading Association, merging eight coal traders. It gained exclusive coal-shipping rights on the Netherlands’ inland waterways in 1906. After 1945 its Rhine fleet was incorporated into Nederlandsche Rijnvaart Vereniging, then described as the world’s largest inland-waterway shipping company; NRV merged into Europese Waterweg Transporten in 1968. As coal declined, SHV expanded into oil, gas and heavy lifting. Its last coal-trading activities were sold in 2001.
Its maritime interests included Europese Waterweg-Transporten, Van Nievelt, Goudriaan, fully acquired in 1968, and a majority stake in the fishing-company combination Verenigde Exploitatiemij in the 1930s. MACS acquired the Africa Europe Shipping Line service in 1983. An account of 1997 dates disposal of shipping activities apparently to about 1993, although the 2007–08 registers still show a fleet through Compañia Paraguaya de Navegación de Ultramar. SHV increased its Mammoet Shipping holding by 75% in October 2006. The Fentener van Vlissingen family controlled the group; the accounts differ over the extent and chronology of family ownership.
SHV operated Nederlandsche Zeerederij, associated with Vrachtvaart. Talbot-Booth’s attribution of the livery to Nederlandsche Zeerederij is explained by Rosanoski as use of the operator’s colours, the company apparently having none of its own.
Netherlands: Utrecht, Ymuiden and Rotterdam.
Mitchell draws this funnel for Siba Queen and Siba Africa, both part of the fleet in the 1980s.
This funnel follows a photograph of Deneb Prima dated 4 May 2007.
Mitchell assigns this funnel to Uniceb, but Rosanoski could not locate a Siba connection in Lloyds. He suggests it was chartered and retained its owner’s colours, as chartered vessels in company photographs did. The drawing is undated, so the owner cannot be determined. Uniceb had moved from Italian to Panamanian registry under Mazamet Shipping before sinking in September 1996.
Possible retained owner colours or charter use unproved.
Siba managed the Balzarini family fleet. Emilio Balzarini began as a livestock trader and turned to sea transport because of poor roads. The register dates formation to 1969 as SIBA Società Importazione Bestiame, Allevamento di Balzarini Corvi & C., renamed Siba Ships SpA. in 1983. The associated Siba business combined livestock trading, breeding and shipping with racehorses.
Cugado Shipping is described as a subsidiary and was listed under Siba’s management in the 1980s. The family also linked Siba with the Wellard Group; Emilio Balzarini was later based in Singapore.
Italy, Bari; later Brescia.
Mitchell’s alternative funnel may belong to Carini, the only vessel he mentions.
Rosanoski assumes Stewart’s company to be the same Sicilarma. Mitchell also notes use of this funnel with the unexplained description “also blk w blk”.
No definitive legal-company equivalence.
Sicilarma was listed from 1958–59 to 1973–74. Mitchell records an association with Bibolini Società di Navigazione.
Italy, Genoa and Palermo.
Founded in 1955 as Sicula Regionale di Navigazione, or SI.RE.NA, the company became Sicilia Regionale Marittima, SI.RE.MAR, in 1976. It was owned by Società Finanziaria Marittima and passed to Tirrenia di Navigazione after reorganisation.
Italy, Palermo.
Marilen was recorded in May 1967 with a yellow or buff funnel, a broad red band edged white, and a white M with splayed outer legs. No flag was noted.
The company was listed from 1963–64 to 1970–71.
Italy, Palermo, Sicily.
Stewart renders the letter with angled curves. Dov Gutterman located the house flag on the Grimaldi website.
Sicula Oceanica, or SIOSA, was formed in 1955 and belonged to the Grimaldi Group. Grimaldi managed one vessel in the 1992–93 register and the whole fleet by 1996–97. The company was apparently absorbed by its owner, under whose name its last vessel, Repubblica di Amalfi, appeared in December 2003.
Italy: Palermo, Naples and Roma.
This funnel rendering is based on the company website logo, which does not match the two located fleet photographs.
The funnel photographed on Vergina and also seen on Philippos differs from the company logo. Rosanoski suggests it may be a charterer’s mark; the third vessel in the August 2008 fleet was not located.
Exact livery proprietor unresolved.
Sicuro is described as a family business established in 1974 and developed by cousins Dimitris Sismanidis and Dr. Kostas Rokkos to serve small handies, which Rosanoski queries as bulkers. It operated as a manager within the TST Group, possibly Triworld Shipping Services of New York. Other accounts give formation in 1996 or 1999. Although described as purely a manager, it was listed as a shipowner and bought vessels in 2009. The related TST International account gives a 1974 origin as a private shipowner and entry into the TST Group in 2003; some or all vessels were chartered out.
Greece, Athens.
The FOTW flag is described as bright blue, with a red square near the upper hoist bearing a white S and, immediately below, a white square bearing a blue m. Rosanoski notes that the rendering is not exactly bright blue and that the shade, like those of S617 and S1186, is guessed.
The funnel follows starboard and port photographs of Sider Pink. Rosanoski initially thought its S represented Sidermar, which built and managed the ship in October 2006. The owner changed to Shine Navigation in April 2007 under Primal Shipmanagement, and management changed again to FFS in January 2011 and Asian Shipmanagement in July, without a change of ship name or funnel. He therefore suggests that the marking belonged to the registered owner, was inherited with the ship, or was vessel-specific, possibly explaining its unusual base colour. The earliest located photograph dates from 10 March 2007. Shine Navigation’s previous Shine appears to have had a different funnel, although the only photograph was distant and poorly angled.
Shine ownership does not prove mark origin or company-wide use.
Sidermar, abbreviated SDN, was formed in 1956. It passed to Finsider in 1961; Mitchell describes Italsider and Finmare forming a new company in 1976. In December 1992 Ilva announced exercise of an option to buy back 49%, the remaining 51% belonging to Finmare; both were controlled by IRI. Sale to Coeclerici is dated 23 December 1994 in one report and 1995 on Coeclerici’s website. The latter transaction covered the whole company, with two ships on ten-year leases to Krupp Seeschiffahrt. Sidermar apparently continued as an operator after ceasing ownership.
Italy, Genoa.
The house flag is yellow with a red saltire; no funnel is given.
Siedenburg, Wendt & Co. operated sailing ships.
Germany.
Brown’s 1926–34 editions attribute the livery to Siemens Bros. Ltd.
The business originated with the German firm named Siemems & Halske in the source. William Siemens represented his brother Werner and Herr Halske in London, where Siemens & Halske & Co. was formed on 1 October 1858. A financial dispute led Halske to insist on severing the parent company’s ties, and Siemen Brothers was established on 1 January 1865. It promoted the Indo-European Telegraph Co., later part of Cable & Wireless. Its first ship, delivered in 1874, is described as the first purpose-designed cableship. The account also dates brother Karl’s arrival to 1969, a chronology left unresolved.
Siemens and Telegraph Construction & Maintenance jointly formed Submarine Cables on 1 October 1935, and Siemens’ sole ship was chartered to it that year. The vessel was sunk in 1940 under Admiralty charter. In the 1950s the company became Siemens Ediswan, later Associated Electrical Industries (Woolwich).
UK, London and Woolwich.
The funnel follows the starboard side of Tarragal photographed on 4 October 2012. Small writing apparently appears beneath the logo, presumed to read Sierra Fleet Services.
Registered on 4 August 2009 at Bondi Junction, Sierra Fleet Services owned and managed ships trading to Papua New Guinea and the Pacific region. Its principal was Harold Van Haltren.
Australia, Bondi.
The flag and livery follow photographs of Marry-S on 25 February 2014. Both ships had white funnels; a photograph of Anmar-S on 10 February 2014 shows the flag marking on a circular panel attached to the superstructure.
Sierra acquired Anmar S in 2010 and Marry-S, renamed on acquisition, in January 2011, both from Reederij H. Steenstra. It was listed as a manager in 2011–12.
Netherlands, IJsselmuiden.
The Mystic Seaport chart names Skiffin & Ironsides, a spelling for which Rosanoski found no support.
Rosanoski suggests that the letters in the cantons may correspond to ship names.
Siffkin & Ironsides were merchants and shipping agents managing clippers and other sailing vessels between New York, San Francisco, Newfoundland, Rio de Janeiro and other Western Hemisphere ports. Vessels included Wide Awake, launched in 1853, Ino, Nameless and Agnes. The source gives an 1850 reference and an 1860s activity period, but its narrative also prints 1950s, inconsistent with that context.
USA, New York.
Jordan’s funnel is reconstructed from a verbal description under George Sigalis’ Sons; the individually detailed vessel belongs to Madame Kadio G. Sigalas.
Merchant Ships lists G. Sigalas’ Sons in its index but G. Th. Sigalas (F. Sigalas & Partners) in the illustration detail.
The funnel was noted for Santorini of the UK company. Mitchell gives G. Sigalas and shows a larger diamond.
This funnel was recorded for Ais Georgis in May 1967; the exact blue shade is unknown.
Sas was recorded in October 1965 with a funnel resembling that of former owner Allan Borgessen [Allan Börjesson]. The letters appear to be S over A, which do not fit the listed owner Th. Stafilopatis. Rosanoski suggests the initials might relate to a wider Stafilopatis, Antoniades, Sigalas and Apesakis partnership, but this explanation fails if the same lettering predates the 1965 sale.
Mitchell apparently confirms the funnel for G. Th. Sigalas, listing Delos but providing no line drawing; C.G. Sigalas is also noted.
Keep separate observations; no family-company equivalence.
The Sigalas family came from Oia, Santorini. Captain Georgios Alexandros Sigalas and his wife Kadio, daughter of Captain Georgios Nomikos, developed the business and moved to Piraeus in 1922 to invest in steamships. Sons Alexandros and Nikolaos and their brothers-in-law collaborated. All four ships were sunk in the Second World War. In 1947 Alexandros bought Santorini as starting capital for Sigalas Brothers Steamships, operating passenger and cargo vessels until 1962.
In the early 1960s Alexandros split from the family concern, which continued until the late 1960s, and founded A. Sigalas & Platis Brothers with his cousins. They worked with shipbroker Nitsis Patrikios. Alexandros’s son Georgios entered the business in the 1970s. After Alexandros died in 1978, the company was dissolved and its ships sold. Georgios founded Lucinda Shipping in 1980, buying the remaining Alexandros and other vessels, and continued in the 1990s through Machado Enterprises, retaining dry-cargo interests.
The registers contain several Sigalas and Sigalis firms and ownership combinations, including Madame Cadio G. Sigalas, G. Th. Sigalas, G. Sigalas Sons and A. Sigalas & Platis Brothers. These entries are preserved as distinct records in the source chronology, rather than treated as interchangeable company names.
Greece, Piraeus and Athens.
The rendering follows Sigas Monarch, photographed on 11 March 2006, whose yellow band was narrower than on other vessels. Funnels merging into the superstructure varied at the base: Sigas Monarch ended in white, while Sigas Centurian’s paired funnels extended into the red hull below the blue and also had black tops. Some vessels initially retained Lauritzen Kosan colours, while others used this livery. Eitzen colours began appearing after the full takeover, in 2007.
On Sigas Linda, photographed on 1 May 2007, the blue base became a band above a yellow base. Rosanoski suggests this may preserve the basic scheme’s proportions while filling the remaining base with hull colour.
Sigas Kosan was established on 1 November 2001 as a gas-carrier pool owned by Lauritzen Kosan and Tschudi & Eitzen Denmark. The latter holding passed to Eitzen when the partners split in 2003. Eitzen acquired the Lauritzen shares in August 2006 and renamed the business Sigas (Denmark).
Denmark, Kobenhavn.
Norbeth and Nortank’s vessels were recorded with a light-blue funnel, a white circle edged dark blue and broken at the top by a dark-blue N. Inside is a yellow four-pointed star over an angled dark-blue four-pointed star.
No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.
Norbega was recorded in November 1964 with a yellow or buff funnel, a tapered red swallowtail panel crossed by a narrow white horizontal band, and an undefined red circle overall bearing two interlocking white Ss. The source applies this to Sverdco’s vessels, although Rosanoski located only Norbega in Lloyds.
No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.
Norborn, also owned by Nortank, was recorded in September 1965 with a black funnel and a yellow ring broken at the top by a white N. The N surmounts the upper point of a white four-pointed star extending beyond the ring; a smaller angled yellow four-pointed star lies within it. It is uncertain whether either Nortank emblem remained in use when the company reappeared in the 1970s.
No flag was noted.
Sigurd B. Sverdrup appears as a manager from 1963, including for I/S Sverdco and K/S A/S Nortank & Co. Similar ship names led Rosanoski to suggest that the managed companies were probably subsidiaries. By 1985 the manager was listed as A/S Sigurd Sverdrup, with a differently named vessel.
Norway, Oslo.
Preserve the original prose, but do not illustrate or link it to the withheld GIF(s): S245. Source reference codes do not establish an image association.
Sigurd Bruusgaard is listed as a manager from 1953–54 to 1966–67 and managed A/S Acadia. Karl Bruusgaard and Karl & Sigurd Bruusgaard were at the same address.
Norway, Drammen.
The joint venture apparently had a funnel of its own, discussed in Rosanoski’s Einar M. Gaard account.
Haavik operated jointly with Einar M. Gaard from 1954 as Rederiet Gaard & Haavik. The partnership ended in 1965, and Sigurd Haavik continued until 1982. The venture began with Gardhav, sold in 1962, and also owned Gardoy and Garvik; the latter was broken up in 1964 and Gardoy sold in 1966 according to Miramar. Lloyds’ later listings separate the companies, with Gaard initially operating Haavik’s Vikfrost, acquired in 1966, before Haavik ran its own affairs.
Norway, Haugesund.
The fruit carriers used the plain yellow or buff H261 funnel. No flag is separately specified for this version; the company flag is assumed to apply.
H259 is yellow or buff with a black top and a broad flag band. Brown 1951 and 1958 and the US Navy omit the black top. Brown 1951 also adds a red dot after the “H” on the flag.
The flag is blue with a white diamond bearing a red “H”. One funnel version is black with a broad panel of the flag.
Sigurd Herlofson owned and managed ships, with a fleet held through named subsidiaries. The cited registers record management of numerous companies from the 1950s to the 1980s.
Norway, Moss; Oslo is also given.
The funnel, noted on Nora, is white with a black top and depicts the house flag flying from a pole. The flag is blue with a white vertical anchor.
S.L. Paulsen is recorded as a manager from 1958–59 through 1973–74.
Norway, Bergen.
The source website gives no dates for the two flags, so Rosanoski considers that they may simply be alternatives. Stewart attributes A372 to “Sigurd. A. Aarstad”, while the website uses “Sigurd AS. Årstads Rederi A/S”.
Admiral Hardy of the operated company I/S Sig-Vim bore the Årstad funnel mark.
Sigurd S. Årstad, from Stavanger, established his shipping company in 1933 with financial help from the French Gaston Micard. His first ship, named Gaston Micard, was sold in 1947. He had no ship until becoming a partner in Admiral Hardy in 1955. A gas tanker bought in 1964 also received the Gaston Micard name. Årstad died in 1965, but the company continued; a third Gaston Micard was delivered in 1970 and sold in 1974.
Norway, Bergen.
Sources vary in the anchor’s size and precise angle and in the depth of the swallowtail.
Jordan is cited for B8 but does not specify the anchor’s position. Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 correctly identify the funnel with Sigval Bergesen but place the flag under the younger Bergesen’s company, repeating their confusion over the fleets.
The Skipet material supplies no dates of use for these variants.
Sigval Nathanael Bergesen, also named Berge Sigval Nathanael Bergesen, began shipowning in 1887. His sons Sigval and Ole became partners in 1916; Sigval left in 1935 to establish the separate A/S Sigval Bergesen d.y. & Co. The later Lloyd’s account describes the ancestry differently, tracing the original business to Berge Bergesen and the younger company to his great-grandson.
The final proprietors listed were Charles R. Bergesen Jr., Charles R. Bergesen and Dag Ole Bergesen. The last vessel, Vestfonn, was apparently sold to BJ Services in 2003 without a name change. Earlier fleet names commonly ended “fond”, later “fonn”; Rosanoski supposes the owning companies were subsidiaries.
Norway, Stavanger.
Siland’s logo appeared on AS Erranto’s funnel. The rendering follows a photograph of Albatros S.
Siland was a private shipping company formed on 9 June 1994. Lloyds initially gave 2000, later changing the date to 1994. Closely associated AS Erranto shared its address and website; Siland managed Erranto’s vessels from June 2003 to May 2011.
Estonia, Tallinn.
This flag appears to belong to the period when vessels retained the consortium partners’ funnels, with Silja on their hulls from the early 1970s. Former Svea ships adopted Johnson Line funnels in 1981, retaining them until ownership passed to Silja in 1992. Holmia is an exception in the evidence: a 1971 black-and-white photograph apparently shows a yellow funnel with black top and a band system of five white and dark bands interrupted by white bearing a dark S; the 1976 ferry-fleet account nevertheless confirms continued partner funnels without mentioning Holmia.
Cap badges suggest an early white flag with a very broad horizontal blue band, a white cross throughout, and an indistinct white circle bearing a blue S.
Brown 1995 gives alternative funnels with the animal head, described elsewhere as a seal. Rosanoski says Brown points the head the wrong way, apparently following a starboard sighting: photographs show it facing forward to starboard and aft to port. The S648 flag has the head outlined black on white, facing the hoist.
Rosanoski suggests that Al Fisher’s flag might have been intended for shore use, since named flags were commonly used that way; he had no actual sighting to settle it.
This funnel follows a port-side photograph of Silja Festival on 22 June 2004.
This funnel follows Finnjet photographed from port on 11 September 2005.
Silja Symphony’s variant has a double lighter-blue outline to the head, the lines separated by white. The seal faces aft on both sides in the port and starboard photographic evidence.
Lloyds dates Silja to 1957, while Bore’s account gives a 1958 foundation by Finnish Steamship, Svea and Bore. Bore withdrew in 1978; Silja acquired the remaining partners’ ships in 1992. The Johnson and EFFOA passenger operations came together under Effjohn, followed by parent-company changes: Silja in 1995 and Neptun Maritime in 1998. Sea Containers bought 51% in 1999. A later report describes sale to Tallink in 2006, though Rosanoski qualifies its legal-company wording. Silja Line was the marketing name of Silja Oy Ab, renamed Tallink Silja Oy in November 2006.
Operating interests included Farschiff Europe, formed in 1993 at Espoo. Silja sold its share in Rederi Ab Gotland on 1 January 1999.
Finland, Åbo/Turku.
This funnel was recorded for Manuvai. The source states that there was no standard colour scheme.
Silk & Boyd was listed from 1966–67 to 1996–97, later through its Auckland agent, Cook Islands Trading Corporation.
Cook Islands, Rarotonga.
This flag is documented by a photograph in the Sea the Ships gallery.
After Coastal Tankers bought Howard Smith Shipping (NZ) in 1996, it was renamed Silver Fern Tankers and then Silver Fern Shipping, or SFSL. The second rename is dated 1997 in one register account and 1996 in another. A reverse takeover made Silver Fern the owner of Coastal Tankers in 2000. ASP acquired Silver Fern in 2007; it apparently took over Coastal Tankers’ tanker operations after the latter’s 2008 liquidation. Coastal Oil Logistics scheduled the two tankers time-chartered from Silver Fern for the New Zealand coast, alongside imports arranged by the four major oil companies.
New Zealand, Wellington.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The vessels flew both Howard Smith and Coastal Tankers flags.
Captain Tommy Smith had Kuaka’s flag lowered for a sketch in June 1995 and described its blue as teal. The white flag has a narrow black hoist strip. Its central panel depicts a black funnel with a white fern, above a teal baton and then a black baton separated by white. Teal triangular panels flank it: the hoist triangle touches the centre, while a white gap separates the fly triangle. The Log’s version differs in making both triangles touch. Rosanoski suggests, without certainty, that the triangles might represent the two main islands with a tanker between.
Kotuku’s flag, photographed at Wellington on 11 June 1998, appears to have a narrower emblem moved towards the hoist, leaving roughly half the fly blank in a flag still apparently 2:3. White separates both triangles from the central panel. The teal matches the funnel. On the funnel the fern angles aft on both sides; the lower white band is twice the width of the upper, and the teal band twice as wide again. Rosanoski notes that unchanged funnel markings might indicate continued use of the flag after the change of operator.
Coastal Tankers, or CTL, was incorporated on 27 April 1993, though Lloyds gives formation in 1994 to operate the New Zealand Oil Consortium’s vessels. It took over tanker management from Union Shipping on 15 November 1994. The company was a joint venture of the New Zealand interests of Caltex, Mobil, Shell-Royal Dutch and BP. One account describes restructuring as Silver Fern from 1 October 2000. The original company was struck off in September 2002 after liquidation, replaced by a namesake incorporated that month and struck off in December 2008.
New Zealand, Wellington.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The earlier funnel retains the logo, documented on Silver Whisper and still on Silver Wind in May 2008. The flag was photographed on Silver Wind at Wellington on 17 February 1998 and remained on the company website, although continued shipboard use was unclear. Website logos appeared mainly grey or metallic silver.
The later funnel drops the logo. Silver Cloud photographs place the change between 26 April 2008 and 29 May 2009. Even a close view of Silverwind in January 2010 leaves the lettering colour unclear: Rosanoski suggests the logo’s grey, black or very dark blue.
The register dates Silversea to 1997. Its website described formation by Rome’s Lefebvre family, former owners of Sitmar Cruises, a connection later omitted there. Another cited account calls it a joint venture between V Ships and the Lefebvre family, subsequently wholly owned by the Vlassov heirs. The major operating company Silversea SAM was based in Monte Carlo and dated to 1992.
USA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
The livery was that of Tate & Lyle’s Thames tugs. Stewart shows equal flag bands.
Silvertown Services was formed on 3 October 1938 by W.H.J. Alexander, Tilbury Contracting & dredging and Tate & Lyle. It later merged into Sugar Line: Stewart dates this to 1 October 1963, while another account places the combination of the Silvertown Sugar and Crystal fleets in 1961. Vessel names changed from the Silver prefix to Sugar.
UK, London.
The funnel follows Eagle N photographed on 24 January 2011. Rosanoski provisionally allocates it to the manager, this being the only vessel located under its control.
Manager versus Union Care owner not settled.
Silvia managed Eagle N, acquired on 1 August 2010 and registered to Union Care Investments at the same address.
Bangladesh, Chittagong.
Mitchell gives a black “B” in the funnel emblem.
Bonaso built Prà in 1946, and the last vessel, Nando, was sold in 1975. African Shipping & Trading is recorded as an associate.
Italy, Genoa.
Simon Edström appears in the 1937–38 register and later under operators Gösta Åkesson and Alvar Eklund. By the 2006–07 references it remained involved in agency and chartering, with Simon Edström Shipping and Simon Edström Malmo names also recorded.
Sweden, Malmö.
M358 brings together the company’s funnel and flag as recorded by Brown. The source gives no separate written description of their design.
The company was formed in 1968 as Simon Mokster Rederi and changed its name in 1993. Its fleet was held both directly and through name subsidiaries.
Norway, Stavanger.
The flag is divided diagonally into blue and white halves, annotated Pbd in the source.
Simpson Brothers operated sailing vessels.
UK.
The chartered Simsmetal used this funnel with the Chandris flag in 1969–72. The blue shade and the shape of the S are assumed.
Other ships used a white flag bearing a green map of Australia with a stylised yellow S. Siam Venture’s monochrome photograph confirms the basic funnel design; the green is described as dark, while its S looks conventional from the starboard bow. Mitchell instead draws a large elongated S.
The later flag replaces the green map and yellow S with a blue map and orange S. Seijin Maru was reported with a dark-blue funnel, narrow black top and yellow stylised S, whereas Tompkins specifies the change to orange. The earlier S312 flag persisted for a time during the transition.
The metal-recycling business began in 1917. One account dates incorporation as Albert G. Sims to 1928; the registration record gives 8 August 1929. Renamed Simsmetal in 1968, it merged with Consolidated Metal Products in 1970 as Sims Consolidated. Its shipping interests began through Hong Kong’s Hang Fung Shipping & Trading, incorporated in July 1959; after Hang Fung’s demise in 1963, Sims turned to time-chartering.
By 1971 Sims held half of Alliance Carriers, Arekay and Marmack, and acquired majority interests in Malay States Shipping and Orient Lloyd around that year. It formed Singapore-based Sentosa with Central Gulf in 1974 to handle LASH barges.
Peko-Wallsend acquired Sims in 1979. Subsequent ownership passed through North, Elders Resources NZFP and Carter Holt Harvey, which disposed of non-forestry businesses including Sims. The business returned to the Simsmetal name in 1990 and became Sims Group in 2003. Rosanoski does not establish when its shipping involvement ended.
Australia, Sydney.
The funnel follows port and starboard photographs of Zenith Explorer. Although the photograph was attributed to manager Sincere Industrial, Rosanoski considers the marking more likely to belong to registered owner Zenith Explorer Corporation, incorporated in Panama in July 2007, since no other ship was found carrying it.
Definite company proprietor unknown.
Sincere Industrial was formed in 1969. Its major operating company Bright Charter Shipping was formed in 1996 at the same address.
Taiwan, Taipei.
The original livery, with differing forms of the S between sources, was replaced around 1960.
The brontosaurus Dino was adopted in 1930 to evoke the geological origins of the company’s products; the version inside a pentagon was registered in 1959. Ocean Ships calls the funnel marking a panel, but a monochrome photograph of Sinclair Venezuela supports the rendered band. Rosanoski rejects Jordan’s apparent attribution of this design to 1939 because the pentagon logo was not adopted until 1959.
This was an alternative funnel used around the change of livery in 1960.
Harry Sinclair began in Oklahoma oil-field equipment and management of small oil concerns. One account dates his combination of eleven companies into Sinclair Oil and Refining to 1916, while another gives formation in 1905. Expansion to the Texas Gulf Coast, Mexico and a Lake Michigan refinery required both seagoing and Great Lakes fleets. By 1917 Sinclair operated seventeen Gulf of Mexico tankers, and by 1923 traded between US ports, Mexico, Cuba and Europe. Sinclair Navigation is recorded as the operating company, later listed as Sinclair Refining.
Atlantic Richfield acquired Sinclair in 1969. Its last two ships listed under its own name in 1970–71 appeared under Atlantic Richfield by 1973–74. Sinclair also managed Dover Tanker and acted as agent for Marlin and Stingray Tanker Corporations.
USA, New York.
India, Bombay.
The flag is documented by Josef Nüsse’s table-flag photographs.
Singa Ship Management was formed in 1979 to manage ships of Knut Kloster Jr., Ole Hegland and their partners, and was acquired by Tailwind on 28 July 2006. Rosanoski suggests links with Singa Navigation, owner of Norman Merchant in 1979–80, on the evidence of a shared address and Norman ship names, and with Norman International through the livery evidence. These connections remain tentative. The Philippines company, established in 1987 for crewing, specialised in cruise personnel from 1990.
Operating companies included Choosan Shipping, formed in Singapore in 1984, and Multinational Ship Managememt. The Oslo company Singa Ship Management, formed in 1989, became ASP Ship Management in 2003. Mitchell also records an association with Oostzee.
Singapore.
The funnel follows a starboard photograph of SC Shanghai.
The flag is documented by a company website photograph.
The parent Sinochem Group traces its origins to China National Import Corporation on 10 March 1950. Its website gives overlapping name sequences: a change to China National Import & Export Corporation in June 1965, but also establishment of China National Import & Export Co. in January 1951, renamed China National Chemicals Import & Export Corporation in January 1961 and Sinochem Corporation in November 2003. The parent headquarters were in Beijing; the competing names and dates are retained without reconciliation.
The shipping records distinguish Sinochem Shipping, formed in 1995 at Beijing, and Sinochem Shipping & Enterprise, initially at Haikou and later given a 1994 formation date. The latter incorporated the former in the later register account, became Sinochem Shipping Co. in 2004 and moved to Shanghai. Sinochem International, formed in 1998 at Shanghai, held the fleet through that company and Stoltchem Ship Management (Shanghai), a 2003 joint venture with Stolt-Nielsen Transportation Group.
A pool arrangement with Crystal Pool was made in 2008. In April 2010 Sinochem International and Dorval Kaiun announced the 51:49 joint venture Dorval SC Tankers.
China, Shanghai.
Sir Alec Black, born in 1872 and knighted in 1914, made his fortune buying and building trawlers. He favoured names of racehorses and comic-book characters. After his death on 28 June 1942, the Public Trustee took charge and vessels were sold as they returned from wartime requisition.
The 1917–1918 register lists him as operator for Amaranath Fishing, Earl Steam Fishing, Marshall Line Steam Fishing, Pelham Steam Fishing, Reunion Steam Fishing and South Western Steam Fishing.
U.K., Grimsby.
Early sources show the funnel panel more like a band, apparently depending on funnel width. Stags’ heads appear on the shield, although Rosanoski did not record a source for that detail.
Merchant Ships 1949 records this as an alternative funnel, with dark green.
Sir Robert Ropner founded R. Ropner & Co. in 1874 according to one account, or 1870 according to Lloyds. His baronetcy dates from 1904, and the business became Sir R. Ropner & Co. Ltd. in 1915.
The name changed to Sir R. Ropner & Co. (Management) Ltd. in 1951, reverted in 1963, became Ropner Management Ltd. in 1972, Ropner Shipping Services Ltd. in 1988 and Ropner Ship Management in 1997.
The Jacobs Holdings takeover is dated to 1997 in one account and 1996 by Lloyds. The business subsequently concentrated more on management than ownership, including management for Dart Line.
Principal operated concerns included Pool Shipping, founded in 1903, and Ropner Shipping, founded in 1914. Their ships used pool and by suffixes respectively. Other operating and management work included Cardigan Shipping, Western Canada Steamship, British Steel, C.N.M. Romline, Neptun Maritime and Silja, in several cases for only part of their fleets.
U.K.: West Hartlepool, later Darlington, Cleveland and Dartford.
The funnel red is described as dark, with the design confirmed by Houston City’s monochrome photograph. Stewart’s 1953 and 1957 editions and the 1966 Journal of Commerce chart also attribute the livery to Leeds Shipping.
Lloyds 1912 gives a very broad red funnel band with equal black portions above and below; other sources narrow the black at the base further. Talbot-Booth 1936 draws a more ornate S with terminals, especially on the flag.
The source traces the concern to St. Just Steamship in 1912, acquiring Bradford Shipping in 1917 and Oakwin in 1926, and adopting Sir William Reardon Smith & Sons in 1928. Rosanoski notes that this chronology conflicts with W.R. Smith & Son already appearing in the 1912 flag sources. Barr, Crombie’s fleet was acquired in July 1941 and Nitrate Producers’ in 1943. The general-tramping interests included Reardon Smith Line, Leeds Shipping and Reardon Smith Navigation, and the 1973 Celtic Bulk Carriers venture with Irish Shipping. Cessation was announced in May 1985, followed by liquidation proceedings that year.
UK, Cardiff.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Sir William Reardon Smith & Partners began as Sir W. Reardon Smith, Popham & Liley and acted only as a managing firm. It operated Leeds Shipping, later shown under Sir William Reardon Smith & Sons.
UK, Cardiff.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The funnel follows port and starboard photographs of Demetrios B from September 2008 and January 2014.
Sea Cement I’s starboard funnel marking mirrors the port side, so that the bows point forward on both sides.
Sirios dates its activities to 1977, beginning as an agency, adding towage, and becoming an owner and manager in 1991. Its sister companies were Evripos Tugs Shipping, for towage and salvage, and Evia Shipping Agencies. The register gives a later company-formation date, initially 2003 and then 2001; Evripos is dated to 1988.
Greece, Chalkis/Khalkis.
The blue flag has a very broad horizontal white band bearing a blue ring nearly touching the blue edges. Inside is a four-pointed star, its points halved vertically blue and white, charged with a white S; star and letter are outlined black. Nimbus was photographed flying it. The funnel has a white lower part, perhaps treated as superstructure, and top cowls which may be omitted from a conventional rendering. Marinus provides a close match to the illustration, although its band is less white than the circle.
Saturnus was also photographed with a white flag bearing the logo and a bottom inscription beginning Sirius. The words flank the lower star point, but the second word cannot be read.
Founded by the Backman family, Sirius dates its establishment to 1994; Lloyds initially gave 1996 before amending it. On 30 December 2006 it announced acquisition of Rederi AB Brevik and incorporation of that fleet. The later group comprised tanker operator Sirius Shipping Aps, Sirius Chartering and Vald. Anderson Shipagency, founded in 1944. Rosanoski notes that the history also uses Sirius Shipping AB, leaving the exact company title unclear.
Sweden, Donsö.
SITC Bern’s funnel combines the charterer’s SITC emblem with owner Swiss Cargo Line’s emblem. The symbols are mirrored between sides, keeping the cross towards the front.
The source bases this funnel on SITC Kobe photographed on 25 December 2007 and presumes it common to the group. It describes a later change, visible on SITC Xiamen by 2 January 2009, in which the globe became a squared-circle shape instead of a horizontal oval, but repeats S1711 for both stages.
This funnel follows starboard SITC Kobe in July 2013 and port-side SITC Hongkong in November 2008.
Archived company photographs appear to show the group logo on a white flag.
SITC began in May 1991 as Shandong International Transport Corporation and bought its first container ship, Union Fortune, in May 1992. The website leaves privatisation uncertain between 2007 and 2008. In 2010 it was listed in Hong Kong and restructured into shipping and logistics groups. Earlier website names include SITC (Holdings) and SITC Maritime (Group). The shipping entities include Shandong Tong Da, formed in 1994 and renamed SITC Steamships in 1997, and SITC Ship Management, dated to 2000.
China, Qingdao, Shandong.
The new blue funnel with a white swan was intended to replace the yellow funnel and Vlasov V across the fleet. Fairstar carried it as P&O-Sitmar Cruises, and it appeared on an advance postcard of Sitmar FairMajesty, which instead entered service in Princess colours as Star Princess.
Fairstar later reversed the colours to a blue swan on white. Rosanoski assumes a blue funnel top and a red upper wavy line, as on the hull; The Log’s verbal description supports the red line but dates the scheme before the P&O sale.
The swan was subsequently replaced by a dolphin. The oval appears black, although it could be dark blue.
Sitmar Cruises was formed in 1980, apparently succeeding Società Italiana Trasporti Marittimi. Princess Cruises bought it from the Vlasov Group in July 1988, after which it became the name company P&O Cruises Liberia. Fairstar, established in the Australian market, retained her name and was operated through a separate Sydney office.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Vlasov’s yellow-funnel livery was used throughout the post-war period until the 1988 sale, sometimes with very narrow black or blue tops or cowls.
USA, Los Angeles, California.
The funnel follows the starboard side of Siva Rotterdam photographed on 16 September 2012.
SIVA originated in telecommunications in 1995 and entered shipping and logistics when SIVA Ventures bought J.B. Ugland Shipping in February 2008. Its shipping divisions covered chemicals, gas, tankers, offshore and bulk, the latter previously Crossbridge Shipping. It also held 22.75% of Nordic Shipholding.
India, Chennai.
The blue swallowtail bears a yellow star emitting ten rays above a yellow foul anchor. The rays appear white in Nüsse’s scan but may also be yellow, while a greenish cast to the yellow may be an optical effect. Unlike the arms and funnel badge, the flag has no crown; both flag and funnel anchors have cables which the website logo lacks. No photographed ship was seen flying this departmental flag. If flown at sea, Rosanoski regards it as a house-flag equivalent, since the Swedish flag served as ensign.
Ale’s funnel badge has a sky-blue oval and apparently white outlines to the crown and oval, with white rays. The star is assumed white; a possible yellow tinge could be rust.
On Atle’s white background the sky-blue oval apparently lacks an outline. The crown outline is yellow and the charges inside the oval are white. The flag’s blue is darker than the funnel badges.
Sjöfartsverket, the Swedish or National Maritime Administration, is a public enterprise responsible for pilotage, fairways, icebreaking, hydrographics, maritime search and rescue, and safety administration. Register entries begin in 1973–74; the later formation date of 1985 is presumed by Rosanoski to denote a new department. The shipping operation is also called Rederiet Sjöfartsverket.
Sweden, Norrköping.
The flag is yellow with two broad horizontal blue bands, leaving three narrower yellow bands. No funnel is given.
No corporate identity from common name.
The company appears in the 1963–64 shipowners’ list, but Collectors Corner places its Sjöstjärnan in Stockholm. Rosanoski warns that they may not be the same concern.
Iceland, Reykjavik.
Mitchell’s funnel probably belongs to G Venture, for which he provides a line drawing.
Formed in January 1982 as Yukong Line, the company began crude-oil carriage in June 1982, dry-bulk operations in September 1983, ocean bunkering in June 1987 and LPG carriage in January 1988. It became SK Shipping in October 1997. The parent SK Group originated as Sunkyoung in 1953 and also changed name in 1997. Operating companies included Hong Lam Marine, Hong Lam Ship Management and Yukong Line (Singapore), formed in 1996; the Hong Lam businesses later appear separately.
South Korea, Seoul.
Inverness was recorded with this funnel in May 1965, with a note that Skar-Ore’s funnel was subsequently used.
Brown draws rounder, squatter letters. The rendering instead follows Bill Black’s elongated version, supported by Dragonland at Lyttelton on 2 November 1989. The marking was confirmed as the manager’s and associated with Ove Skaarup; the flag followed the funnel.
Skaarup originated in 1951. In 1986 Skaarup Shipping amalgamated with Skaarup Ship Management, formed in 1982; Mitsui OSK took 50% in December 1990. Its operations included Skar-Ore and, from 1993, a Hong Kong management company. It managed Dingwall, Iron Ore Transport and Solvang ships and acted as agent for Seaways and Skar-Ore.
USA, New York; later Greenwich, Connecticut.
This funnel was adopted in 1969.
The flag is documented by cap badges on the Collectors Corner and Swedish cap-badge sites.
The company began in the early 1950s with a Landskrona–Copenhagen ferry and was bought by Linjebus International in 1961. It operated within Scandinavian Ferry Lines, with its fleet listed under Stockholm’s Rederi A/B Svea. Operations ended in 1980, succeeded by Scarlett Line. The Scarlett vessel-name suffix honoured Scarlett O’Hara: the account says Danes crossed to Landskrona to see Borta med vinden, which could not then be shown in Denmark. The company name appears in several spellings.
Denmark, Copenhagen; Sweden in the cap-badge sources.
The black funnel has a broad band carrying the flag design: blue with an elongated white O surmounted by an indistinct squarish white S. The livery was based on, or identical to, the agent’s, and its flag was used. Loughran rounds the letters; the rendering follows the Skaarup form.
Skar-Ore was owned and represented by Skaarup Steamship Corporation. It was later managed by Hanna Mining, subsequently listed as M.A. Hanna.
USA, New York; later Greenwich, Connecticut.
After Clifford Skeggs’s knighthood, his arms appeared on a white flag photographed in 1994, above blue SKEGGS and smaller GROUP LTD. The original drawing spreads the lower words to the width of SKEGGS; the first S may be slightly taller. Later examination could no longer resolve the photograph’s lettering, though the held drawing specifies it. The flag was seen both above and below Pacifica’s, suggesting no fixed order.
Photographs in March 1998 and April 1999 show the lettering removed and the arms enlarged into the space. Again, the flag appeared both above and below Pacifica’s.
The green flag bears intertwined white SF letters separated by the field; Rosanoski holds an actual example. Wanaka’s buff funnel, matching its deckhouse, is described with a green S intertwined with a red F, though whether the letters touch is unstated. RJT instead recalled a teal-blue S on stone or dark cream in 1986. Wanaka’s different blue-and-green research flag was later identified as the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries flag during a charter, rather than Skeggs livery. Pacifica ships flew the Skeggs flag alongside their own from December 1985, with interruptions, until surveys in January 1991; it continued over the Lyttelton office.
Cordella was recorded at Lyttelton on 24 January 1988 with a white flag bordered dark blue and bearing white Skeggs lettering on a dark-blue panel. The panel’s shape is uncertain: it may have followed the letters as shading or an outline.
Clifford Skeggs established the family business in 1951. Skeggs Fisheries followed in 1956, Skeggs Corporation in 1969, and Skeggs Foods in 1970 by renaming Marion Bay Trawling; Foods became Skeggs Investments in 1987. Pacifica Shipping was bought from Union Shipping on 1 November 1985 and renamed Pacifica Shipping (1985). Most fishing assets were sold in 1989, but Cordella and Pacifica were excluded; Cordella subsequently operated under Pacifica and was sold in 1992. Skeggs Group was incorporated in 1993 and acquired Southern Discoveries in 2009. The separately recorded Skeggs Seafoods had no obvious connection to the Dunedin companies in the ownership record, although its Nelson deepwater division was sold to Sanford.
New Zealand, Dunedin.
The funnel is yellow or buff, with a blue band bearing a white diagonal band edged red, charged with a blue G above a blue W. The flag is green with a broad yellow diagonal band bearing black G over W. Rosanoski gives the diagonal notation as Pbds in both descriptions. Blue Master was observed in February 1962 with a narrow black funnel top; Golden Master of Skibs A/S Golden Master carried the band as a panel.
Golden West is recorded in the account of the 1939 merchant fleets and in later Lloyds registers as managers, including for I/S Master. A.F. Klaveness is listed as owner in the 1939 source; Joh H. Andresen is an assumed ownership attribution in the NJK record.
Norway, Oslo.
NJK records a light-buff funnel, the same as Egil Paulsen’s. Rosanoski added the flag to the illustration because its identity was not disputed.
K139 follows US Navy 1961.
Karlander was Egil Paulsen’s trading name and appears in Lloyds from 1953–54. Paulsen and Skibs A/S Karlander Egil Paulsen managed parts of the fleet. The business was associated with Karlander New Guinea Line and controlled Australian Fisheries Development; vessel names used the prefix Sle. By 1992–93 Karlander Shipping Services also appears at the same address as manager.
Norway, Fredrikstad and later Oslo.
The separately headed Skibs A/S Karlander Egil Paulsen appears in the 1963–64 to 1970–71 registers as manager, including part of Karlander’s fleet.
Norway, Fredrikstad, for Skibs A/S Karlander Egil Paulsen.
The emblem is an anchor stylised as a W.
Westray appears under Jörgen Brunvall’s management from the 1960s into 1980–1981 and under Wilh. Wilhelmsen in 1985–1986. Rosanoski identifies it as a Brunvall subsidiary from the ships’ Brun prefixes.
Norway, Bergen.
Sirius photographed on 10 June 2009 provides I313. The flag’s upper arc reads ISKES TOWAGE & SALVAGE followed by uncertain letters taken as BV, though CO is possible. IJMUIDEN appears below the tow-rope emblem, whose colouring differs slightly from the logo.
A photograph of Sirius and Saturnus on the same date shows Saturnus without an emblem on its funnel bands and apparently flying the pennant version as its main flag. A fold could instead make the rectangular flag look pointed, but the charges seem nearer the hoist, supporting the pennant interpretation. Brent is shown flying the pennant as a bow jack on the company website.
I315 is based on Tumak’s starboard side on 28 March 2010.
The business traces its origins to Jacob Visser’s towage of inland coal barges in 1928, after beginning with a North Sea Canal ferry service. Ben Iskes acquired it in 1968, and his son Jim later assumed daily management.
Netherlands; EK Velsen-Zuid in Lloyds 2001–02 and IJmuiden in 2011–12.
Also called Brodarska Zajednica Slobodna Plovidba, the company operated from 1929 to 1941 with Koloèep, sold in 1932, and Duba, sold in 1941.
Jugoslavia, Dubrovnik; FOTW places it under Croatia.
Brown and Mitchell show a conventional S with the emblem; this rendering instead follows Nüsse’s flag.
Slobodna Plovidba was controlled by the Croatian government. Its fleet interests included operations for Maritenia and management of Puffin Maritime; Ferremka managed part of the fleet. Rosanoski considers the company to have ceased by 2000.
Yugoslavia, Sibenik; later Croatia, Sibenik.
The black funnel carries a blue–yellow biband inherited from Neptun. The blue flag follows Robert M. Sloman’s white three-towered castle, with six-pointed stars above the outer towers but five-pointed stars in the corners. Rosanoski leaves open whether the latter reflect an error, a change or a connection with related F.L. Sloman’s flag. Nüsse assigns the illustrated flag to Robert M. Sloman.
Founded in 1873 as Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Neptun, the company changed name after the Sloman Group bought 75%; the source gives both 1973 and 1974. It participated in Unigas and, in November 2007, announced the Hanseatic Tankers product/chemical pool for July 2008 with Bernhard Schulte, Intrepid and Algoma Central, under Schulte’s commercial management in Athens.
Germany, Bremen.
V292’s funnel comes from a port-side photograph of Roompot, consulted on 26 December 2008.
M. van der Marel owned the tug Roompot from purchase in 1984 until sale in 1987.
Netherlands, Ouwerkerk.
The funnel is yellow or buff with a white band bearing a red star; the flag is white with a red star. Norway Supply Ships used a swallowtailed version, which Loughran attributes to Smedvigs Tankrederi.
Peder Smedvig managed the group’s shipping interests, notably Smedvigs Tankrederi, Smedvig’s Rederi, Veni and the supply-ship concern I/S Norway Supply Ships. The tanker fleet and control passed to Bona in October 1995, with merger into Bona Shipholding in 1996. Seadrill became a major shareholder in January 2006.
Norway, Stavanger.
The original S294 livery served ocean-going tugs, while S295 gives the harbour-tug funnel. A red diamond was added to the flag: Loughran dates this to 1966, but Brown’s 1958 notes already record it as a post-printing change. Ships & the Sea calls the blue funnel band light.
The blue flag with a yellow linked-chain design was adopted around 1971 as a group livery, assigned by Brown to both Smit Internationale and Smit-Lloyd. Mitchell gives a dark-blue funnel, unlike the later photographic evidence, and also shows the S296 funnel without explanation.
Smit Clyde was photographed without a black funnel top in April 2005, while other vessels such as Smit Finland had one. The funnel appears lighter blue than the partly visible flag.
The sources use different Smit company names for the liveries. Adelaar appears in a photograph with a Sleepdienst Jan Kooren funnel, but Rosanoski found no evidence establishing a takeover or other connection.
The business dates to 1842. After Fop Smit died in 1866, sons Jan and Leendert continued as L. Smit & Co., merging with Internationale Sleepdienst in 1923. The name became Smit Internationale in 1972. The later group combined Smit-Lloyd, Smit Internationale and Smit-Spido, and was reorganised in 1988 into salvage, supply, offshore contracting, harbour towage and fleet-services sectors. Ulrich Harms was acquired in 1972, renamed Smit International (Germany) in 1997 and returned to the Harms name after sale in 2001. Fairplay became a major Smit shareholder in 2008 in exchange for its Unie van-Redding en Sleepdienst interest.
The group expanded internationally through operations including the former Pentow Marine, acquired in 1999 and renamed Smit Marine South Africa in 2002; the former Damen business in Gabon; and operations in Germany, Scotland, Panama and Venezuela. Joint ventures included Smit & Cory, S.W.I. and Smitwijs with Wijsmuller. Its Unie Van Redding-en Sleepdienst stake rose from 25% in 1999 to 50% in 2004 before it bought Fairplay’s remainder in 2008. Takmarine and Smit Vessel Management Services were formed in 1993 and 2002 respectively.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Smit-Lloyd Shibaya was listed from 1985–86 to 1996–97.
Egypt, Cairo.
Smit Fleet Services, also called Smit Vlootbeheer, was formed in 1989. It included Breswater Marine Contracting and managed part of the Smitwijs fleet.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Also called Smit Havensleepdiensten, this company was formed in 1988 by combining Nieuwe Rotterdamse Sleepdienst, Smit Internationale Havensleepdienst and Nieuwe Vlissingse Sleepdienst. Its subsidiary BTS Berging en Transportmij Scheffer was based at Lelystad.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Formed in 1970, the Antilles company participated with Cory Towage in Smit & Cory (Antilles), established in 1986.
Curacao, Netherlands Antilles.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The UK company was listed from 1985–86 and held Takmarine, later a separate Smit International subsidiary.
UK, London.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Smit International Services was formed to co-ordinate the group’s member companies.
Netherlands.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
This company used the group livery.
Also called Smit International Harbour Towage, this company is separately recorded as merging into Smit Harbour Towage in 1989, differing from that company’s 1988 formation account.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Originally Smit International Singapore, the company became Smit Singapore in 2002. Its formation was first given as 1993 and later amended to 1990. It included Maju Martime and participated in Keppel Smit Towage, formed with Keppel Corporation in 1991.
Singapore.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Smit Tak traces its origins to 1953 and its formation to the 1982 combination of Smit International Ocean Towage & Salvage and Smit-Tak Internationale Bergingsbedrijf, formerly W.A. Van der Tak. Its interests included Gerrit J. Eerland, van den Akker and Smit Tak Heavy Lift in Singapore, and it managed part of Röda Bolaget’s fleet. The Heavy Lift chronology is inconsistent: one passage gives 1985, with an earlier trading name supposedly ending in 1976, while another gives 1995. Rosanoski interprets 1985 as a name change.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Smit Tak Towage & Salvage (S) was formed in 1985.
Singapore.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
S297 was Smit-Lloyd’s original livery, later replaced by the group’s linked-chain S151 scheme.
Smit-Lloyd was formed in 1965 jointly with Holland America Lijn; the other founder is left unidentified in the source. Its operations included a Malaysian subsidiary and ventures with Loucas Matsas and N. Cotzias in Greece from 1979, and with Ultragas in Chile from 1989. It also managed vessels for Koninklijke Rotterdamsche Lloyd and Nederland.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Smit-Lloyd Odin was listed in 1988–89 and 1992–93, later as a name company.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Smit-Spido appears in the 1973–74 register.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Smit-Voss appears in the registers from 1978–79 to 1988–89.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is divided diagonally into orange at the top, light blue below and white at hoist and fly. A black S occupies the hoist; a black V within an O occupies the fly.
Rosanoski considers Smith & Van Ommeren apparently charterers, since he did not find them in Lloyds.
Netherlands, Rotterdam.
Antwerpen’s photograph supplies the funnel and also shows the SMT logo on the white superstructure below the lifeboats. Three other vessels did not show this. The photographer speculated that Gearbulk might explain why the logo was not on the funnel, but did not establish that connection.
SMT was started by Tom Voorham, also named Antonio Voorham as president, in 1990; Lloyds initially gave 1991 before amending the date. Founded in Hamburg, it moved to Limassol in 1991 and specialised in Handy and Panamex self-unloading bulk carriers. It was listed in 1998 as an operating company of B + H Maritime Services and later under its own name.
Cyprus, Limassol.
The flag comes from the Private Signals of the Merchants of New York chart. Rosanoski notes that South Street mentions such a flag for Snow & Burgess, without resolving the different name.
The company is described as historical, dating to the mid-nineteenth century.
USA, New York.
The funnel follows port and starboard photographs of Ebru S in June 2005.
Selay S’s May 2008 photograph shows a more compressed logo than the rendering, which was broadened to clarify its composition. Fleet photographs vary between gold, orange and red emblems, possibly because of lighting or cameras.
The funnel follows Necati S from starboard in January 2003 and Ozden S from port in June 2011.
The Sener family’s group developed from petroleum into tanker management, then shipbuilding. One account dates Sener Petrol to September 1980 and maritime activity to 1982 under Niyazi Sener and sons Ertan and Ercan, with tanker management dominant until 1999. Another gives a 1979 foundation, an unexplained 1960 heating-oil agreement, Firtina-5 in 1984 and a 1991 rename. A holding company was established in 2005 with Sener Denizcilik and ATS interests. The register instead gives 1993 for Sener and initially 2000, later 1990, for ATS.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The later Kovdor, built in 2010, was photographed with this funnel in July 2013. Rosanoski also noted it on Vyritsa and Brasschaat.
This funnel follows Zarachensk photographed from starboard on 29 June 2008.
The source records a funnel for the earlier Kovdor, IMO 8118126, under the label S170. Blue shades may differ, or the variation may arise from photographs.
Lloyds initially dated formation to 1997, later amending it to 1995.
Belgium, Brasschaat.
The funnel is based on Hubert Gaucher and Le Saule No 1 photographs of 1988, and the flag on Le Frene No. 1 in April 1990. The design reads the same from both sides, but the descending white portion varies in width between the vessels and starts narrower than on the flag. The flag is dark blue; the funnel band is lighter and brighter. Nüsse’s later table-flag photograph better represents the blue.
The apparent second flag comes from a small photograph of Nancy Orr Gaucher on 19 September 1991; Rosanoski thinks the difference is probably a lighting effect.
An actual flag, approximately 3 by 6 feet and reported to have come from Le Frene No. 1 in 1989, differs from the table flag.
Mitchell supplies no Sofati Container Line funnel; Rosanoski presumes the chartered vessels retained their own colours.
Formed in 1982 as Société Sofati Ltee & Soconav, the company became Socanav in 1986 and was owned by Michael Gaucher in 1989. Rosanoski leaves uncertain its relationship to Sofati Container Line, acquired by Cast in April 1983, when its charters ended. Socanav agreed in August 1995 to join four other owners in Miami-based Star Maritime as a minority shareholder. An undated report records bankruptcy protection and sale of eleven vessels to Gorse Down Canada, a Star Maritime subsidiary; the last vessel Feederteam was sold in 2000.
Canada, Montreal.
The yellow or buff funnel has a black top and black band. The red flag bears a cross with yellow horizontal and blue vertical arms dovetailing at the centre; the four quarters carry white S, A, M and C respectively.
Chile, Valparaiso.
Brown angles the star’s horizontal edges, though Rosanoski doubts whether this is significant. Its funnel illustrations are too small to establish whether the star there is treated the same way.
Two attempts to retrieve the contemporary newspaper failed. The exact legal company and transformation date cannot be established from the generic business history alone; search snippets are retained as leads. This record is not merged with the separate Braun y Blanchard document.
The earlier Lloyds sources show a small star on funnel and flag; Merchant Ships enlarges the funnel star while leaving the flag star relatively small.
Braun y Blanchard developed from the Punta Arenas trading and shipping interests of Maurico Braun and John Blanchard, connected through family and business with José Nogueira and José Menéndez. Braun had also operated a coastal schooner service with Scott. After Nogueira’s death in 1893, Braun administered his sister’s inherited estate; the translated account of the partnership’s formation is unclear. Braun married Menéndez’s daughter in 1895, and the firm is recorded as a steamship owner from 1896. Compañía Marítima de la Patagonia subsequently emerged from its activities. It owned a Punta Arenas dry dock from 1925 to 1941.
With the Menéndez-Behety interests, Braun y Blanchard formed the Patagonian import-and-export venture in 1908, one account dating the merger agreement to 19 June. The partners also formed Compañía Chilena de Navegacíon Interoceánica on 1 December 1929.
Chile: Punta Arenas, Valparaiso and Magallanes.
The Menéndez-Behety combine, also translated as Livestock & Commercial Company Menéndez-Behety, developed through José Menéndez and Maria Behety’s ranching, coastal shipping and other businesses. Menéndez is described as a steamship owner from 1892. The commercial company is dated 1910, with another account giving operations from 1911. A separately named Argentine livestock concern was founded after Menéndez’s death in 1918 and authorised in November 1919. A source still records a single vessel in 2005, though Rosanoski did not find it in Lloyds.
The family’s association with Braun y Blanchard produced Sociedad Anónima Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia in 1908, later recorded under Menéndez-Behety control. The same partners formed Compañía Chilena de Navegacíon Interoceánica on 1 December 1929.
Chile, Punta Arenas and Magallanes.
The flag is yellow with a red saltire between black SYEP letters. Rosanoski notes that the Brazilian website’s 1950 livery dating puts this funnel out of sequence.
Known as La Anónima and translated as Patagonian Import & Export Co., the concern originated in a 1908 joint venture of Menéndez-Behety and Braun y Blanchard, with the merger agreement dated 19 June. The source presumes an initial Chilean base and records transfer to Buenos Aires in 1918, also giving 17 May 1918 as formation under the later title. Merchant Ships instead gives 1913, explicitly questioned by Rosanoski. The company remained connected with the Chilean Menéndez-Behety interests and A.M. Delfino. Its power declined after 1930; public ownership began in 1942. One account says the ships were sold in 1967 and the stores continued, while Lloyds still lists the company into the mid-1970s.
Argentine, Buenos Aires.
The livery is that of the Onassis managers, with the Greek omega. Brown records it in 1951 even though Lloyds 1953–54 still shows the company operating under its own direction.
SAAP acquired two ships in 1947; one was sold in 1966 and the other broken up in 1968. The company was later listed under Olympic Maritime of the Onassis Group.
Uruguay, Montevideo; later Monaco, Monte Carlo.
V B Antartico of Grupo Boluda was photographed with this funnel in August 2006, with SALVAMENT MARITIMO at the circle’s base.
Punta Mayor of Remolques Marítimos supplies the later funnel and flag evidence. The flag appears to place the logo within a golden ring. A July 2011 funnel close-up shows a darker, air/sea-rescue shade; the lettering also appears on the superstructure.
Known as SASEMAR, Salvamento Maritimo or the Maritime Safety Agency, the body was formed under the 1992 legislation. Remolques Marítimos was required to join it, achieved on 17 September 1993 through acquisition of the full shareholding via Transmediterranea. Lloyds instead gives a 2004 formation date and records it within the Spanish government.
Spain, Madrid.
The funnel follows Sonangol Kassanje from starboard in November 2012 and Sonangol Luanda from port in November 2006. Black SONANGOL lettering appears beneath the S logo.
Known as Sonangola or Sonangol, the company was established in 1976 by nationalising Angol, a 1953 SACOR subsidiary. It remained wholly state-owned but was governed as a private company, becoming Sonangol E.P. in 1999. Lloyds instead gives formation in 1991. Maritime ventures included Sonasurf with Bourbon’s Surf business and, from 2001, Sonatide, owned 51% by Sonangola and 49% by Tidewater.
Angola, Luanda.
The flag emblem is a U within a circle. Ivan Sache describes the letter and ring as blue, but Rosanoski identifies both as black on the same website. The company emblem shows the flag crossed with International Code Zulu, described in the cited source as used to address or call shore stations.
Rosanoski considers the funnel emblem suspect in view of the flag.
Ultra Gujarat was photographed in the group’s Ultramar/Ultragas funnel colours in Torres Strait on 6 April 2012, with ULTRABULK on the ship’s side. The flag source is the company website logo.
The von Appen family-controlled company was formed in 1960, amending an earlier Lloyds date of 1965, and became Ultranav within Ultramar in 2012. Its interests included Antares, bought in 1997, Nate in Argentina, Othello, later Ultragas ApS in Denmark, Ultragas International and Remolcadores Ultratug, originally Remolcadores Ultragas. It was associated with Transmares and sister company Ultramar, whose tugs it had taken over by 1988–89.
In 2010 it acquired Eitzen Group’s 74.5% of Eitzen Bulk Shipping, renamed U-Sea Bulk that September. By the end of 2011 the holding exceeded 90%; delisting and a common dry-bulk marketing platform followed under Ultrabulk Shipping.
Chile, Santiago.
The Brazilian website documents the livery as of 1950.
Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul.
António Martins saw the flag flying at the company’s Lisbon office.
Known as Soconave, the company appears to have acted as a shipping agent.
Portugal, Lisbon.
The red flag has a broad white horizontal band bearing black S.G. lettering, repeated as a broad band on the black funnel. The 1939 account instead gives blue funnel letters and mentions no dots; none can be seen in monochrome photographs of Amarante and Inhambane. Stewart also omits dots from funnel and flag, while Brown 1978 uses sans-serif letters.
The company appears in the 1939 fleet account and the 1963–64 and 1970–71 shipowners’ lists.
Portugal, Lisbon.
The charge above the M may be a fish. The shield appears chequered, rounded at the top, with a charge in chief and a crown-like figure above. The white band was widened in the rendering to make the charge clearer; the actual band is narrower.
The company was listed from 1953–54 to 1963–64.
Brazil, Sâo Paulo.
The FOTW flag was derived from a company logo incorporating the flag. Rosanoski says Brown 1951 No. 743 incorrectly gives Fratelli d’Amico’s livery under the company’s name.
SOPONATA, also abbreviated SSP, was formed in 1947. The Portuguese government sold its controlling interest to private owners in early 1994. The company participated in Elcano’s 1997 privatisation, selling its share in 1998. General Maritime acquired the fleet and technical operations in March or April 2004; the differing dates are retained in the sources. The acquisition included Marenostrum, renamed General Maritime Management (Portugal). Navemo was another operating company.
Portugal, Lisbon.
Poseidon’s starboard photograph of 7 November 2013 shows the logo on an attached white panel which overlaps the bottom of the original funnel bands.
Known as Reboport, the company is listed in 2011–12 and affiliated with Reboques e Assistência Naval.
Portugal, Sines.
The red flag has a very narrow green horizontal band slightly below centre and, near the hoist, a narrow green vertical band descending to the base. A white circle outlined green overlays their junction and contains a green pentagram, identified as the national Solomon’s Seal. The buff funnel bears a flag panel.
The later white flag has a narrow red horizontal band overlaid by a white circle with an indistinct red edge and green pentagram. The white funnel has a black top and the same red band and emblem. Rosanoski thinks both versions probably use the same green shade.
The company is abbreviated NAVIMAR.
Morocco.
The L varies in size; Brown’s 1926–34 editions outline it black. Rosanoski specifies a red L on white, citing Lloyds 1912 and other sources, and objects to headings which isolate Vapore rather than the identifying name Lussino.
Heimer’s version uses a black L. The FAME account describes black lettering while acknowledging that other sources show red, in contrast to Rosanoski’s explicit red-letter correction in the FOTW comment.
Lussino was a steamship owner from 1907, engaged in tramping. The company apparently relocated to Trieste, where Lloyds still listed it in the early 1950s. Its last vessel, Antonio Tarabocchia, was wrecked on 13 January 1961. The sources use several versions of the Lussino company title.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Lussinpicollo [also given as Liissin Piccolo]; later Italy, Lussinpiccolo/Lussino and Trieste.
The red flag bears a yellow fourteen-rayed sun.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Fiume.
The funnel is white with a black top and red star. The white flag has a red star between red S at the upper hoist and N at the lower fly.
The company appears in the 1970–71 shipowners’ list.
Italy.
The company was absorbed by Navigazione Generale Italiana in 1921.
Italy, Genoa.
Talbot-Booth describes the funnel C as dark red. The FOTW flag rendering after Colin Stewart has a more rounded C than the illustration on the 1940 page at www.24flotilla.com; Jan Mertens considered the difference probably insignificant. The exact shades in the Stewart source are difficult to determine because of four-colour printing.
Formed in 1927, Corrado operated until about the mid-1970s. Its vessels mainly bore names of members of the Corrado family. Merchant Ships lists Emauele V. Parodi S.A. and Polena Società di Navigazione as associates. The family appears subsequently to have become involved in Gestion Maritime SAM, whose website used a shield based on the Corrado flag as a link.
Italy, Genoa.
The company built Robina in 1900 and lasted until at least 1932–33, when Gardenia and Corsinia were broken up.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Lussinpiccolo [Mali Lošinj]; Austria in the 1917–18 register.
The yellow or buff funnel has a black top separated by a narrow green band, with a second narrow green band lower down. The red flag has a large white panel bearing a green T.
The company appears in the 1958–59 register.
Italy, Messina.
Surama was recorded in November 1966 with a red funnel, black top and white O. No flag was noted.
The company was listed in 1963–64 and 1966–67.
Italy, Palermo, Sicily.
Versilia was recorded with a V, while Bill Black saw an alternative NV. Both versions have a black funnel with a broad white band and two very narrow black bands near its top and bottom. Between them is a red triangular pennant frame pointing aft, enclosing the black letter or letters. Their exact shapes are unclear; Rosanoski assumes they vary in size with the frame. No flag was noted.
The company’s only vessel was sold in 1962.
Unknown.
The red flag bears a large white P, repeated as a band on the black funnel. The sources use several Puglia company-title variants. In discussing the amended FOTW lettering, Jan Mertens notes a very small serif at the foot and a less extended bow in Sandy Hook’s original.
Puglia merged in 1932 to form Compagnia di Navigazione Adriatica.
Italy, Bari.
The yellow or buff funnel has a narrow black top and three very narrow black bands, separated by wider spaces of the base colour. No flag was noted.
The company was listed in 1963–64 and 1966–67.
Italy, Palermo, Sicily.
H517 follows an Aldo Cherini drawing, but other photographs, including Croatia in monochrome, support a five-pointed star as in S792.
The Hungaro-Croatian Sea Steamship company, also recorded under Hungarian and Croatian names, was formed in 1891 by merging smaller Rijeka and Senj companies. It grew into the Empire’s largest coastal company with 46 vessels. The FOTW account says that only three remained after the First World War and formed the basis of Jadranska plovidba at Sušak, a succession not mentioned in Merchant Ships 1942. The Hungarian source gives the operating period as 1891–1921.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Fiume; Hungary in the 1917–18 register. FOTW places the company under Rijeka, Croatia.
The Hungaro-Croatian Freeshipping company, Magyar Horvát Szabadhajózási RT, operated in 1900–20. The cited account says its surviving ships became Italian-owned under Ungaro Croata Libera after the war, then changed names and registered at Susak under the new Slavian state in 1924. Rosanoski finds a conflicting fleet chronology: the ships were laid up in 1914, and only Dunav resumed service, transferring to Ungaro-Croata in 1921 and being sold in 1923 without a name change.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Fiume; Hungary in the 1917–18 register.
The buff funnel has a red band interrupted by the base colour, with a blue star in the break. The red flag has a diagonal yellow band bearing a blue star, annotated Pbd in the source.
Italy.
The flag has a diagonal triband. The FOTW rendering angles the letters with the band, whereas the 1927 company pamphlet shows them upright. The pamphlet also contradicts Merchant Ships’ placement of the funnel star above the band. Brown 1934 already records Lloyd Triestino livery. Rosanoski warns that the two different Sitmar flags belong to different companies, despite being grouped under one FOTW heading.
Formed in 1913, this company used Sitmar before that acronym was adopted in 1938 by the distinct Società Italiana Trasporti Marittimi. It operated vessels of the liquidating Società Nazionale di Servizi Marittimi in 1917–18. Rosanoski places its fleet’s absorption into Lloyd Triestino in the 1936 shipping reorganisation and suggests an apparent post-war revival.
Italy, Genoa; Milan in the 1953–54 register.
Brown 1934 already records use of Lloyd Triestino’s livery.
Lloyd Sabaudo formed the company in 1913 but had disposed of its holding by 1925. It merged into Lloyd Triestino, which Rosanoski assumes was part of the 1936 reorganisation of Italian shipping.
Italy, Genoa.
The FOTW flag, based on Lloyds 1912, differs from that source in the width of the white band and the shape of the M. Rosanoski considers its placement under Sitmar defensible through the operating connection, though that connection was not explained there.
SNSM was formed in 1910, receiving most of Navigazione Generale Italiana’s fleet; Rosanoski suggests the latter may have founded it. By 1917–18 it was in liquidation, its ships operated by Società Italiana di Servizi Marittimi.
Italy, Rome; later Genoa.
Although Talbot-Booth’s 1942 and 1944 editions give the older funnel, an angled black-and-white photograph of Bainsizza suggests that the P207 design applied.
No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.
Apparently originating as Angelo Parodi fu B., the company owned steamships from 1896. It appears as Società Anonima Emanuele V. Parodi in 1937 and under the Società per Azioni name by 1953–54. S.A. di Navigazione Corrado is listed as an associate. The last ships appear to have been sold in 1965.
Italy, Genoa.
The red flag bears an upright white foul anchor between white S and A. The black funnel has a broad red band edged white above and below, bearing the same anchor and letters.
The company is abbreviated SO.RI.SA.
Italy.
The company appears in registers from 1953–54 to 1973–74.
Italy, Palermo.
The panel is divided horizontally red over white, with red occupying most of it. It bears a yellow Lion of St. Mark and, at the hoist, a green hill topped by a lighthouse.
The fleet was divided between Lloyd Triestino and Italia in the 1937 government reorganisation of shipping.
Italy, Venice.
The yellow flag retains a horizontal green band. The black funnel has yellow–green–yellow bands with a green shield bearing yellow BP. Marine News and the NJK collection support a black shield border, while Loughran gives yellow edging outlined black and unequal bands. The funnel is said to match Mil Tankrederi’s.
The company changed name from Association Petroliere in December 1954. By 1985–86 the register apparently distinguishes Société Francaise des Pétroles B.P. and the managing concern Société Maritime des Pétroles BP et Cie., later BP France.
France, Paris; later Courbevoie.
Socitrans is a transport and storage company.
Portugal, Gemunde, Porto.
A company share of 1919–21 shows a dark, probably blue, flag with three white stars in the upper hoist, arranged two over one, and C.A.R. running diagonally from lower hoist to upper fly.
This replaced the earlier FOTW rendering following further advice. Cureau describes the successor’s flag as green with three canton stars and white CAF, but Rosanoski says the resulting attribution to Les Affrêteurs Française is incorrect.
The company was associated with E. Anquetil. Rosanoski finds it in the 1937 telegraphic-address list, without a stated capacity. Dominique Cureau instead records bankruptcy in 1923 and formation of Les Affrêteurs Français in 1924, later connected with Chastellain. Rosanoski disputes the way that account assigns the flag, leaving the company and flag chronology unresolved.
France, Rouen.
The black funnel bears a white ship’s wheel; the white flag bears a blue wheel. The design follows Delmas without letters and with colours reversed. Brown 1951 gives the wheel a small square centre, like the owner’s emblem.
Rosanoski assumes ownership by Compagnie Delmas Frères et Vieljeux from the flag emblem.
Côte d’Ivoire, Grand Bassam; later Abidjan.
Mitchell supplies a line drawing of the sole recorded vessel but depicts a yellow funnel.
The company chartered the German-flag Mellerumsand.
France, Marseilles.
The first vessel, Rokel, was bought in 1974 and sold in 1979. Roula followed in 1975 but was abandoned on 31 October that year and finally scuttled on 31 July 1981, although Lloyds continued to show her as the company’s sole ship.
Sierra Leone, Freetown; later Lebanon, Beirut.
The flag is white with a blue cross and red SAGA letters in the four quarters. The first funnel is black with a flag panel; passenger ships used a white funnel with black top. A further version has a yellow or buff base with a flag panel. Loughran dates a funnel change to the 1950s.
SAGA took over the Calais cross-Channel services in 1920; the account traces them to the railway companies’ services begun in 1898. SNCF absorbed the SAGA services in 1951. In 1967 SAGA partnered P&O’s General Steam Navigation in Normandy Ferries, whose fleet P&O later managed. SAGA controlled Bateaux à Vapeur du Nord and acquired Société Navale de l’Ouest in 1939, selling it to Hoegh in 1970. It also managed Francafrica and Union Maritime interests and formed Angleterre-Lorraine-Alsace jointly with the London, Midland & Scottish Railway in 1926.
France, Paris.
Formed in 1926 as a joint venture of Société de Navigation Gérance et d’Armement and the London, Midland & Scottish Railway, the company was managed by the Southern Railway Group from 1928 and taken over by British Rail in 1977.
France, Paris.
The flag is documented by a company share reproduced on the Sietz website.
The company appears to have been active in the 1920s.
France.
This livery was used by St. Vincent de Paul.
The company was associated with Ballande et Fils. The Log gives takeover by Caledonickel in the early 1930s, while another source instead names Messageries Maritimes in 1930.
France, assumed; possibly Noumea.
The flag illustration derives from a company share. The ship depicted on that share has a light funnel with a dark top; the document does not supply a further written flag description.
Pêcheries Cameleyre Frères was one of Arcachon’s three principal fishing companies at the end of the nineteenth century. The account places its foundation a few years after that of Pêcheries de l’Océan in 1866, but gives no exact year. Pavillon also records the company as Cameleyre Frères.
France, Arcachon.
The successor retained the livery after the 1933 merger.
Formed in 1892, the company merged into Belgian Gulf Oil in 1933.
Belgium, Antwerp.
Mitchell records this funnel at Liverpool in August 1968.
Mitchell records a funnel using the Louis Dreyfus Africa logo.
The original flag was white with a red diamond throughout, a gold grain ear, and blue letters L in the upper hoist and D in the lower fly. Lloyd Reedereiflaggen instead shows a diamond not reaching the edges and both corn leaves forked.
By the Second World War the flag had a blue border and red letters. The border varies between sources: Josef Nüsse’s table flag has a narrow border, while the company website’s logo and photographed flag have broader borders. The photograph may also show a more stylised grain ear; Nüsse’s examples differ slightly in proportions.
Leopold Louis-Dreyfus began in the grain business in Basle in 1851, moving to Berne in 1858 and Zurich in 1864. The account connects his choice of French nationality and move to Marseilles with an 1882 treaty, yet places the headquarters in Paris by 1875: the chronology is inconsistent. His sons Louis and Charles succeeded him in 1915, followed in 1940 by the grandsons Pierre, Jean and Francois. Lloyds distinguishes an 1891 formation as Louis Dreyfus et Compagnie and a 1972 change of name, while later editions give the group’s 1851 origin.
Steamship ownership dates from 1891. A small Russian-flag fleet operated from Rostov in the Azov and Black Seas between 1890 and 1921, ending with the Russian Revolution. During the Second World War the fleet came under Compagnie Marseillaise de Navigation Coloniale; one account describes a sale in 1942, another management from 1941 to 1947. The fleet passed to Louis Dreyfus Armateurs SNC in 1995 and the shipping business was sold to Philippe-Louis Dreyfus in 2007. Lloyds then places the former parent beneath Louis Dreyfus Armateurs.
Group operations included Louis Dreyfus Armateurs and Louis Dreyfus Lines, with LD TravOcean undertaking submarine cable installations. Buries Markes was acquired in 1938. Other subsidiaries included Socef in Zurich, Louis Dreyfus & Cia. Ltda. in Buenos Aires, formed on 11 September 1925 as managers for S.A.C.I.E.F., and a London company managed by Buries Markes. Louis Dreyfus Africa, dating from 1924, belonged to the group’s grain and oilseed division; a Canadian company was based in Winnepig.
Capoline passed from the Cerni Group through Vatican interests to GENS, partnered Montship and came under Louis Dreyfus control in 1962; its last vessel, Capo Noli, was sold in 1973. Montship was initially half-owned and wholly controlled from 1956, apparently through Buries Markes. The group helped form Gearbulk in 1968, although another account gives entry in 1969; its interest was sold to Jebsen in 1990. Interchem Shipping was formed with Vlasov-Dene in 1975. Other interests included the 1938 Société Française de Transports Pétoliérs consortium and the privatised St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation. Buying out the LD Cetam partner in 2004 led to Louis Dreyfus Lines.
France, Paris; also UK, London.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The combined Louis Dreyfus Armateurs and Leif Höegh livery was used on the Airbus ro-ro vessels. It is documented on Ville de Bordeaux in November 2005; an announcement in January 2006 concerned two further ordered vessels.
The company website shows both a flag logo and an actual flag.
Josef Nüsse supplies a table-flag example.
The websites also supplied several rectangular logos. Some may represent flags, but the LD TraveOcean and Alda Marine examples may be logos only.
Louis Dreyfus Armateurs SNC was established in 1995 by renaming Cetramar SNC, becoming Louis Dreyfus Armateurs S.A.S. in 2002. It handled the group’s shipping activities, including dry bulk through Cetragpa, project and heavy-lift cargo through FRET, ferries through LD Lines, and cable and marine work through Alda Marine and LD Travocean. Other operations included Méthane Transport, Sismique, LD Marine, Flumar, Orchard Maritime Services and Buries Markes. It took over Transmanche Ferries operations in 2007, the year the shipping business was sold to Philippe Louis-Dreyfus. Lloyds also records the reversal of the former parent/subsidiary relationship.
Operating companies included Jean Charcot Shipping N.V., established in Curaçao in 1998, and Rotterdam’s Fairmount companies. Fairmount Heavy Transport, formed in 2003, became Fairstar in 2007 and was taken over by Dockwise in July 2012. Acquisition of Fairmount Marine was announced on 31 May 2007. Buries Markes, France Euro Tramp and Montship also appear within the organisation.
Alda Marine was announced in May 2000 as a 49/51 venture with Alcatel Submarine Networks for cable-installation vessels. Grimaldi & Louis Dreyfus Lines was a 50/50 partnership. Other interests included Marifran until July 2000, Flumar, and CETRAGPA with France Euro-Tramp, Travocean and International Subsea Mapping, later CGG Marine. France Euro Tramp had been a consortium: Compagnie Meridionale de Navigation withdrew in September 1997, leaving Louis Dreyfus Armateurs and Navale Française; the later website described FRET as wholly owned.
France, Paris, later Suresnes cedex.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The funnel is documented on Norman Spirit in December 2005 and on the chartered Lake Hakone in October 2012.
Valentia, presumably under charter, carried this funnel in February 2006. The photograph is unclear, but the panel appears to reproduce the L330 flag. No house flag seems to be flying.
Louis Dreyfus Lines, commercially LD Lines, followed the buy-out of the other LD Cetam partner and a change of name effective on 1 August 2004. Lloyds instead gives formation in 2005. Norman Spirit was still recorded as the sole operating vessel in February 2012.
France, Paris.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Grimaldi joint partnership is cross-referenced to funnel G350. FRET’s red flag with a white F is shown by Nüsse and a company flag logo, although continued use is qualified as possible.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Brown shows a version of L327 without a black funnel top, also attributed to Louis Dreyfus Cia. Ltda.; US Navy gives a slightly different S1105 version for S.A.C.E.I.F. The NJK example for the Argentine subsidiary Naviseus has a very narrow black top.
Brown 1982 and 1995 show a large diamond almost spanning the white field, the latter with a more stylised corn cob. Loughran also shows a large diamond, leaving its proportions uncertain.
A funnel identified in the source as D244 was also used at one time; no date is supplied.
Mitchell supplies four funnels without identifying the vessels. Some may belong to managed companies rather than SAMAMA itself. S1459 and S1460 differ slightly in blue shade but could represent the same SAMAMA funnel. S1461 bears OSL; S1462 has a black diamond at the cross fessepoint. Line drawings also show plain blue, yellow and black funnels.
Argus, managed from 1983 until scrapping in 2000, supports this version.
Each mark retained independently; no inferred OSL company or group-wide use.
After incorporation into Zodiac, Zodiac livery was used, as shown by the last vessel, Battery Park.
SAMAMA was the Monaco base of Sammy Ofer’s operations by the late 1970s, with day-to-day fleet management handled in London by Zodiac Maritime Agencies. Lloyds gives formation in 1989, which Rosanoski interprets as the start of direct shipping involvement; earlier listings describe managers only. By December 2007 it was listed as a Zodiac operating company.
Monaco, Monte Carlo.
Grands Voiliers Française attributes the flag to Les Voiliers Nantais.
Formed in 1894 as a sailing-ship operator, the company was absorbed by Société Anonyme des Chargeurs de l’Ouest in 1913.
France, Nantes.
The company operated sailing ships in the 1904 source.
France, Nantes.
The flag is quartered per saltire: green above, red below, and white at hoist and fly. It appears on a postcard and in Lloyds 1912 and Talbot-Booth publications of 1937–1944.
An alternative funnel is shown in a black-and-white photograph of Varna in Merchant Ships 1942.
Also known as the Bulgarian Steamship Company, Bulgarian Commercial Navigation Co. or Bulgarsko Turgovsko Plavatelno Druzhestvo, the company originated in a commission formed by six Varna proprietors on 31 December 1889. Draft articles went to the Ministry of Finance in January 1890; Lloyds gives formation in 1892. The first shareholders’ meeting in August 1893 authorised two steamships. During the Second World War the German navy took over the fleet and crews, and all vessels were sunk. Nationalisation on 13 March 1947 was followed in June by merger with Sea Coastal Navigation, identified with Navigation Maritime Bulgare.
Bulgaria, Varna.
Stewart shows a black funnel with white–green–white banding, which Rosanoski considers suspect. The flag has five horizontal green-and-white bands.
The alternative black funnel has a broad band of the flag’s five green-and-white stripes.
Known as Soflumar and managed by Phs. Van Ommeren (France), the company amalgamated with that firm in 1987 as Soflumar Van Ommeren France. It became Van Ommeren Tankers (Soflumar) in 1992.
France.
The white flag bears a white star outlined green, its points shaped as arrowheads. The white funnel carries the same emblem. The source does not establish whether the subsidiary also used the livery.
SONAMA was formed in 1974, with its fleet held through Union Maritime Marocco-Scandinave, a subsidiary formed in 1976.
Morocco.
The yellow funnel has a diagonally green-and-white quartered band, with an indistinct green circle overall bearing a white decrescent and three white stars. One version adds green MISR on the forward white section and green Arabic script aft. Rosanoski warns that the lettering colours and rear inscription are conjectural because the original illustration is too small. No flag was noted.
The company is recorded in The Worlds Merchant Fleets 1939.
Egypt, Cairo.
The tugs carried their individual numbers on the funnel.
The towage and salvage company was listed from 1958–59 to 1980–81 and associated with Les Abeilles.
France, Dunkirk.
Les Derniers Grand Voiliers shows ordinary lettering corresponding to this variant.
Also listed as Société Anonyme des Armateurs Nantaise, the company operated sailing vessels from 1899 to 1922.
France, Nantes.
This livery is the same as that of Société Française de Transport Petroliers.
Mitchell does not specify which company name applies to this funnel; Rosanoski considers the later period more likely.
Founded in June 1936, the company absorbed Société Pechelbronn from May 1938 and became Compagnie des Transports Maritimes Pétroliers. It eventually entered the Worms group through Société Française de Transport Petroliers. Its first ship dated from 1940. Germinal’s ownership changed from the Société to the Compagnie in 1969; Mitchell instead dates the name change to 1975, which Rosanoski considers contradicted by Lloyds 1970–1971. By Lloyds 1980–1981 the vessels appeared under Société Française de Transport Petroliers.
France, Paris.
The company is recorded before and after the First World War.
France, assumed in the source.
The black funnel bears two very broad red bands, the upper charged with a white S. Stewart makes the lower band broader, so their relative widths are uncertain. The flag has diagonal blue-and-red quarters, with a white S lying mainly over the blue.
The registers use several related titles: Société Algerienne de Navigation Charles Schiaffino & Cie. in 1963–64, and Société Algéroise de Navigation pour l’Afrique du Nord alongside the present heading in 1970–71. Later entries continue to 1992–93.
France, Paris.
The quoted Brown description, headed SOFLUMAR in the source, gives seven horizontal stripes, white-red-white-blue-white-red-white, in apparent proportions 7:1:1:1:1:1:7. At the centre is a white hexagon outlined red and bearing a blue S.
Faouet photographs from 2006 and 2007 show a very narrow black funnel top. Josef Nüsse supplies the associated table flag.
The company website’s 2000 flag carries the black inscription SOCATRA at the base.
This funnel is documented on Mascarin, later Treguier, of the 1986 Umoil/Socatra/Soflumar joint venture formed by Van Ommeren Tankers and Socatra. Treguier was photographed in October 2001. Rosanoski records the same illustration under Van Ommeren as V101 because the ship appears under both companies and the long owning title.
Guildo carried this funnel in May 2006 while under Ligudo Shipping. The missing S is unexplained: Nizon, also under a minor operating company, retained it. Alga, a SOCATRA newbuilding in October 2012, also showed the unlettered version.
Cilaos provides port- and starboard-side photographic evidence for this funnel.
SOCATRA is a family-owned shipping company, dated to 1977 by its website and 1978 by Lloyds. It was the principal shareholder in Société Pétrolière de Dépôts, which operated oil storage facilities in France.
Listed operating companies included SAS Breuil and SAS Brion, Luxembourg’s Intershipping, Socatra Mata Utu and Socatra Wallis in Uvea, Socatram Srl in Italy, and Union Maritime de l’Ocean Indien, or Umoil, in Bordeaux. The website’s 2013 grouping of eight A-named vessels under Angelmar Company was not explained. The later Umoil listing gives formation in 1998 and records Cilaos under Broström Tankers France management; its relationship to the earlier joint-venture account is not clarified.
France, Bordeaux.
The house flag is white with a black Celtic triskelion, using the traditional black and white of Brittany.
SFC was formed by Compagnie Générale Maritime on 1 January 1976 to take over four vessels from the bankrupt Société Bretam, a Transcaup subsidiary. It absorbed Compagnie Générale d’Armements Martimes in 1990 and was amalgamated into Navale Française in 1994.
France, Brest, later Puteaux.
The funnel was buff with a black top. No flag is given.
The company traded between Noumea and Sydney and was liquidated in 1904.
France.
Paganyotis Cottaropoulos and Theophylatis became shipowners in 1936 and founded Société Européenne d’Armement in 1938. A translated account places Cottaropoulos’s formation of Société Franco-Tunisienne with P. Canallas after the Second World War. Rosanoski instead finds fleet evidence for the association in 1939 and the company in 1940, regarding a published 1948 date as a possible guess. Cottaropoulos later formed Compagnie Européenne de Navigation; the ventures proved unsuccessful and he left business in 1972.
France, Marseilles for Cottaropoulos; Tunis, Tunisia for Société Franco-Tunisienne d’Armement.
The flag reverses Worms’s design, and the livery is the same as that given for Société des Transports Maritimes Petroliers. Merchant Ships 1949 had described the livery as unknown.
S.F.T.P. was formed in 1938 by Worms, Compagnie Auxiliaire de Navigation, Louis Dreyfus and Establissements Demaris, with the French government later a shareholder. The later relationship with Société Française de Transports Maritimes is unclear: a proposed acquisition and rename in 1971 appears instead to have produced a separate fleet-holding concern, with S.F.T.P. continuing as operator within the Worms group. By 1980–81 its fleet included vessels of Compagnie de Transports Maritimes Petroliers. It also operated for the French government.
France Shipmanagement was a joint venture with Compagnie de Navigation, Nouvelle Compagnie de Navigation and Compagnie Morbihannaise et Nantaise de Navigation.
France, Paris.
The early Griffin and Lloyds versions show only blue S and G in the white quarters. The 1909 Journal of Commerce version has all letters black, with the S on blue outlined white; Reed gives black letters on white. The source records a funnel change in 1950, but labels the new design S2165.
Brown 1958 leaves the shield’s edge undefined so that its red merges into the funnel band. The central emblem appears to be a white vertical anchor on a black circle, but Stewart seems to show a black anchor on yellow and Brown white on blue. Brown and Stewart overlap the shield slightly above the band; Talbot-Booth keeps it entirely within the band.
Armaments Marseillais shows a blank flag under the source’s C973 label.
Paulin Talabot founded the steamship concern in March 1865; it became a limited company in 1870. It formed France-Amérique in 1909 and also operated for the French government. Fraissinet took control in 1960, followed by merger with the Fraissinet–Cyprien Fabre concern in 1964 or 1965. The last ship was sold in 1974. A historical account dates addition of à Vapeur to the name to 1924, but Rosanoski points out that the wording already appears in flag sources from 1895 onwards and was retained until at least 1958.
France, Marseilles; also Paris.
The white flag bears an S divided green over orange. The blue funnel carries a panel of the flag.
The company, abbreviated Sivomar, appears in the 1985–86 register.
Ivory Coast, Abidjan.
The green funnel has an orange top separated by a broad white band. The flag is a diagonal orange–white–green triband, annotated Pbds in the source.
The company was listed in 1963–64 and 1966–67.
Ivory Coast, Adidjan.
The green funnel has an orange top separated by a broad white band bearing a black-outlined white elephant above an arc of black SITRAM lettering. The same emblem occupies the white of a diagonal orange–white–green flag, whose direction is annotated Pbds in the source.
Known as Sitram, the company appears in registers from 1970–71 to 1992–93.
Ivory Coast, Abidjan.
The company operated from 1952 to 1974.
New Caledonia, Noumea.
Société Maritime Coloniale was the technical-management branch of Société Anonyme Coopérative de Navigation, formed in 1922. Operations ceased in 1931 when the last ships were sold for scrap.
France, Marseilles.
The funnel was recorded for Aldebaran on 6 July 1963.
The company was listed in 1963–64 and 1966–67.
New Caledonia, Noumea.
The concern is described as short-lived and also called Société du Pacifique. One account apparently gives operations in 1918–25, while another records it for 1930. A 1937–38 telegraphic-address entry lists Paris, Hankow, Cochin and Tientsin.
France or New Caledonia, uncertain.
This livery is recorded for Tayo and Quebec in July 1963.
Rosanoski cannot establish whether the blue or green versions are correct.
S446’s funnel base colour changed in 1966; S447 was adopted by 1979.
The two chartered vessels appear in their owners’ Nissho Shipping funnel colours, cross-referenced as N325.
The company is dated to 1880, founded by John Higginson and Henry Larbeau, although The Log gives 1890. It has appeared as La Compagnie le Nickel, Société Anonyme Le Nickel, Société Metallurgique le Nickel and Calédonickel. Rothschild control began in the late nineteenth century. It became the parent of its mining subsidiaries in the 1960s; restructuring in 1985 placed the New Caledonian interests under Eramet-SLN, renamed Eramet in 1994. The Log attributes acquisition of Ballande & Fils in 1930 to this company, whereas the Armateurs website names Messageries Maritimes. Société Anonyme Hauts Fourneaux de Nouméa was taken over in the 1930s.
The last vessel, Nickel II, was broken up on 2 October 1985. The later operation chartered Doniambo and Jules Garnier on annual contracts.
France, Paris, and New Caledonia, Noumea; later registers alternate between Noumea and Paris.
This funnel was an alternative for some vessels. Brown’s S and O on the red flag bands look black.
Merchant Ships gives the predecessor Compagnie Nantaise de Navigation à Vapeur livery. The earlier flag had CNCO, with C and O white; Rosanoski connects the later SNCO lettering with a change from Compagnie to Société in the late 1960s. In the later published versions all four letters are blue. Stewart’s omitted stars are treated as a printing error.
S.N.C.O. began as Compagnie Nantaise des Chargeurs de l’Ouest by combining Chargeurs de l’Ouest and Compagnie Nantatise de Navigation à Vapeur, dated 1938 in one account and 1939 in another. It was owned by Compagnie Navale et Commerciale Havraise Peninsulaire and merged into Compagnie Morbihannaise et Nantaise de Navigation in 1987. A source which instead calls Compagnie Morbihannaise its subsidiary is flagged as conflicting. The company participated in Compagnie Maritime Worms & Charbonnière and the Armateurs de Gros Porteurs Associés consortium.
It operated or managed vessels for Société Francaise de Transports Maritimes, the Aquitaine petroleum interests and the French government.
France, Nantes.
The earlier black funnel bears a white C enclosing smaller SN, with F intertwined over the S. The diagonal blue–white–red flag, annotated Pbds, has a broad white centre bearing the same monogram in black.
The later red funnel has a black top and white SNCF lettering angled Pbds. The flag retains the diagonal tricolour, with the black SNCF letters inside a black frame, both similarly angled.
SNCF was controlled by the French government. The Ships List traces cross-Channel services with the Chemins de Fer du Nord to 1898, whereas Lloyds gives formation in 1909, a discrepancy noted by Rosanoski. Its interests included SNCM jointly with CGM, 90% of SeaFrance, and increasing stakes in ERMEWA during the 1990s.
France, Paris.
The white flag bears an S in three sections, green, yellow and blue from top to bottom, separated by indistinct white horizontal lines. On the yellow section is an eight-pointed star halved green and yellow, over a smaller blue star angled so that its points fill the first star’s recesses. The white funnel carries the same emblem.
Gabon.
The white flag bears a blue star. The black funnel carries a white panel with the same star.
The company appears in the 1963–64 shipowners’ list as fleet manager for Union Navale & Soc. Nationale d’Affrétments.
France.
SMTM was established in 1962 and began operations with Malagasy and Gasikara in 1964. Lloyds initially called it Société Malgache de Transports Maritimes and recorded government operations, later using the Société Nationale name. It appeared in the privatisation programme begun in 1996 and was reported returning to liner shipping in 2005, apparently with chartered tonnage since it was absent from Lloyds.
Malagasy Republic [Madagascar], Tamatave.
Sources disagree over the dashes beneath the small ie letter groups. Armements Marseillais omits them; the Armateurs website retains them. Ivan Sache’s FOTW drawing was revised in February 2004 to remove them.
The earlier SNCM flag is blue-white-blue with red SNCM lettering in the white stripe. Bois shows a wider white band, whereas the FOTW version has equal bands and consequently smaller letters; Rosanoski identifies this as an error. The sloping logotype derives from SNCF’s contemporary logo. An Armateurs photograph appears to show upright letters.
The logo is described as light and dark blue by Armements Marseillais and the company website. Published funnel illustrations support S97, but ship photographs appear to support S743. Napoleon Bonaparte confirms the S97 starboard arrangement, with S912 on the port side and no apparent top in the modern funnel design. Ile de Beaute shows S912 with a narrow blue top.
SNCM originated in 1969 as Compagnie Générale Transmediterranéenne, combining the Mediterranean services of Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and Compagnie de Navigation Mixte. It adopted its later name in 1976; Lloyds initially gave 1977 before changing to 1976.
The 1976 reconstruction gave Compagnie Générale Maritime 75% and the national railway SNCF 25%, altered to 80/20 in 1978. Register ownership descriptions vary. Proposed privatisation in 2005 prompted strikes; the offered distribution was Butler Capital Partners 38%, Connex 28% as operator, the French government 25% and employees 9%. Rosanoski reads this as indicating that SNCM had not formed part of CGM’s 1999 sale.
Interests included 10% of SeaFrance and 40% of the Sudcargos consortium.
France, Marseilles.
Sources differ over normal or squared lettering, punctuation and band widths. Nüsse’s squared letters match S496, whereas funnel photographs and the historical website show rounded letters as in S497. Lloyds 1912 omits the dot after S found in 1904; most sources omit dots and give equal flag bands. Merchant Ships calls S497 an alternative, possibly placed low on the funnel.
The FOTW description gives a 1:2 flag divided white–red–white in proportions 1:2:1, with white SNC on the red stripe.
La Caennaise grew from the Lamy coal merchants’ purchase of a ship in 1837. René et Georges Lamy was incorporated in 1898; in 1903 other Caen owners joined and the concern became Société Navale Caennaise–G. Lamy et Cie. A limited-liability company followed in 1934, with Georges Lamy in charge until his death in 1951. Delmas bought 29% in 1987, while Bolloré bought 12% in opposition and then the family’s 59% in June 1988. Bolloré incorporated the company into Delmas in 1992, ending its ship operations.
Its interests included Compagnie Maritime de Transports de Goudron, the Seacargos consortium and a Union Navale venture; it also operated government vessels. Ships received mythological names, beginning with Thisbé.
France, Caen.
The O varies in size and thickness between sources. Rosanoski says Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 and Brown 1951 incorrectly use Chargeurs de l’Ouest’s livery.
SNO’s origin is dated 1880 or 1881. Rosanoski rejects a 1908 origin as Nouvelle Société Navale de l’Ouest because the earlier name already appears in Griffin 1895, while another source connects Nouvelle with Chargeurs de l’Ouest. SAGA reportedly bought SNO in 1939 and sold it to Leif Hoegh in 1970, though Rosanoski found no confirmation on Hoegh’s website. A later account places it in the Bolloré group without ships of its own. Interests included Association Petroleire, later Société Maritime des Pétroles B.P., and the West African service consortium; it also operated government ships, with Denis Frères managing part of its fleet.
France: Havre, Paris and Puteaux.
The flag is a vertical red–yellow–green triband with blue SNG letters respectively. Rosanoski explicitly says its allocation to this company is guesswork.
No definite historical company flag verified.
The company appears in the 1970–71 shipowners’ list.
Guinea.
Davil Hyaffil and Loewy, Rosenbaum & Cie. formed the concern within a wider ship-purchase, resale and chartering business. Hyaffil had owned Emir from 1920; she adopted the new company colours in 1923, when the shipping branch moved to Marseilles. Both ships were sold in 1924, and the branch was closed in 1925. Pavillon uses 1923 as the company’s foundation date.
France, Marseilles.
The flag is white, with a blue triangle at the upper hoist and red triangle at the lower fly. At the centre are intertwined blue and red hook-like forms, also described as boomerangs. The upper blue hook has its straight side at the top and curve towards the hoist; the lower red hook reverses this, suggesting a double S.
Fiesta photographs of 1990 and 1992 show the funnel extending down into the hull, placing the logo in the hull area. Its blue is so dark that the port-side view appears black. Versailles in March 1992 has a conventional funnel with the symbol at its base and also on the hull.
SNAT, also listed as Sealink, was formed in 1990 and renamed SeaFrance S.A. in 1995. It appeared first as managers and subsequently as owners and managers.
France, Paris.
The company operated sailing ships. Rosanoski suggests an association with Compagnie Française de Navigation from the flag design.
France, Nantes.
L. Gouriou and J. Jousset formed the company in 1920 and allied with shipowners Louis Carlini and Maestracci in 1925. The ship and company were sold in 1930.
France, Marseilles.
Rosanoski considers this a more likely company flag, based on what may be a logo or square flag on the Armateurs site.
Rosanoski questions whether Nüsse’s flag is upside down and whether it belongs to Compagnie Maritime de Croisières. It may relate to Club Med 2, owned by Services et Transports, but could instead be the cruise operator’s or manager’s flag.
External advertisement description reverses orientation; do not silently rotate or equate companies.
Captain Martin’s funnel combines the owner’s and Sofrana operator’s marks, with blue ST letters edged yellow.
Formed in 1971, Services et Transports operated through Armement Services et Transports and, from 1997, Services et Transports Tahiti at Papeete. A cruise-line associate shared the Harfleur address. The earlier fleet included barges and dredges, with small tankers in the subsidiary; LPG tankers are recorded later. Stockages & Transport Industriels is listed as operator.
France, Le Havre; later Harfleur.
The company was formed on 4 January 1848 and liquidated in 1854.
France, Marseilles.
Flaggen auf dem Rhein shows a red flag with a white cross throughout and a blue canton bearing a white serifed H. Jan Mertens interprets H as representing the owner or founder and the colours as recalling France, especially Strasbourg’s red and white. A black-and-white photograph shows the flag aboard the barge Nuits.
This inland shipping company operated after the Second World War, certainly on the Rhine. It took over Union Normande’s barges in 1980 and entered liquidation on 12 September 2002. Some vessels bore wine-area names, including Côtes Roties and Château Yquem; numbering suggests a substantial fleet.
France, Strasbourg; also recorded in Paris.
The funnel is documented on Kifangondo in February 2013. The photograph’s source places the logo under the manager’s name, but Rosanoski states that it is not Socomar’s logo; possible ultimate ownership does not establish that attribution.
Registered in Panama on 11 December 2006, Socomar managed Kifangondo for the privately owned, Panama-registered Cuito Cuanavale Shipping Co.
Greece, Piraeus.
Port- and starboard-side photographs of Zapphire on 23 November 2013 document this funnel.
Founded in 1975 as So.Co.Mar., or Società di Consulenza Marittima, the company provided shipowners with technical, administrative, crewing and operational management. Lloyds initially gave 1970 before amending the date to 1975.
Italy, Sorrento.
The company operated the fisheries research vessel Soela for KFV Fisheries (Q’land) from 1982. Rosanoski tentatively identifies it with Soela Marine Research, registered on 5 July 1979, later renamed Kapwil and deregistered on 24 June 1993. That company, based in Mt. Hawthorn, is recorded operating Soela from 1989.
Australia, Perth.
Brown editions from 1929 to 1978 show black letters with a green cross whose centre forms a diamond. The black instead of green in Brown 1934 is identified as a printing problem; omission of the letters in 1951 is probably another error.
Rosanoski considers this funnel probably erroneous.
The FOTW rendering omits the cross’s diamond-shaped centre, although Rosanoski allows that it might be a circle. The Carisbrooke link shows blue letters matching the cross. On the company’s own website, S700 has dark, probably black letters, more centrally placed in the quarters, and a bright light-blue cross.
Willem Adriaan Soetermeer and Klaas Fekkes Jr founded Soetermeer, Fekkes & Co. on 1 July 1916 for agency, forwarding, brokerage and shipowning. Lloyds gives 1912, marked as an error by Rosanoski. Sixteen schooners, steamships and motor vessels had been owned since 1916. Carisbrooke Shipping acquired the company in 1999.
Rederij de Vrij, formed in 1985 and based in Puttershoek, appears among the managed and operating companies. The later company described itself as a manager only.
Netherlands, Rotterdam; moved to Zwijindrecht in November 2000.
Heron Shipping’s flag is white with a black bird and three small black stars above its tail. The bird was presumably intended as a heron, although its short neck and legs do not resemble one. Rosanoski tentatively interprets the stars as Wallis & Futuna, New Caledonia and Fiji.
Rosanoski saw Tui Cakau III’s light-blue flag at Lyttelton in April 1988: the white bird faced the fly, opposite the funnel bird, and the funnel top was brighter blue. He describes his drawing as approximate. A later photograph showed the twin funnels resting on white superstructure, correcting the apparent white funnel base. P41 derives from that photograph; P477 was revised using its bird as a guide. The starboard funnel bird faces forward, with a mirrored arrangement on the other side only presumed.
Mitchell names no vessel for this funnel. Rosanoski presumes Tui Cakau III and notes the same mistaken white-base interpretation.
Capitaine Scott carried this funnel temporarily before returning to normal Sofrana colours, apparently only briefly since the ship was sold in 1973.
Captain Martin combines the marks of owner Société Services et Transports and operator Sofrana. The ST letters are blue edged yellow.
Sofrana identifies the cross as that of Wallis & Futuna, although its thick form differs from the four separate white triangles shown elsewhere. Capitaine Cook used the funnel in 1969, initially without a house flag. The earlier vessel Moana may have lacked company livery while government-chartered. Rosanoski’s later observation records a light-blue flag with a generous cross, possibly reaching top and bottom, though he doubts that extent. In July 1992 Tui Cakau III flew a light-blue flag with a dark-blue funnel; reported lighter funnel paint need not have matched the flag.
The Log does not specify the blue shade; the funnel agrees with a photograph of Tui Cakau III in December 1993.
The funnel is documented on Capitaine Cook in January 1993; the flag rendering comes from the company website.
Sofrana Magellan, under charter in December 2007, shows a flag matching the funnel’s royal blue; the funnel has a small difference in its white band.
The chartered Sofrana Pasifika has a bright sky-blue funnel, black top and cross, with a similarly coloured flag. A magazine flag logo supports the shade.
Tui Cakau III’s funnel was recorded as royal rather than bright blue in April 1991, possibly a change of paint; The Log describes a very dark blue that could appear black. By July 1992 the bird and stars had been replaced by Sofrana’s white Maltese cross. The explanation that an involved Fijian politician designed the emblem and lost his seat is expressly a rumour.
Other chartered vessels varied: Sofrana Bligh had a plain blue funnel in November 2005, while Sofrana Kemadec had a tall narrow bright-sky-blue funnel with a squat cross. Poorly displayed flags in distant photographs leave the exact blue shades uncertain.
Société Française de Navigation, or Sofrana, was founded by the Ravel family, dated variously to 1967 or 1968. It began by chartering Moana to the French government for the New Caledonia–Wallis & Fortuna service via Fiji and the New Hebrides. A 1973 merger with South Pacific Navigation, Union Pacific and Sofrana New Guinea Line formed Sofrana-Unilines. References to Sofrana-Unilines in 1971 complicate this chronology. Delmas acquired 40% in 1987, increasing to 70% in 1990; Bolloré involvement followed its merger with Delmas from January 1992. A later report records sale to Didier Laroux.
The operation appears to have been merged into Sofrana Unilines New Zealand in 1989, described by Lloyds as a venture with SCAC Delmas Vieljeux. A register instead gives New Zealand incorporation on 23 November 1997 and 89.86% ownership by Sofrana Holding. Neptune Investment, formerly shown beneath Sofrana, subsequently appears under Neptune Shipping Agency, formed for a former Sofrana executive.
Subsidiaries included Compagnie Tahitienne Maritime, active from 1979 to 1987; Compagnie Wallisienne de Navigation; Construction & Maintenance Engineering; Sofrac stevedoring, begun in 1974; Sofragence travel agency; Société Union Pacifique; and Sud Pacifique Navigation, probably operating from 1984.
Joint services included the short-lived Angel Line with Hyundai from August 1986, Pacific Express Line and the 1993 New Zealand Papua New Guinea Express service with Pacific Forum Line, and Polynesia Express with Asia Pacific Agency from 1992. Sofrana acquired 50% of Australia New Zealand Direct Line in 1988, sharing ownership with CGM, and joined CGM in buying Pacific Australia Direct Line. Vanua Navigation was formed with Co-operative Federation in 1977.
Heron Shipping in Fiji, distinct from the earlier British namesake, was a venture with the Fijian Waterfront Unions and operated Tui Naceva in 1985–1987. Pacific Line appears to have been a trading name associated with Sofrana Fiji Express and Tui Cakau III around 1988–1991. Its reported ownership link with William Revell is uncertain, possibly confusing Revell with Ravel.
New Caledonia, Noumea.
The shipping arm, Sofrana Unilines (NZ), was based in Auckland, New Zealand; group agents were in Noumea and Mata Utu, Wallis & Futuna.
Brown’s version has a red flag with a blue H. The funnel is black with a broad red band and a blue H edged white.
The funnel seen on Manyas 1 at Lyttelton on 1 April 1989 had a straight-lined H with uniform white edging. JLL stated that the flag reproduced the funnel band, supporting a red flag with a blue H edged white. Rosanoski therefore considers Brown’s missing flag edging erroneous, while the letter-shape difference might be a printing choice.
Also known as Sohtorik Shipping & Trading Inc., the company was formed in 1977 and operated through shipowning subsidiaries.
Turkey.
The SOMEC funnel logo originated with Kokusai Kisen, which merged into Nissho Iwai Marine and subsequently SOMEC. Rosanoski assumes group-wide use because the fleet was listed under SOMEC; Port Botany at Lyttelton in December 2006 confirms the funnel. Halo Olympus instead had a plain orange funnel in January 2007. A Mitsui charter was suggested as a possible explanation, not established.
Nissho Iwai and Nichimen combined as Sojitz Corporation on 1 April 2004. Their holding company had been formed on 1 April 2003, also cited as Sojitz’s establishment date. The account records the Sojitz Holdings name from July 2004 and a further merger on 1 October 2005 producing Sojitz Corporation, but its description of the holding-company names is not fully clear.
Shipping operations included Dojima Marine, News Maritime and Sojitz Marine & Engineering.
Japan, Tokyo.
Sojitz Marine & Engineering, or SOMEC, resulted from the April 2004 merger of Nissho Iwai Marine with News Maritime.
Japan, Tokyo.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Founded by Charles Hufflett, the company was registered on 22 July 1980 as Solander Fisheries (1987) Ltd. and struck off on 3 April 2008. Its 2,000 shares were held by R.H. Potton and Solander Maritime, 800 each, and Talley’s Group, 400. Solander Blue Fin Tuna continued trading. Later registers also list Solander Group and Solander Pacific as managers. Solander participated in the New Zealand-Japan Tuna joint venture.
New Zealand, Nelson.
Lore’s November 2012 funnel has red, rather than orange, at the top of the circular logo.
An undated poor-quality stern-angle view of Lore distorts the circle and shows its upper colour as yellow or possibly orange. The outline and internal lines appear black or funnel blue, perhaps edged white, unlike the white lines in S1641. One line also has a different angle. Rosanoski suggests a possible early experiment with the logo.
Courbet carries the logo low on the funnel, apparently using the circular plate. The upper part is orange, as in the company logo.
Lore had a plain blue funnel in January 2007, a Grandi logo by July and the current logo recorded in August 2011. Courbet’s December 2008 funnel was blue with a black top and a grey circle at the base. Solar’s logo was added to that circle between late May and late August 2009; the circle may have been a plate bearing an earlier logo.
Solar was formed in 2008; its managers described towage involvement from 2005 with Lore, registered to Eclipse Shipping & Towage. The connection with Grandi Chartering & Int. Trading is unclear: the management may have been the same or formerly part of Grandi. Equasis instead records Lore’s completion in October 2006 and these managers from July 2009.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The company website’s model of Tyrusland shows the funnel design: Svenska Orient’s three gold crowns on a blue circle, combined with bands also appearing in the Niver Lines flag logo.
Photographs of Tyrsuland and Vegaland show a different rendering. Blue shades are uncertain; a closer Vegaland view seems to show the funnel top and upper band in one shade, a slightly darker lower band, and an intermediate-blue central circle.
Elias Granqvist reported finding no information on a SolNiver house flag in March 2001.
SolNiver began operations in 2000 as a venture between Svenska Orient Line and Greece-based Scan Orient Shipping, a Niver Lines subsidiary. SOL held 60%. An announcement effective on 1 September 2006 stated that Svenska OrientLinien would take over the services and restore its traditional name; the source also records SOL’s deregistration following purchase in 2003.
Sweden, Göteborg.
Formed in 1964 and first listed under Johannes Solstad, the business later appeared as Solstad Shipping. Its operating subsidiaries included Solstad Ship Management, formed in 1988, and Solstad Offshore, formed in 1992, both based in Skudeneshavn.
Nomis Shipping managed part of the fleet; Solstad in turn managed part of Montemar’s fleet. Early vessel names used Sol as a prefix, replaced in the mid-1970s by Normand.
Norway, Skudeneshavn.
Clipper Posh’s December 2004 photograph records this funnel; letters had been added by March 2010.
Clipper Neptun and Clipper Moon provide starboard and port views. The blue appears lighter in a photograph of Clipperr Skagen.
The ships apparently used Brødene Olsen colours while under its operation.
Solvang was formed on 24 October 1936, receiving Kongsgaard in August 1937, and became involved in liquid petroleum gas, petrochemical gas and car transport. Initially under Alf Gowart-Olsen and Brødene Olsen, it demerged in April 1983 when Skips A.S. Activ took 49% of the assets. A. Gowart-Olsen & Co. gave way as managers to C. Gowart-Olsen & Co. in 1985. In July 1987 Arild Ertvaag became manager and ship management passed to Clipper Shipping, controlled by Inge Steensland, who acquired 64% of Solvang in February 1989. Clipper merged into Solvang in 1992; the name became Solvang ASA on 1 June 2000.
In 2008 Solvang formed International Gas Carriers with Neu Gas Shipping and Eitzen Solvang Ethylene with Eitzen Gas, formalising their cooperation in marketing ethylene vessels. A later source records Solvang Ethylene as a venture with Greenship Holdings.
Norway, Stavanger.
The company website supplies the flag. Ivan Sache’s FOTW rendering uses bright blue. Rosanoski compares its format with Nüsse’s Unidentified 25, which has narrower bands and a much darker, almost black colour; this is a comparison, not an established identification.
Julio Blanc Arenas and his son Julio Blanc Barrios left Warrants Gomez & Cia Ltda. to operate its shipping department independently. They began at San Antonio as agents and stevedores and later also undertook chartering and cruise/ferry services.
Chile, Santiago.
Somarsal was a subsidiary of the French Bourbon Maritime group.
Mayotte.
Alrar photographs show Arabic script above the symbol and small black sonatrach lettering below it.
Sonatrach, also listed as SOPEFAL, was founded on 31 December 1963 as Algeria’s national hydrocarbon transport and marketing company. Its first pipeline followed in 1964 and first LPG tanker in 1971. Restructuring in 1980–1985 created seventeen companies, followed by expansion through Algerian-based partnerships, including foreign partners. Sonatrach Petroleum Corporation was formed in 1989 in London; registers subsequently place the Algerian company beneath it. Later gas-carrier, marine and overseas-transport companies appear under Norbulk management.
Hyproc Shipping became wholly owned in October 1997.
Algeria, Algiers; also UK, London.
The lettering is unclear, possibly an s and combined gik; Rosanoski cannot explain the g or equivalent form.
Isidore Kouvelos and the Ventouri family formed Sougerka in 1976. By 1998 it undertook chartering, trading and ship management; Kouvelos then left to form ISK Shipping. Later records still list Sougerka as an agent.
Greece, Piraeus, care of D.G. Ventouris, later described as chairman.
The earlier Souter design in Lloyds 1912 is similar to the livery Talbot-Booth 1936 attributes only to Souter.
Brown 1951 places the sheaf directly on a black funnel without the band. Rosanoski regards this as probably incorrect.
The National Maritime Museum flag, dated about 1951, measures 914.4 by 1346.2 mm. Its printed sheaf is white with a scalloped yellow top edge and a red fiery interior. An upward-indented blue band separates the base, where a yellow vertical band and blue tie lie between two curved red bands on white.
Merchant Ships 1942 indicates that the entire Souter fleet used the flag, shown there as square. Sheaf Holme’s black-and-white photograph confirms a very broad funnel band, indicated as light blue.
W.A. Souter, later Sir William Souter, established Sheaf Steam Shipping in 1906 for Sheaf Field and Sheaf Arrow Steam Shipping in 1911. The latter took both companies’ assets in 1914 and resumed the Sheaf Steam Shipping name. Souter also apparently formed Hepburn Steamship in 1935. Sheaf and its Bamburgh subsidiary were sold to Ben Line in 1976. Burmeister & Wain’s proposed purchase of the agency, management and forwarding assets in 1977 apparently led to the Souter Hamlet name. It became Souter Shipping in 1981, later belonged to Overseas Shipholding Group, and became OSG Ship Management (UK) in 2001.
Associated operations included Hebburn Steamship, whose Hylton recalled South Hylton where the founder had lived; Bamburgh; Moorgate Investment & Agency; Sheaf Navigation; and Sheaf Steam Shipping. Souter managed part of Overseas Shipholding Group’s fleet and had an interest in Wallsend Shipping.
UK, Newcastle.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Sheaf Steam Shipping took its name from the river in Souter’s home city of Sheffield, although based in Newcastle. It held 51% of Bamburgh, included in the 1976 sale to Ben Line. Souter operated it before the registers later placed it under Wm. Thomson & Co.
UK, Newcastle.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mitchell’s funnel illustration differs from his line drawings of Table Bay, Tanganjika and Oranjeland, which show yellow funnels with a five-band red-and-white marking.
The company is recorded in the 1950s and again after an omission from Lloyds 1958–1959. On resumption its vessel names first used Bay as the second word, then the suffix land. South African Marine Corporation acquired it in 1973.
South Africa, Cape Town.
The flag is a white swallowtail with a light-orange cross bordered blue, centred when the tails are disregarded. Rosanoski says most sources show an ordinary, untapered swallowtail. Red or yellow crosses in other publications are attributed to printing limitations; Brown 1995’s omission of the white funnel band is suspect. The funnel’s white band varied in width. Safmarine Concord in August 2003 confirms the funnel without a black top.
The fleet commodore used a true pennant, recorded as 2.95 m by 1 m.
Mike Oettle describes an orange Scandinavian cross bordered blue, reflecting the orange, white and blue associated with the former government. Safmarine Agencies registered a flag with the Bureau of Heraldry on 3 September 1969: “Argent a cross Tenne bordered Azure.”
The company website places the cross centre nearer the hoist. A partly obscured photograph of a small actual flag supports the colours and suggests little or no taper.
Safmarine Lualaba and Safmarine Zambezi show the same design on opposite funnel sides; Zambezi flies the Maersk flag. Safmarine Amazon encloses the flag in a circle on a narrow funnel, whereas Safmarine Concord has a horizontal oval and longer flag on a wider funnel. Some vessels have black tops. Safmarine Agulhas shows lighter, Maersk-style blue.
SafBulk used this funnel for general service and the later tanker fleet; the white band frequently varied in width.
Elsewhere the source assigns the same illustration number to Skukuza Shipping Corporation, not otherwise located; that conflicting label is not silently resolved.
The chart attributes this funnel to ConsolidatedOperations, not otherwise located by Rosanoski.
This funnel is attributed to Marian Corporation, not otherwise located.
SafBank used S1087 on vessels bearing Bank Line names and S1088 on those with other names.
The group chart assigns this funnel to an initial period of Southern Seas Shipping, which Rosanoski could not locate independently.
Mitchell assigns this funnel to Universal Bulk Carriers under Safmarine management and associates Universal Reefers and Monsone Reefers. It also appears without explanation on the South African Marine Corporation card.
The chart attributes this funnel to Vectis Shipping Corporation, possibly the 1986 name company Vectis International Shipping Corporation; the identity is uncertain.
Tankers under Safecover or Savcover apparently used a common design distinguished by the initial of the vessel’s name, as in the Kudu Tanker Corporation example.
Other source-only labels concern Thoresen, Koberg and Sakumbi. Koberg is supported by Mitchell as domiciled in Monrovia; the companies otherwise remained unlocated. Chartered vessels used their owners’ funnel colours.
Safmarine was founded on 21 June 1946 through Henry Mercer of States Marine Lines and South African industrialist Dr. Henrik van der Bijl. The chartered Sharon Victory reached Cape Town that August; the first owned vessel, Constantia, sailed in September 1947, and the first newbuilding, South African Merchant, was launched in December 1954. Anglo-American and Anglo-Transvaal investment brought 60% South African equity in 1947. The account nevertheless describes the American shareholders as the majority when selling in 1959, when the Industrial Development Corporation gained control. Springbok Shipping was acquired in 1961.
An exchange of the Thesens holding brought an interest in Unicorn in February 1967. Old Mutual replaced the Industrial Development Corporation investment in 1983, although another source dates sale of the government’s 50% to 1984. Merger with Rennies in July 1984 formed Safren, operative and listed in December. British & Commonwealth’s holding was reduced to 21% in 1983 and later recorded as 9% in Safren; Bidvest’s acquisition of Rennies brought a 17.3% interest. The unsuccessful leisure venture included Astor II from 1983 to October 1988.
The Belgian liner interests developed through CMB Transport and Safmarine & CMBT Lines. Accounts disagree: a 49% share is dated to 1991, another gives 50% in 1995; one register sequence gives 74% in 1995 and the remainder in 1998, while another account gives full ownership in 1996. The 1996 merger and later Safmarine Container Lines name are recorded, with further inconsistent acquisition dates in the source. A.P. Möller acquired the liner interests and Safmarine name in 1999, with June management control and an August announcement that the traditional name and logo would remain separately marketed. Enterprises Shipping & Trading of the Restis Group acquired the other operation in September 1999.
Operating companies included CMB Transport, Safman Shipping in the Isle of Man, Safmarine Ship Management in Cape Town and Sounion Management in Grand Cayman. Rondeau Holdings was established in July 1989 for offshore and non-liner interests, resolving liquidation in 2000. South African Lines was acquired in 1973. Thesen’s Steamship was bought in December 1966 and sold to Unicorn in January 1967. British & Commonwealth and Safmarine combined operations as International Liner Services in October 1973.
Group funnel records also name Exmar Lux, Kulan, Progress Carriers and Stephanotis. Rosanoski found no further Safmarine connection for Exmar Lux or Progress Carriers. Kulan’s vessels were sold in 1998. Tankers apparently operated as separate one-ship companies through Safecover or Safcover (London).
Other interests included Globus, acquired in 1972; London Ship Managers with De Nadai from 1992 until Safmarine’s withdrawal in 1999; Pentlow Marine with Murray & Roberts, sold to Smit in 1999; and the Safari vessel-sharing agreement. SafBank, with Bank Line, became wholly owned effective on 1 January 2001 and adopted the Safmarine trading name. Joint ventures included Safocean with Royal Interocean Lines, SafOre with Iscor, UniSaf with United Thai, and Unifeeder with Grindrod from 2002. The Unicorn holding and Unicool interest were sold in 1999. Universal Bulk Carriers, managed by Safmarine, was associated with Universal Reefers and Monsone Reefers.
Universal Reefers was formed in December 1995 with Unifruco and Outspan. Another account describes a Safmarine subsidiary becoming a Capespan venture until a Safmarine sale in 1996, later trading as Cape Reefers and apparently chartering vessels in their owners’ markings. That 1996 date is retained alongside the differing sale chronology.
South Africa, Cape Town.
Originally called American Palmetto Line, the company also appeared as South Atlantic Mail Line and South Atlantic Steamship Co. It seems to have operated scheduled transatlantic and coastwise services from the southern United States from the late 1920s into at least the early 1950s. By Lloyds 1958–1959 it had merged into United States Lines.
USA, Savannah, Georgia.
A photograph of Nanning documents this funnel.
SCT’s website dates incorporation to May 1987 as a venture of PSA Marine, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Tokyo Kisen. Lloyds instead gives formation in 1990 and names SembCorp Logistics with the same Japanese partners. It appears as managers and later owners.
China, Hong Kong.
Ngon Shuen and Lai Wan, managed for Hong Kong’s Environmental Protection Department, document the funnel. Rosanoski corrects the Lai Wan photograph’s attribution to Sita Waste Services. The marking is also just visible on North Lantau, owned through a name company. The design is mirrored on the starboard side so that the short ends of the bands face forward on both sides.
SCTL began as Bright Paradise on 13 August 1992, became South China WMI Transfer in October and South China Transfer on 3 August 2001 according to the cited company record. That account also repeats the WMI name for a March 1996 change without explaining the difference. Lloyds instead dates formation to 1996 and the later name to 2006.
China, Hong Kong.
Lloyds dates formation to 1912. Another account begins with South Coast Sand & Ballast in 1946, gives the Zinal Steamship name from 1950 and South Coast Shipping from 1956, under Burness in association with Wm. Cory. Rosanoski points out that Lloyds lists South Coast and Zinal separately, so this succession is uncertain. A merger with Ready Mixed Concrete is placed in an unspecified year of the 1980s; the name changed to RMC Marine in 2002.
UK, Southampton.
The flag is red with narrow white horizontal bands towards top and bottom. Between them is a white rectangle bearing blue SEGB lettering. The black funnel has a broad band reproducing the flag. Brown 1958 omits the colour from the upper and lower red funnel bands and indexes the livery under A.G. Gostelow.
The Board appears in shipowner lists of the 1960s and 1970s. Its fleet managers were A.G. Gostelow and later D.K. Jacobs, both based in London.
UK, London.
Lloyds and the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce sheet show the initials without dots at the base, with a vertical white anchor above.
Griffin’s illustration shows dark blue with white, unserifed S.E.R initials and two dots. The modern Scran rendering has three dots. Rosanoski corrects the cited edition to Griffin 1895, third edition.
The anchorless flag appears with dots after the letters in Griffin 1883 and Merchant Fleets’ verbal description, but without dots on that book’s back cover and the postcard variant drawn by António Martins-Tuválkin.
Albert Victor’s 1887 photograph provides an exception to the usual S1411 funnel, showing S1412 instead.
The SER operated from 1836 to 1922 and joined the Southern Railway Group on 1 January 1923. It bought Folkestone harbour in May 1843 for cross-Channel packets, initially contracting New Commercial Steam Packet. Dissatisfied but lacking parliamentary powers to own steamships, it formed South Eastern & Continental Steam Packet in August 1845. Powers granted in 1853 allowed takeover of that fleet on 1 January 1854. From 1 January 1899 its shipping services and those of London, Chatham & Dover were jointly operated and managed through the South-Eastern & Chatham committee, while ownership remained separate.
UK, London.
The letters form a bow-on view of a ship.
SISCO was formed on 22 January 1964, apparently for bulk carriage. Original shareholders included P&O Orient, Anglo Norness and the public. In 1991 it proposed manning Essar vessels; Essar Sisco Ship Management was incorporated on 29 October 1992. Purchase is variously dated to 1991 or 1992, with gradual absorption completed in 1996, effective on 1 April.
India, Madras, later listed as Chennai.
Giljanes left survey drydock at Lyttelton on 9 April 1990 with differing starboard and port funnels, respectively S1202 and S1203. The skipper said both should have retained the original design, presumably S1201, and called the differences painters’ mistakes. They appeared unchanged in February 1992.
A black-and-white photograph while laid up at Timaru shows a final change of marking.
A consortium of Otakou Fisheries, Wilson Neill Exports, Globe Export Fisheries, Kenton Trawling and Deep Cove Fisheries is recorded forming the company in 1987, although incorporation is dated to 23 August 1983. It operated Giljanes in 1987–1995. A report says trading ceased in December 1990, while liquidation is recorded from June to November 2000; these dates describe differing accounts rather than a resolved chronology.
New Zealand, Dunedin; later Timaru.
The company acquired Capitaine Cook in 1969 and merged into Sofrana-Unilines in 1973; that year’s Lloyds places the vessel under Société Française de Navigation.
New Caledonia, Noumea; Mitchell instead gives Nukualofa.
NJK assigns this funnel to Babinda.
NJK assigns S1098 to Taranui, whereas The Log gives S597 for the vessel in 1960–1971.
The company operated Babinda and Taranui, sold in 1962 and 1971 respectively. The source gives Babinda’s purchase as June 1995, incompatible with this chronology; no corrected year is inferred. NJK recalled an Australian owner named Uren, but qualified this as memory.
Fiji, Suva.
Rangitikei carried this funnel at Lyttelton in May 1992. Advice of a later change came from Australia around 1993.
The photographed flag is yellow with a narrow blue border and an unusual SPS design, the two S forms lying horizontally. Its proportions are about 1:2.5. Ranginui’s February 1997 funnel has a more compact emblem than the flag; emblem placement varied, sometimes nearer the lower band. Rosanoski suggests a possible intention to evoke a Maori design, without establishing it.
The Log shows the flag as an ordinary rectangle with blue bands only at top and bottom and the funnel without a black top. Rosanoski questions the proportions: the original observer later explained that the flag had been wrapped round a halliard with only occasional movement. Wellington Express in May 1997 carried the borderless-at-hoist-and-fly version as a band below its Tasman Express markings under a slot-charter agreement.
Photographs of the later ships indicate that the company livery was no longer applied.
James Dignan compared the koru-like design with Air New Zealand’s and wondered about a connection; neither that relationship nor significance of the three colours was established.
South Pacific Shipping was formed on 28 January 1992 for container services in the Pacific Islands and principally the trans-Tasman trade. It chartered up to eleven German-owned cargo vessels, eight linked to dominant shareholder and director Klaus Löwer through overseas owning companies. Continued losses led to liquidation in February 1998, completed in October 2008. A cited court report subsequently held Löwer personally responsible for reckless trading. Later Lloyds editions still listed the company beneath Hanse Bereederungs before omitting it in December 2008.
Its relationship with New Zealand Coaster Services is uncertain: described as a subsidiary by The Log, it may instead have been a sister company with the same shareholders. NZCS acted as agent; after its demise its sole vessel passed under SPS.
New Zealand, Christchurch.
The funnel had a maroon top, interpreted as deep red comparable to Latvia’s flag. Earlier black-and-white photographs show a white funnel and dark top without revealing a band.
Monowai’s April 1985 photograph shows a less dark red.
After the 1988 identity change, red replaced maroon and a golden logo was adopted. The May 1989 Bluff Portsider records the change for Monowai and Hauroko.
Later practice is unclear. Awanui arrived from Northland Port Corporation in 2000 apparently retaining its yellow funnel and narrow blue band, but photographs vary between orange, yellow and dark pinkish tones, with black or blue bands. After renaming as Hauroko, the gold South Port logo appears on white superstructure. Rosanoski had no later photographs to establish the current funnel.
Bluff Harbour Board began operations in 1877. The Southland Harbour Board name is given from 1952 by one source, but Awarua’s registration points to 1959. South Port New Zealand was incorporated on 3 October 1988.
The source records Southland Regional Council holding 69.21% of Port of Bluff Ltd.
New Zealand, Bluff.
A blue ring encloses a blue lakatoi above a double S or bollard-like symbol, with the second form reversed and both joined at the top.
South Seas Towage was a venture between Howard Smith Industries and Burns Philp Shipping Holdings, appearing under Howard Smith management in the 1980s and later as a Burns Philp operating company. Lloyds’ 1999 formation date is questioned because of those earlier records. Ratu Rabici, who died in September 2011, was a part-owner; Svitzer was also a shareholder.
Australia, Sydney; later Fiji, Suva.
The flag is white with a narrow red cross and an overall red ring enclosing a white circle bearing S; the quarters contain STCL. The letter colours are not specified. Rosanoski guesses blue from indistinct black-and-white hatchings, but explicitly allows black or red as equally plausible alternatives.
Formed in 1912, South Taranaki traded until road and rail competition made its service uneconomic in the late 1950s. Its last vessel, Foxton, was disposed of in 1959. Earlier registers place the company under F.W. Grainger.
New Zealand, Patea.
UK, Cardiff.
The funnel was silver.
Renton Hardware, also interested in North Westland Shipping, and Perry & Co. formed South Westland Shipping in the 1920s with other shareholders, including South Westland residents. Its last vessel, Hauiti, was wrecked in April 1954.
New Zealand, Hokitika.
The flag is white with a blue-green, or teal, horizontal band interrupted by a white panel bearing a blue S. No funnel is given.
Formed in 1994, Southamerican Shipping appears as agent for a one-ship company in Lloyds 1998, but not in the 2000 edition.
Greece, Athens.
The flag is quartered diagonally: white above, green at the fly, red below and blue at the hoist. Its colours commemorate Sapphire, Emerald, Ruby and Pearl, the four steamers in the merged fleet of 1861.
Packet funnels were buff; excursion steamers used white, said to begin with Balmoral 1 in 1900, although two earlier sources already show white and may be printing errors. Black tops were added to excursion funnels in 1930 and throughout the fleet in 1931. Buff gave way to white in 1932 to distinguish the ships from Southern Railway’s buff-funnelled steamers.
Red with a black top became universal in 1936 to distinguish the vessels from James Dredging & Contracting ships, giving the Red Funnel name. Merchant Ships instead dates the buff-to-red change to the 1935 silver jubilee. The Bournemouth vessels had earlier retained red and black until the First World War before reverting to packet livery. Coastal Ships calls the red dark, while photographs look a normal shade. Yellow replacing the flag’s red lower quarter in several books is identified as erroneous.
This is presumably the Solent logo. Its colours and direction vary between photographs and positions on vessels. Norris Castle’s port view shows reversed colours and the point forward; its starboard view is mirrored to point forward as well. Cowes Castle has the S40 funnel, with differing logo directions on hull and forward superstructure. Double-ended Netley Castle’s narrow funnels lack the logo, which appears on the side and superstructure with its point to the viewer’s right. Rosanoski notes that port/starboard interpretation and consistent direction are not straightforward.
A logo was introduced for hydrofoils in 1969, the Solent logo in 1991, and a new funnel-based logo in 1994 with the Raptor-class ferries. The last appears on Red Eagle’s superstructure.
The Red Funnel concern grew from packet services begun in the 1820s. George Ward and William Fitzhugh founded the Isle Of Wight Royal Mail Steam Packet Company at Cowes in 1820; Southampton established a competing company in 1826. Cooperation began in 1827, although the source’s common-timetable date of 1928 is inconsistent with the sequence. Competition from the Southhampton, Isle of Wight & Portsmouth Improved Steamboat Company prompted union on 10 September 1861; its assets were bought in 1865.
The company acquired Cowes Floating Bridge in 1868, retaining it until compulsory council acquisition in 1901, and entered towage by buying New Southampton Steam Towing in 1885. Accounts give Bournemouth acquisitions in 1908 and 1912, with differing company names. Cosens was acquired in 1946.
Associated British Ports acquired Red Funnel in 1989. Sale to J.P. Morgan is dated to 2001 by the website but 2000 by Lloyds. Towage was sold to Adsteam in 2002 to concentrate on ferries and road transport. A management buy-out with Bank of Scotland followed in May 2004, and Infracapital Partners acquired the business in June 2007.
UK, Southampton.
The flag is divided vertically red and blue by a line forming an angled point towards the hoist. White SCS letters run vertically on red, and five white Southern Cross stars occupy the blue. Loughran makes the stars equal in size. A funnel band was added to the basic Hetherington & Kingsbury livery; it is unclear whether the whole flag or only the constellation was painted on the superstructure.
Southern Cross chartered Lemana in the late 1960s.
Australia, Sydney; alternatively Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.
Southern Star was recorded in September 1966 with a black funnel, a broad white band and a stylised blue S. No flag was noted.
The company is recorded in Lloyds 1963–1964; associated Bacong Shipping used its address.
Philippines, Manila.
No separate flag is given for this funnel variant; Rosanoski assumes the company flag applies.
Southern Line appears in registers from the 1950s to 1980. It operated vessels for the Government of British Indian Ocean Territories and Eastern Africa National Shipping Line, also acting as agent for the latter.
Kenya, Mombasa.
The funnel carries a white flag-like device with black S.O.T. letters descending diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly. Rosanoski suggests a possible house flag, but stresses that the source does not establish its existence independently of the funnel design.
The company imported three Saxon-prefixed trawlers in 1975, operating through Saxon Marine Services and Southern Ocean Trawlers. British United Trawlers initially held 49.9% and later a majority. The vessels worked the Great Australian Bight from 19 November 1977 to 28 May 1979.
Australia, Albany.
S716 represents an earlier funnel. National Geographic attributes S543 to Morgan Line. Lloyd Reedereiflaggen places the flag diamond close to the hoist and appears to show an untapered flag.
Morgan Line was the trading name of several Charles Morgan shipping enterprises. Beginning with cargo interests in 1819, he moved into owning and managing ships, establishing a New York–Charleston steam service in 1834 and concentrating on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean by 1838. After the Civil War he returned to New York–Gulf services. In 1853 a group headed by Morgan took over operation of Vanderbilt’s Nicaragua Transit concern and allied steamship lines.
Morgan combined substantial shipping, railway and port interests in the Louisiana and Texas Railroad and Steamship Company in 1877. After his death in 1878, his heirs sold control to Collis P. Huntington in 1882. The line entered the Southern Pacific organisation but retained its own name and flag, increasingly becoming known as Southern Pacific Steamship Company. Southern Pacific withdrew from ocean shipping early in the Second World War; the fleet was taken over by the US Navy in 1941–1942.
USA, New York.
Pera of Pera Shipping has an anchor between PS.
Theodosia of Canary Pacific has an anchor between CP.
Carso of Carso Shipping has an anchor between CS and a lighter blue.
Piemonte has a longer anchor with very small unreadable letters above the flukes, assumed to be BN for Buckley Navigation.
The group funnel used different letters for individual owning companies. This version is given as NN for Nemeo, although Rosanoski questions whether NS would match the Halkidon convention. The blue shade is unknown and only assumed darker.
Formed in 1947, Southern Shipping & Finance appears as an agency concern associated with Halkidon and acting for Nemeo and Terry Shipping.
UK, London.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Kedros Shipping became Halkidon Shipping in 1976. Const. Kambanis is named as managing director in the 1983 Greek Shipping Directory. Registers variously describe the company as operator, agent and manager.
Liberia, Monrovia; later Greece, Piraeus.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Southern Cross was recorded with this funnel at Hampton Roads in May 1975.
The company was a joint venture of S. Livanos and Niarchos.
Unknown.
The flag is blue with a white border and a white cross paty. A black-and-white photograph of Advara confirms the funnel.
Mitchell’s alternative drawing, on a Denholm Ship Management card, gives the cross as yellow.
SSL began trading as charterers in 1965, under William Charlick and formed with Broström. It participated with Australia West Pacific Line in Jumbo Line; direct shipping continued until that venture’s failure, and agency work ended in February 1984. Company-register records list several registrations and deregistrations under the name. Another record traces Anderson & Porter through a Southern Shipping Lines name and back, later through Charlick names to Kerry Logistics; the source does not reconcile these records into a single chronology.
Australia, Adelaide; Mitchell alternatively gives Singapore.
Westchester provides the recorded funnel evidence.
The company owned Westchester from 1961 to 1963 and appears under agents Peninsular Navigation.
USA, New York, NY.
Talbot-Booth gives a blue funnel diamond with a white S on a white band, compared with Brown’s black diamond. Rosanoski raises the possibility of a blue rather than black flag diamond, perhaps not extending throughout the field, but warns that funnel and flag shapes need not match because of funnel-width distortion. The superficially similar Southern States Line flag is a separate attribution.
Rosanoski distinguishes Philadelphia’s Southern Steamship from New Orleans-based Southern States Line, despite an earlier suggestion that they were related. Absence of a fleet list in Talbot-Booth suggests domestic trading to him, but does not establish it.
USA, Philadelphia.
Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 show the funnel under N.C. Watt.
Established in 1929, the company belonged to Lever Brothers and was operated by N.C. Watt. Its fleet was sold after the Second World War.
UK, London; also given as Liverpool.
Moises was seen at San Diego on 21 November 1971 with a blue funnel and a fairly broad red band. No flag was noted.
The company is recorded in Lloyds 1970–1971.
Philippines, Manila.
This flag was used occasionally. The source supplies no separate funnel, so its association is assumed.
The Soviet military took over Sächische-Böhmische Dampfschiffahrts operations on the Elbe in 1945. It continued until Deutscher Schiffahrts-und Umschlagbetriebe assumed all Elbe operations in 1950.
Germany [East], Dresden.
Spar Hydra in July 2012 and Spar Ruby in March 2006 show the shaded website logo, Hydra with a narrow black top and Ruby without. By April 2007 Ruby instead has a plain design in a deeper sky blue, apparently the usual rendering. Lighting prevents a reliable blue identification in the Spar Emerald photograph.
Helge Eide Knudsen’s Spar Kjøp textile business, founded in 1962, diversified its profits into shipping. Spar Shipping became a separate company in 1990, initially holding passive interests in limited partnerships. Dedicated staff followed in 1994, then disposal of minority interests in favour of wholly owned dry-bulk tonnage. The fleet later appears beneath Spar Shipholding, formed in 1997.
Norway, Kokstad; the company website gives Bergen.
Griffin shows the version with a dot while retaining the attribution A. Spartali & Co.
Spartali was a Greek import/export concern active in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Marseille, with headquarters in Smyrna in the later nineteenth century. The British arm failed in 1884. Michael and Nicholas Spartali are named among the 1867 principals, but the A initial in flag sources is not explained.
UK, Liverpool and London.
Zenobia Martini’s May 1965 funnel was first recorded as yellow, then amended to basically orange. It has a very narrow black top and a white ring enclosing a stylised white M. No flag was noted.
Also known as Spimar, the company appears in registers of the 1960s and 1970s. Compagnia Italiana Commerciale Marittime Terrestri managed one vessel.
Italy, Genoa.
The flag is white with a blue saltire bearing five red stars.
Four one-ship companies formed Spencer’s Gulf in July 1876. It amalgamated with Adelaide Steamship in December 1882; most major investors already held shares in both.
Australia, Adelaide.
North Hills was recorded in September 1966 with a black funnel and a broad red band bearing two narrow vertical bands. Their colour is not specified; no flag was noted.
The company appears in Lloyds 1966–1967 and 1970–1971.
USA, New York, NY.
Eerbeek’s black-and-white photograph appears to show a very narrow black funnel top.
Brown outlines the funnel panel in black, but a Wellington sighting of Levantgracht in March 1997 shows white edging.
Nüsse supplies a table flag with a squarish S; the source notes variation in the letter’s shape.
A port-side photograph of Kraftca supplies this funnel.
Scheldegracht’s May 2007 photograph has the blue triangle on the left rather than the right. Quoted observers attribute such reversed marks to shipyard or repainting mistakes, also recalling Stadiongracht, Levantgracht, Pijlgracht, Palmgracht and some B-types. Stadiongracht was reportedly corrected later; the comments differ over how many remained.
Traveller has a plain blue funnel, small and high above the vessel, with the company logo instead on the white superstructure.
Mitchell also gives a Transpulp Shipping funnel under source reference T641, without identifying a vessel.
Founded in 1921 and also listed as Spliethoff Agency & Forwarding, the group includes BigLift for heavy lift, Sevenstar for yacht transport, Wijne Barends for short-sea shipping and Transfennica for liner services.
Bermuda Container Line Nederland began as Holland Ship Management in 1986 and changed name in 1991. BigLift followed the 2000 renaming of Mammoet Shipping, in which a majority had been acquired in January 1995. A 13% Wijne & Barends interest became full control in July 2003. Other operations included Rederij C.T. Drent & Zoon, De Koning Gans and the Bridge Shipping service.
Netherlands, Amsterdam.
Mitchell uses a lighter blue for the Obalna Plovidba funnel and dark blue under Splitska. US Navy attributes this version to Obalna Plovidba.
Jadro photographs show two small red squares inside the ring, a grey band below thicker than the blue above, and a narrow black ring at the funnel top.
The house flag is white, about 30 by 60 cm, with two thin horizontal stripes through the middle: pale blue below and dark blue above. The upper stripe curls into a circular wave near the hoist, enclosing two red squares.
The Split Maritime Museum also holds a triangular table flag. Its lower stripe is silver-grey, the curl is separated from the continuing stripe, and the triangular base carries italic dark-blue SPLITSKA PLOVIDBA d.d. lettering, edged white where it crosses the stripes.
The company was established in 1949 as Oblasno brodarsko poduzeće Split, renamed Obalna plovidba in 1951 and Splitska plovidba in 1981 according to Željko Heimer; Lloyds gives 1982 for the final change. It was controlled by the Croatian government. The fleet was transferred to Cement Transport & Shipping and managed by Splitska in the early 1990s, then recorded back under Splitska by 1996–1997.
Yugoslavia, Split; later Croatia, Split.
Korotan confirms both funnel and flag in February 1963.
Nüsse supplies the table-flag variants. The red star was removed after independence in 1991.
Slavnik’s March 2013 port-side photograph supports the funnel, also recorded by Mitchell.
Nova Gorcia’s July 2013 port-side photograph provides this funnel.
Established on 22 October 1954 with ships from Jugolslavenska Linijska Plovidba, the company is also known as General Shipping or Splošna Plovba, International Shipping & Chartering. The Piran suffix was dropped in 1989. Group companies included Genshipping Corporation in Liberia, founded in 1981, Genshipping Pacific Line in Singapore and Lucija Shipping in the Marshall Islands, formed in 2003.
The source records Slovenian government control in 1998 but a Croatian government attribution in Lloyds 2008, without resolving the discrepancy. Singapore regional headquarters are dated to 1992 after independence; Lloyds instead gives Genshipping Pacific’s formation as 1993.
Yugoslavia, Piran and later Portoroz; subsequently Slovenia, Portoroz.
The FOTW rendering follows the New York private-signals chart in spacing the letters apart. Manning instead groups them at the centre.
Paul N. Spofford and Thomas Tileston formed the business in 1819 as commission agents, later becoming agents for New York–Boston sloops, charterers and finally owners. Southerner and Northerner began coastwise steam service in 1846 and 1847. A Liverpool service followed in 1852. Another account places the New York–Charleston packet service by 1845; Manning’s flag label also indicates West Indies service.
USA, New York.
Rosanoski considers this funnel suspect.
C.H. Sprague & Son operated the company. The cited FOTW account describes it as managing government-owned ships under American Republics Line for US–South America services in the 1930s, while Rosanoski notes that those ships were operated by Moore-McCormack. Registers record the Sprague concern from 1937 into the 1950s.
USA, Boston.
USA, New York.
Ocean Ranger carried a yellow or buff funnel with a black top. The record associates it with Theodoros L. Teryazos. No flag was noted.
Springville is recorded in the 1960s with Ocean Freighting & Brokerage and later Norland Shipping & Trading as agents.
USA, New York, NY.
Northica’s May 2005 photograph documents the funnel.
Founded in 1993 as Söderköpings Rederi, after its original town, the company became Srab Shipping in 1997 as its operations grew more international; shares were offered in Stockholm that June. Lloyds instead gives a 1998 start date, despite earlier register entries.
The website fleet included Arctica under Ivar Lundh, Skagica, claimed as owned by Srab although Lloyds placed it under C.H. Sorensen & Sonner, and Northica. Register placement under EBS Management in 2005 is identified as erroneous by Rosanoski.
Sweden, Stockholm.
Formed in 1897, St. Andrew’s was acquired by Boston Deep Sea Fisheries in 1939 and continued as a subsidiary. Registers name Basil A. Parkes and, for one period, Sir Fred Parkes among the operators.
UK, Hull.
Stewart and Brown show an ornate S, clearly recognisable in Stewart but resembling an 8 with gaps at top and bottom in Brown. Ocean Ships instead gives apparently plain white SA letters.
Mitchell’s alternative, indicated as sighted in Glasgow in January 1965, does not mention letters on the shield.
The company was operated by J. & J. Denholm (Management), later Denholm Ship Management, in the registers of 1958–1973.
UK, Glasgow.
The flag is red with a white diamond; no funnel was noted.
UK.
The company was founded at Liverpool in 1821 or 1822, with much capital from Cork, where headquarters moved in 1825. One account gives renaming as City of Cork Steamship in 1843; others give reconstruction as Cork Steamship in 1844. Its first launch is dated to 1822, conflicting with Loughran’s mid-nineteenth-century account. It is also identified as a predecessor of British & Continental Steam Ship.
UK, Hull, as given by Loughran.
Nüsse’s table flag is red with a blue triangle extending from the hoist throughout the field and a grey dolphin swimming towards the hoist. Swiss-Ships reverses the design and attributes it to Suisse-Outremer. The apparent sleeve in Nüsse’s example is uneven and may have been improvised by folding back an edge, so Rosanoski cannot establish which orientation or company attribution is correct.
No shared use inferred from ownership or operation.
Mitchell’s funnel labelled S1358 in the prose is not based on his only named vessel, Bernina: her drawing and photographs instead show a plain blue funnel. Another photographed funnel, S1369, is assumed to belong to operator Suisse-Outremer.
St. Gotthard began with Calanca in 1962 and sold its last two vessels in 1988. It belonged to Baron H.H. Thyssen-Bornemisza and was operated by Suisse-Outremer. Castagnola is described as his first US-flag vessel.
Switzerland, Chur.
The creature has a lion’s upper body joined to a fish’s tail and holds a crown.
The company is recorded in 1985–1986 under Curnow Shipping management.
UK, Helston.
Esperence was recorded in January 1967 with a black funnel and broad green band. Rosanoski could not locate the vessel in Lloyds; no flag was noted.
The company appears in the 1960s under agents Galbraith Pembroke & Co.
UK, London.
St. Lawrence carried a blue funnel with a narrow black top and broad white band, bearing a red K above a smaller, undefined red O. The livery is associated with Olga Konow. No flag was noted.
The company appears in Lloyds 1966–1967.
USA, New York, NY.
The Collectors Corner cap badge shows a swallowtail divided vertically, blue at the hoist for one-third of the field and yellow for the remainder, with black scissors overall. It resembles Waxholm’s flag with reversed field colours and a new canting emblem: sax or saxen means scissors in Swedish.
After Saxaren was wrecked and declared a total loss in May 1964, Staffan E. Lindhé and Hans Johansson bought and restored it. Lindhé became sole owner in May 1966 and resumed ferry operation, later adding Sagan. Saxaren was sold in 1972; Sagan remained under Rederi A/B Saxaren until about the end of the 1980s. The company apparently continued afterwards without shipowning.
Sweden, Vallentuna; also Stockholm.
Mitchell probably based the funnel on his line drawings of Selskar and Wexford.
James J. Stafford became a shipowner in 1891, developing shipping alongside merchant, coal and stevedoring businesses at Wexford. The family was among its last major sailing-ship owners and maintained sail-making lofts on what became known as Stafford’s Quay. J.J. Stafford & Sons (Wexford) and the associated Wexford Steamship Company were organised in 1930, the latter beginning trade in 1931. Shipping and coal operations were subsequently moved towards New Ross.
The early steam and motor chronology differs between accounts. One gives a first motor ship in the 1890s; another a first steamship in 1904 and conversion from steam to motor in 1935. A further account dates the first steamships, Elsie Annie and J.V.J, to 1919. These dates are not reconciled.
Wexford Steamship became Wexford Steamships in 1938. It participated in wartime Irish Shipping management, held 1.75% of that company from its 1941 formation until transfer in October 1943, and managed Irish Hazel in 1945–1949. One account describes an early-1950s rename to Irish Motorships, but Talbot-Booth dates that company to 1943. Rosanoski instead suggests a 1952 vessel transfer, supported for Menapia by the ship index. Kerlogue is recorded remaining with Wexford until sale in 1958. Menapia’s final sale is variously dated to 1965, 1966 and 1970.
The later family group continued shipping, storage and fuel interests. Stafford Shipping Foynes was sold to D.F. Doyle in March 2007; stevedoring, warehousing and ship agency continued at New Ross.
Ireland, Dublin.
Crux’s June 2010 photograph shows very dark blue, almost black, comparable to the New Zealand flag in the same view. An accompanying note calls the top black, though Rosanoski sees the same blue. A January 2011 photograph shows an ordinary dark blue and no black top.
Western’s photograph shows a very dark-blue funnel base.
Stam managed Crux for Palmer Shipping following the April 2009 rename and Western for Dilato Navigation from September 2009.
Greece, Piraeus.
The US and British companies used the same livery. Cefalu’s black-and-white photograph confirms a plain V on the funnel.
FOTW describes the flag as blue-white-blue with a red V, including serifed variants. Rosanoski disputes some source-to-illustration references: Lloyds belongs with V140 rather than S351; Talbot-Booth with S351, and National Geographic is described in the commentary as V140.
Vaccaro Brothers began as a family banana-importing concern, chartering its first ship between Honduras and New Orleans in 1899. Post-war surplus purchases helped build a fleet of 35 ships by 1935. Passenger services to Mexico and the Caribbean began in 1924 and continued into the 1950s. The public company remained largely family-owned until sale to Castle & Cooke, which acquired 55% in 1964 and subsequently full ownership. The later operation is identified as Dole Ocean Cargo Express.
The source records Standard Navigation and Standard Fruit shipping entities under several flags. Merchant Ships dates a Standard Fruit & Steamship incorporation to 1934 and a change to Standard Navigation, whereas the narrative gives a 1923 public-company charter. Operations included Llanrumney, Morant, Seaboard, Erin and Ceiba. The Princess May connection for 1919–1930 is presumed, not firmly identified.
USA, New Orleans, Louisiana.
The earlier funnel matched Standard Oil of New York’s, with a somewhat similar flag. W.H. Berg provides photographic confirmation. The livery changed in the 1950s with use of Chevron branding.
The flag emblem is the red-white-blue chevron on a white disc. Loughran and Brown omit an outline to the chevron. Mitchell places the funnel under California Shipping. Joe McMillan’s suggestion that contemporary tankers flew a white flag with a newer chevron and black Chevron name is explicitly unconfirmed.
Rosanoski considers this similarly applicable to California Shipping and a forerunner of the later Chevron C112 colours; the relationship is inferred.
The company’s origins are traced to the 1879 Pico Canyon oil discovery and Pacific Coast Oil, formed on 10 September that year. Standard Oil of New Jersey acquired it in 1900; it remained separate until combination with Standard Oil (California) in 1906. Shipping began with Pacific Coast Oil in 1895 and Standard Oil in 1898. The 1911 trust dissolution made the California concern independent. Acquisition of Pacific Oil in 1926 led to reincorporation as Standard Oil of California, or SOCAL. Rosanoski distinguishes Pacific Oil from Pacific Coast Oil tentatively and notes conflicting accounts of the California names.
Caltex was formed with The Texas Co. in 1936. The partners also held interests in Bahrain Petroleum, California Arabian Standard Oil, later Aramco, and Nederlandsche Pacific Petroleum, later Caltex Pacific Indonesia. Signal Oil was acquired in 1947 and Standard Oil of Kentucky in 1961. Gulf’s acquisition is dated to early 1984 in one source and 1985 in another.
The Chevron name was adopted in 1984 according to the later company and Lloyds account; Thompson places it after the 1985 Gulf purchase. Rosanoski rejects earlier register claims of a 1984 California/Pacific merger. By 1980–1981 vessels had apparently moved under Chevron USA. Shipping subsidiaries included California Shipping, California Tanker, California Transport and Foreign Tankship. California Shipping and later Chevron Shipping operated the fleet. Talbot-Booth’s supposed control of Anglo-American and Standard Oil of New Jersey is identified as erroneous in the source; it also lists operation for Standard Oil of Indiana.
USA, San Franciso, California.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
California Shipping was formed in 1957 to consolidate the shipping subsidiaries, including California Tanker and California Transport. Lloyds dates its Chevron Shipping rename to 1965, while FOTW gives 1984; Rosanoski notes the conflict.
USA, San Francisco, California.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Brown shows California Tanker’s flag with a red field, a white-outlined chevron and CALSO lettering, with the L taller.
California Tanker appears in the 1950s and 1960s under California Shipping operation.
USA, Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
A related blue-field version has the white-outlined chevron and white CALSO letters, again with taller L. The Calso brand was used from 1946 to 1958 before replacement by Chevron.
Rosanoski considers the lettering more likely to indicate the managers. Stewart makes the funnel letters equal in height, which he doubts.
California Transport became Chevron Transport in 1965. It was operated by California Shipping, subsequently Chevron Shipping.
USA, Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
A red-white-blue three-bar chevron was adopted in 1931, drawing on the chevron’s association with rank and service. Later service-station branding streamlined the design; a 1969 identity programme produced two bold coloured strokes beneath Chevron.
The pre-war flag is diagonally divided red and blue with a white S. Brown’s S shape varies slightly, considered a printing issue. Talbot-Booth gives adoption in 1938, but earlier Brown editions already show it; Rosanoski suggests possible readoption after use of Standard Shipping’s flag. Esso derives phonetically from S.O. The purported California ownership does not establish a California flag attribution.
Standard Shipping’s flag is white with a red circle-and-stripe design and Standard superimposed. Talbot-Booth’s statement that a V had been added links it to Stanvac, but Rosanoski warns that the resulting colour arrangement differed. Continued wartime use of the earlier funnel may reflect vessels outside the joint venture, though this is not established.
The wartime sources continue to give the Standard Shipping funnel under the New Jersey company, before Esso colours appear in Brown 1951.
Jersey Standard was formed within the Standard Oil Trust in 1882, with a name change recorded in 1892. It became independent after the 1911 trust dissolution and adopted the Exxon Corporation name in 1972, while known internationally as Esso.
Accounts date control of Imperial Oil to 1887 or 1898. Anglo-American Oil was established for the British market in 1888, apparently separated in 1911 and acquired in 1930. Jersey took a Humble interest in 1919 and the balance in 1959. Other interests included Turkish, later Iraq, Petroleum from 1928, Iran Oil Participants, Aramco from 1948, and purchases of Monterrey and Honolulu Oil. The Asia-Pacific Standard-Vacuum venture with Socony-Vacuum began in 1933 and was dissolved in 1962.
The Pan-American Foreign fleet was absorbed in 1937. The source’s later succession notes identify Esso Petroleum as the most obvious post-war successor and point to Esso livery in Brown 1951, despite that book’s New York company label. Humble’s 1919 interest is called a majority in one account but 50% in another.
The international shipping network included American Petroleum, later Standard-Amerikaansche; Argentine petroleum transport, later under Esso; Oriental Tankers, renamed Oriental Trade & Transport in 1940; Société Auxiliare, taken over by Standard Française in 1939; and Waried, later Esso Tankschiff Reederei. The Venezuelan connection with Compañia de Petroleo Lago is tentative. Standard Transportation’s supposed 1938 Vacuum merger may confuse the New Jersey and New York organisations. Jersey also managed Keystone and Panama Transport vessels. Rosanoski rejects Talbot-Booth’s claim that Standard Oil of California controlled Jersey.
USA, New York.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Standard Shipping was created as a separate subsidiary in 1927 and reabsorbed as Jersey’s Marine Department in 1934 in the quoted account. Rosanoski’s commentary instead refers to reabsorption in 1933 in connection with the Stanvac venture and suggests that independent operations continued outside its Asia-Pacific region.
USA, New York.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Rosanoski considers Lloyd Reedereiflaggen’s S397 attribution confused by the shared New York domicile.
Brown attributes the flags to both Standard Oil and Standard Transportation in New York. The white flag with a blue S is treated by Rosanoski as a colour reversal in Brown 1926 and 1929, corrected in 1934 to blue with white S. Loughran and Talbot-Booth nevertheless associate continuation of the earlier livery with the merged company; the conflicting evidence is retained.
Lloyds’ early S has serifs, while later versions do not; its shape varies among sources. Rosanoski again questions Talbot-Booth’s Standard Shipping attribution and cites Loughran for continued use until 1944.
SOCONY was formed in 1882 and became independent in the 1911 Standard Oil break-up. It merged with Vacuum Oil in 1931 as Socony-Vacuum, later Mobil. Interests included Magnolia Petroleum, General Petroleum of California and White Eagle Oil and Refining, as well as Middle Eastern ventures including Aramco and Iranian Oil Participants. Shipping apparently operated through Standard Transportation, but Rosanoski cautions that Talbot-Booth confuses the New York and New Jersey companies and gives a differing 1938 Vacuum merger account.
USA, New York, NY.
The flag follows a circle-and-bar pattern with a superimposed name. The Stanvac version reverses earlier Standard colours to red lettering on a blue design and adds a V to the circle. Brown 1943 instead has red horizontal lines, changed to blue in 1951. Rosanoski disputes Loughran’s sequence and cautions that circular rings, rather than the elongated FOTW renderings, are shown in the sources.
The later form uses STANVAC without the V. The Dutch chart describes white with a blue disc interrupted by a white horizontal band, narrow blue stripes above and below, and red STANVAC. Sources assign this to Standard-Vacuum, Oriental Trade & Transport and the Dutch Tankvaart concern; Mitchell also gives its funnel to A-C Tankers. Inter-war and 1950s chronology differs between the sources and Rosanoski’s interpretation.
Stanvac combined Jersey Standard’s Asian production and refining with Socony-Vacuum’s marketing network in a 50/50 venture. The main account dates formation to 1933, while the quoted FOTW commentary gives 1931. It operated from East Africa to New Zealand and was dissolved in 1962 according to Exxon.
Van Uden’s tanker operation passed to Standard Vacuum in 1958 as Standard Vacuumvloot. Indonesian political conditions prompted transfer to a Panamanian company in 1959, renamed Standard Vacuum Petroleum Transport that May and Stanvac N.V. on 1 January 1960. Despite the reported 1962 dissolution, later registers still list Standard-Vacuum entities under Esso or Exxon, with Esso replacing Stanvac vessel names.
Related shipping entities were recorded in Singapore, Bermuda, The Hague and London. The Dutch Tankvaart company is presumed to succeed Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum. Oriental Trade & Transport, formerly Oriental Tankers, had most of its fleet under Standard-Vacuum Transportation by 1956–1957. A-C Tankers was later acquired by Niarchos and phased out as charters moved to World Tankers and ships were sold.
USA, New York.
Billmeir livery was used under that company’s control and appears to have continued during the intervening period before Townsend Thoresen ownership. Mitchell later shows a Townsend Thoresen funnel.
Founded by Jack Albert Billmeir & Co., Stanhope was acquired by George Nott Industries in 1964. Townsend Thoresen later acquired the company title, apparently in the 1980s, using it to register some European Ferries vessels. Subsequent managers were P&O European Ferries at Dover and Portsmouth; by 1992–1993 the fleet appeared under P&O Steam Navigation.
UK, London, later Dover.
Early sources show a silver funnel and flag band, sometimes with black letters. By 1942 Talbot-Booth noted the funnel’s change to white and also changed the flag band to white and its letters to blue. Harnack gives both versions in different sections. S380’s flag is based on the museum example, dated about 1951 and measuring 609.6 by 965.2 mm; many other sources show equal blue-white-blue bands. Silverteak’s photograph confirms the funnel, with the gap below the top wider than the band.
After the Dene combination, the company apparently used five blue and white diagonal bands running from upper hoist to lower fly, as in the 1966 Liverpool chart and S866. Ship photographs, including Silvercrag, support that slope. Loughran instead gives seven white and blue bands from lower hoist to upper fly as S381; Rosanoski considers that version probably erroneous rather than silently discarding it.
A later white flag placed a panel of the five-band diagonal design between additional blue panels above and below, separated slightly by the white field. Its adoption date is unknown, but it appears in a February 1969 Marine News article. Mitchell assigns the funnel to Silver Chemical Tankers; his Silver Line version lacking the panel’s white horizontal lines is considered probably incorrect. His Alvenus drawing instead uses the Vlassov V47 funnel, presumed to indicate a managed vessel.
Silver Line’s management passed from the Thompson to the Barraclough family in 1947. Accounts differ over the Dene combination: the main history calls Silver Line a wholly owned Dene subsidiary from 1957, while another describes Silver Line absorbing Dene in 1956. Mitchell gives both dates and uses amalgamation and reconstruction. The corporate direction is therefore left unresolved. The last ship was sold in 1985.
Silver Line participated in Seabridge from 1965 and retained the Silver Java Pacific connection. Subsidiaries included Bishopsgate, Kerr-Silver Lines (Canada), acquired in 1946, and Silver Chemical Tankers from 1965. An undated Navcot acquisition is noted; the company passed to Vlasov with Shipping Industrial Holdings in 1974, and Mitchell dates acquisition of Capitalfin’s remaining half to July 1978. After disappearing from the registers in the late 1980s, it reappeared a decade later under Vlasov/V. Ships, then disappeared again.
Brown 1934 records the Thompson funnel and flag; the original supplies no separate verbal design description.
Stanley and John Thompson formed their partnership in 1908 to manage St. Helens Steam Shipping. They became owners in 1911, contracted with America-Levante for transatlantic services in 1913–1930 and began managing Kerr Steamship vessels in 1920. America-Levant was at one time a subsidiary associated with Cunard, later sold. Silver Line was formed in 1925; both it and St. Helen’s used tree names prefixed Silver. The 1930 Silver Java Pacific agreement combined their fleet with the Dutch Java Pacific services of Koninklijke Rotterdamsche Lloyd and Stoomvaart Mij. Nederland.
UK, London.
The Stannard family holding company was registered at Balmain on 12 November 1962 after transfer from the ACT. Stannard Bros. Launch Services, registered in March 1970, had entered scheduled ferries through the Nicholson Brothers takeover in 1968 and acquired N.D. Hegarty in 1978. It later became Stannard Marine. The source’s description of Launch Services as an Adsteam/Howard Smith venture leaves its relationship with the family unclear. A separate lighterage company was also registered in 1970, later renamed D & K Kustom Products and deregistered in 1999.
Joint ventures included Adstan Tug Charters, Lovett, McCracken & Bray, Moreton Tug & Lighter and Port Lincoln Tugs with Adelaide Steamship; Australian Towage Services and San Pedro (Offshore) with Inchcape; and Pacific Towing in Papua New Guinea with Korevaar and Inchcape. The supposed half-shares in Adstan and Port Lincoln are qualified in the source.
Australia, Sydney.
Doric Glory’s June 2010 photograph shows an engrailed lower blue band.
Mitchell assigns this funnel to African Dahlia Shipping and associates it with Stanships, without naming a vessel. African Dahlia is recorded under Stanships agency before later Denholm management. The livery broadly resembles Stanships, but the lettering does not fit the named parties; Denholm’s initials would fit later, yet it was not Denholm livery. A 1987 photograph suggests a narrow black top and possibly red emblem, not clearly visible.
Stanships was formed in 1977 as a private ship-management company, later recorded with a Marshall Islands registered address and an Athens corporate office. ATMS, formed in 2005, appears as an operating company.
USA, New York; later Greece, Athens.
Megastar Aries shows brighter blue and a more pronounced star, with its middle horizontal points clearly on the upper red. Superstar Leo shows darker red and blue; the horizontal-slatted funnel construction may affect apparent colour.
Wasa Queen’s photographs confirm the Cruise Ferries livery and flag, including the blue shade.
Established in September 1993 as Star Cruise Sendirian Berhad, the company adopted the Administrative Services name in 1998. The operation used Star Cruises and Cruise Ferries brands; Wasa Queen entered Cruise Ferries service in 2001 through its Hong Kong company. Norwegian Cruise Line was acquired in stages from December 1999 to full ownership announced in March 2000; NCL America and Orient Lines came under its umbrella. Acquisition of Sun Cruises’ two remaining vessels and name rights was announced on 1 March 2000. The group was associated with Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong and Genting.
A November 2009 report announced the Star Cruises name change to Genting Hong Kong effective on 30 November, reflecting diversification into land-based resorts and entertainment and its Genting affiliation.
Malaysia, Georgetown, Palau Pinang.
Mitchell depicts the funnel without a black top.
Eugenio Buontempo and Salvatore Pianura formed Star Lauro in 1987 from the liquidated Achille Lauro fleet. Mediterranean Shipping acquired it that year, and it became Mediterranean Shipping Cruises in 1995.
Italy, Naples.
Initially United Towing tugs retained their own flag but used a buff funnel with black top and a narrow upright panel touching it. Stylised SOS letters run vertically: the S forms are light-blue squares crossed by an undefined white diagonal, and the O is a darker-blue circle containing a white star throughout with a blue U.
The eventual flag uses stylised company initials. The star is common to both partners, while its position within O recalls Blue Star’s ball.
Star Offshore was a Blue Star Line and United Towing venture. It managed vessels for Arctic Transportation and Fednav, while parts of its fleet came under Star Subsea Maintenance operation and Star Offshore Services (H.K.) management.
UK, Aberdeen.
The new funnel announced in 1998 is confirmed on Caribbean Star.
Almeda Star’s October 2006 photograph shows the later version, described in May 2007 as a recent change.
Star Reefers began on 1 January 1989 by combining Blue Star’s reefer fleet with Overseas Freezer Operations. Following sale of most Blue Star operations in 1998, the reefer-owning concern became Albion Reefers and its ships operated through the Star pool with Hamburg Sud. Registers also describe a Vesty/Oetker venture formed in 1998, later amended to 1997.
Swan Reefer acquired the Vesty interest in 2001, described variously as July or the first half of the year. Accounts give the successor as Star Reefers A/S or the Cayman-registered Star Reefers Inc., with ships operated from London and group and technical functions in Oslo. Its earlier lineage is traced through Irgens Larsen, Kvearner and Swan Shipping. A later-2001 NYK Star Reefers pool ended in June 2003, followed by Star Reefers Pool Inc.
A decision in December 2006 to create an in-house management company led to Star Reefers Poland, with external management phased out in 2007–2009.
UK, London; later Norway, Oslo.
Brasil Star’s port-side photograph at Singapore in June 2011 and Afric Star’s starboard view supply the funnel evidence.
The group’s lineage runs through Irgens Larsen, Kvearner and Swan Shipping. Siem provided new equity during Swan’s financial difficulties in 2000, followed by reorganisation as Star Reefers Inc. in 2001. A December 2006 decision to establish its own manager led to Star Reefers Poland; the cited formation date is January 2006, which Rosanoski presumes should be 2007. External managers were phased out and the fleet brought in-house during 2007–2009.
Poland, Gdnyia.
Stewart shows a very broad white flag band.
Skipet places the flag stars closer together than in other portrayals.
Sources differ over whether the funnel’s white band is outlined. The design is recorded for Billabong, Grieg Shipping and Grieg Star Shipping.
S196 was described as the common version in 1990. Funnel bases vary from buff through pale cream to yellow, with photographic effects uncertain. Star Fuji’s later photograph confirms more widely spaced stars than Skipet’s drawings. Mitchell records it for Per F. Waaler; other sources give Billabong and Westfal-Larsen’s Star vessels from 1972.
Star Billabong carried this funnel in November 1967 under Forenede Rederier Bjorn Østervold & Per F. Waaler.
Preserve actual spelling; precise Grieg entity remains qualified.
Star Nitsa at Lyttelton in January 1990 carried S196’s funnel but the G367 flag then recorded as Greig Finans. Rosanoski later suggested A/S Grieg Finans; an amended version is recorded elsewhere. The flag was deeper than wide with an orange-red upper panel. JLL noted resemblance to a Univan flag but did not establish a connection.
Star’s origin is dated to 1959 in one account and 1961 on the company website, with Per Waaler involved from 1961. Westfal-Larsen joined in 1962 and gives July 1964 for formation of Star Bulk Shipping, against 1965 elsewhere. Billabong became a partner, with Grieg gradually increasing its control through the 1970s and 1980s. Fred Olsen’s involvement is recorded for 1970–1988 in one source but not corroborated in its own section. Westfal-Larsen’s holding moved to Masterbulk in 1995.
On 19 June 2008 Masterbulk and Grieg announced division of Star’s operations. Open-hatch services were divided geographically by established routes; Grieg also took conventional bulk operations and the Star flag, logo and vessel-name prefix. Westfal-Larsen’s portion became Westfal-Larsen Shipping, while Star Shipping became Grieg Star Shipping. Atlantic Cargo Services was a wholly owned subsidiary.
Norway, Bergen.
The yellow funnel has a black ring wholly enclosing three black delta stars arranged in a triangle, points inward and meeting, above a narrow black band. The yellow flag repeats the ring emblem between narrow black horizontal bands towards top and bottom.
Foroyar Islands (Denmark).
Star I’s September 2013 photograph shows a new A marking in place of the Geden funnel. The A is unexplained. Rosanoski doubts that it simply means Acor, since that name had accompanied Geden colours from 2007 to 2013. Phil English suggests an unidentified new investor, explicitly leaving the identity speculative.
No identification of investor/charterer from letter.
Star Transportation became registered owner of Star I in September 2013. Previously Acor, the vessel had been registered to Acor Shipping and managed by Genel Denizcilik. Contemporary commentary links the change with Geden’s financial restructuring and reports sales to outside investors followed by bareboat or lease-back arrangements, but the buyers were not identified.
Marshall Islands, Ajeltake Island, Majuro.
The funnel is recorded on Doric’s Evicynthia, while US Navy and FOTW attribute the livery to Rio Caribea. Rosanoski suggests it was Starboard’s flag, used by agency companies without liveries of their own, rather than establishing that as certain.
Starboard acted as agent for Astromarine, Doric Shipping & Trading and Rio Caribea Compañia Armadora.
USA, New York, NY.
In addition to the common house flag, individual vessels had their own signals, including Edward Cary, Empire, Hero, Norman, Three Brothers, James Loper, Levi Starbuck, Zone, Eag;e and Young Eagle.
The family’s whaling concerns shared a flag: G. and M. Starbuck & Co. in 1840–1860, Jospeh Starbuck in 1831–1851, Levi in 1833–1845, Matthew in 1837, Obed in 1851–1855 and Simeon in 1825–1847.
USA, Nantucket.
Some vessels bear STARGAS on the hull and others PIANURA. Funnel logos vary between blue and green; a proposed connection with black tops is contradicted by Taygete Star. Sapphire Star’s logo contains a small angled white star, while Electra Star One lacks it. Stars appear to belong to earlier vessels, with ships built from 2003 tending to omit them.
The source’s P418 comparison shows a small white star on Emerald Star, absent from Atlas Star and Merope Star. These are documentary comparisons, not additional image assignments.
Stargas was formed in 1985 by Salvatore Pianura. Its Medgas pool with Navigazioni Montanari broke up in April 2003 amid Stargas financial difficulties. The fleet subsequently appears under Pianura Armatori.
The Pianura operation began as marine consultancy, operating its first chemical carrier in 1983. Pianura Armatori acted as disponent owner, operator and manager; Pianura Managers provided fleet services and consultancy. Stargas Chartering’s ships passed to Pianura Armatori, recorded as formed in 2003 and changed from Srl to SpA in 2007. Stargas Service was another earlier operating company.
Italy, Venice-Mestre.
The funnel was salmon pink. The white flag has a blue cross with a white star on each arm, a yellow anchor at its centre and red SANZ letters in the field quarters.
The line operated from 1897 to 1899.
New Zealand, Christchurch.
Lady Kendall’s funnel carries a bronze star within a buff rope ring. On the later Lady Kendall II, the website logo appears on the superstructure and no funnel was seen.
Company records give Starship Cruises registration in April 1992, deregistration in January 1997 and apparent succession by Starship Cruises Pty. Ltd. on 21 January. The Compendium instead records Lady Kendall under Starship Cruises Pty. Ltd., A & W Draper, from 1986; the discrepancy remains unexplained.
Australia, Gosford.
V127 records the retained RAN livery; The Log supplies the funnel illustration without a further written colour description here.
The commission acquired its sole vessel in 1947, retaining its basic RAN colours. Rosanoski notes that 1947 is actually the date of the Navy’s return of the vessel to its previous owner and presumes an immediate subsequent sale. The commission is recorded in Lloyd’s 1953–1954.
Australia, Melbourne.
Brown’s A97 apparently follows the Alaska State Flag but omits the large yellow star in the upper fly and changes the arrangement of the Great Bear, also called the Plough. Rosanoski considers the design incorrect and unsupported by ship photographs. The early FOTW portrayal was subsequently replaced by A767.
The quoted official state-flag description gives eight natural-yellow-gold stars on blue matching the blue of the United States flag. Seven form Ursa Major, the Great Bear or Dipper, with its Pointers directed towards Polaris, the eighth star. Blue signifies the evening sky, sea, mountain lakes and local wild flowers; gold signifies mineral wealth. The text stresses Polaris as the constant guide for mariners and others, retains the territorial flag as the State Flag, and preserves older wording anticipating Alaska’s forty-ninth star in the national emblem.
Funnel photographs of Columbia, starboard on 6 September 2007, and Kennicott, port side on 6 July 2008, show the state design. Columbia’s flying flag is indistinct, but a governor’s instruction to lower state flags on all ferries in memory of Capt. Tom Reed on 11 December provides further evidence of its use. Rosanoski’s 2009 comment favours the regular State Flag while acknowledging the lack of a clear photograph; a Malaspina photograph dated 18 May 2013 subsequently confirms it. Mitchell instead draws an incorrect V arrangement of three stars on one arm and five on the other.
A1140 is based on Malaspina’s starboard funnel on 18 May 2013, with the A767 flag also flying.
Also known as Alaska State Ferries and the Alaska Marine Highways System, the service has operated year-round since 1963, beginning with three vessels built that year. In 1968 the State bought the ocean-going Wickersham, after British Columbia’s Seattle–Prince Rupert ferry operation had continued to 1967. The source records the name Department of Public Works until 1981, followed by Department of Transportation and Department of Transportation & Public Facilities.
USA, Juneau.
The circa-1950 chart shows a triangular flag with five vertical dark-blue and yellow stripes. Jorge Candeias suggests that the power factory may have operated its own vessels, perhaps as a foreign investment, but explicitly presents these as guesses. No funnel is shown; Rosanoski suggests that, if the State identification is correct, its sole vessel may not have had one.
No State-company equivalence or American ownership inferred.
The State of Pernambuco is recorded with one vessel in Lloyd’s 1953–54. Rosanoski assumes that the original flag source’s Pernambuco Power Factory refers to this entry, but the connection is not established.
Brazil, Pernambuco.
Lloyds shows a rectangular swallowtail with a small angled star near the top of the blue hoist band.
Griffin gives a tapered flag: the 1883 version has a larger, slightly angled star, while the 1895 star is upright.
Reed resembles the pamphlet with a small star, though it follows standard flag proportions.
This version comes from a State of Indiana passenger list dated 1884 by its seller, although the contributor could not read the date. Jan Mertens interprets S as the company initial and the colours and star as mixed British and American symbolism.
The website describes buff funnels with a red band and narrow black top, but Rosanoski notes disagreement with its reproduced pamphlet. The pamphlet suggests flag proportions near 1:2.
State Line advertised a Glasgow and Liverpool–New Oreleans service from 1872, but first sailed in April 1873. Although British-registered, it had substantial American capital, reflected in state names for its vessels; State of was added to distinguish them from other companies’ ships. Liquidation in 1890 was followed by sale of fleet and goodwill to Allan Line in 1891.
UK, Glasgow.
The funnel band bore the state coat of arms. Its blue shield has a silver cross voided red, with a gold star on each red arm and a gold lion at the centre. Gold fleeces with silver bands occupy the first and fourth quarters, and gold wheat sheaves the second and third. Above is a rising sun with reddish-orange flame-tipped rays on a blue-and-silver torse. A gold lion on the viewer’s left and gold kangaroo on the right support the shield, usually standing on the motto ribbon. Orta recens quam pura nites is translated in the source as “Newly risen, how brightly you shine”.
The New South Wales Holman government formed this public company in 1914 to develop offshore fishing and supply cheap fish to Sydney and Newcastle. Operations began in June 1915. After years of losses, the Fuller government decided to sell in 1923, and the steam trawlers eventually passed to private companies.
Australia, Sydney, assumed.
Early photographs of Empire State VI vary: a light funnel with dark circle on the 1989 delivery voyage, yellow with white circle in 1995, and apparently black with white circle in 2003. The M marking appears by July 2006. Port- and starboard-side photographs document it, with blue confirmed in July 2012. Contributor mcole identifies M with the college’s athletics and Privateers branding, though it was absent from the main college website.
Founded by New York City in 1874, the school received a US Navy training vessel on 14 December. When the city threatened closure over costs in 1913, the state took over and renamed it New York Nautical School. It became New York Merchant Marine Academy in 1934 and entered the SUNY system in 1948.
Empire State VI was handed over on 31 December 1989 and is listed under the United States Maritime Administration.
USA, New York.
The white flag has a red crown above a blue triangle bearing three yellow, three-pointed crowns. Blue ROYAL lettering arches above the design.
ASSI is recorded from 1942, with Sveaskog identified as successor from 2001. Rosanoski presumes its 1950s and 1960s shipping carried state forestry products.
Sweden, Gothenburg, later Pitea and Stockholm.
The funnel is also recorded for Global Bulk Transport, which shared the address. Wartime books call the concern States Maritime, while the 1949 edition uses States Marine.
States Marine began with tramp steamers and developed scheduled services before the Second World War. Surplus purchases, acquisitions and foreign investments drove post-war growth. Buying Isthmian from U.S. Steel in 1956 made it the second-largest US-flag line and the largest unsubsidised one. It operated the experimental nuclear merchant ship Savannah from 1959 to 1963. After obstacles to obtaining subsidies, operations increasingly moved to foreign flags. The Bloomfield name was dropped in 1968. Following the founders’ retirement, liquidation of holdings ended with the last ships sold in 1982.
President Henry Mercer helped establish South African Marine in June 1946. States Marine held 40% when it went public in May 1947; the holding was sold in 1959, when the account instead calls it a majority share.
USA, New York, NY.
The pre-war livery used a white fylfot or swastika and was shared with Oregon Oriental and Pacific-Atlantic. A full-sized timetable supports S197; Rosanoski identifies the reversed cross in C706 as erroneous.
This version followed and was used until about 1960 by Pacific-Atlantic and States.
Stewart assigns this tapered flag to Quaker and Pacific-Atlantic. Rosanoski corrects the Brown 1951 citation because that edition shows the untapered S238 version.
The seahorse logo is reported as dating from the early 1900s, but apparently did not appear on the flag until at least the late 1950s.
Charles Dant’s lumber-shipping interests and Columbia Pacific Steamship, formed in 1919, preceded States Steamship, dated here to 1921 with steamship ownership from 1923. In 1928 he dropped the Columbia Pacific name and used States Steamship or States Line. Other service names included Quaker, Oregon Oriental and Pacific-Atlantic. European service ended by the 1930s and business later centred on the Philippines. Foreign competition, failure to containerise and high fuel costs led to bankruptcy in the late 1970s.
The source lists Pacific Atlantic and United Fruit Steamship among subsidiaries, the latter managed by United Fruit. Pacific Atlantic and States appear reciprocally as operators in different publications.
USA, initially Portland, Oregon; later Vancouver, Washington, and San Francisco.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Pacific-Atlantic was formed in 1929. It operated for California Eastern and States in Jordan, while later sources place it under States operation. Its fleet was incorporated with States by Lloyds 1958–1959.
USA, Portland, Oregon; later Vancouver, Washington.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Different publications assign the family livery to Denys A. Stathatos, G.N. Stathatos or Stathatos & Co.
Merchant Ships shows this as an alternative and gives its funnel separately for Demetrios Denys Stathatos.
Greece, Athens.
Othon A. Stathatos appears in the 1937–1938 telegraphic-address list.
Greece, Athens.
The family came from Ithaca and Cephalonia and opened a London office in the late nineteenth century. Steamship ownership is dated from 1883, with several named family interests appearing in the registers. Part of Anthony D. Stathatos’s fleet later appears under Seafarers Investments. Shipowning apparently ceased after the last entries, but the London concern continued as agents and brokers; a later account also credits it with managing Parthenon in 1987–1988.
Agency relationships included Stavros Coumantaros, Mrs G.N. Stathatos and others, Mid-Pacific, Poros and Seafarers Investments. Mitchell also associates South Venture with South Shipping of Gibraltar, without explaining that company’s connection to Mid-Pacific or Stathatos.
Roumania, Ibrail or Braila; later Greece, Athens, and UK, London.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
NJK records the Poros P198 funnel as common to all Stathatos agency vessels, but Rosanoski finds no supporting date or evidence. He suggests it may apply to an earlier stage or previous manager, without establishing that.
Elektron II’s February 2014 starboard photograph documents the funnel.
Statnett is a state-owned Norwegian energy-system operator, established in 1992 according to its website and 1993 according to Lloyds. Earlier shipping entries appear under Statnett Entrepenor. The source gives Statnett Rederi’s formation as 1996 rather than the register’s 1997 and records a 2005 sale, alongside later group listings.
Statnett Transport is described as the 2002 renaming of Statnett Rederi and as a wholly owned subsidiary at Holman, Drammen. This is retained alongside the differing sale account without inferring its resolution.
Norway, Oslo.
The flag is a red pennant with a white circle.
The concern operated sailing vessels.
UK.
The funnel was recorded on Antonios III in October 1965; Mitchell adds a black top. The flag has yellow–blue–yellow horizontal bands in approximate proportions 1:2:1, separated by thin white stripes, with a white star centred on the blue.
The later funnel follows a portside photograph of Silver Navigator dated 18 December 2013.
The business is dated to 1957, with Panama incorporation on 17 October 1973. It appears as shipbroker, operator, manager or agent in different records. Silver Lake Shipping, formed in 1973, became its major operating company and is listed independently as managers in 2011–12.
Greece, Piraeus.
Brown describes a white house flag bearing the company funnel. At the funnel’s centre is a white trapezoid charged with a red circle containing connected red SR. Rosanoski regards the logo as apparently stylised SR, while allowing that it could be an omega.
Mitchell’s funnel illustration appears to put a red R inside the ring, but the separate logo beneath it combines SR.
The company was formed on 1 February 1991 when George Roussos’ Sons S.A. split into two. It retained the earlier register number and belonged to the Stavros Roussos family. Lloyds initially listed it as manager and later as agent.
Greece, Piraeus.
The funnel has a black top above a broad blue band on white. Its blue was a special mixture, presumably related to Blue Funnel’s shade, though Talbot-Booth shows it as dark as the flag. Sources vary in band depth. The flag’s diamond is variously small, nearly throughout or wholly throughout; the latter is supported by the company’s March 1990 advertisement. Rosanoski questions Elsevier’s thin white line between black and blue as a possible reproduction error. Whether the flag survived the last name change is unknown.
The National Maritime Museum variant is dated 1955–1967 and measures 838.2 × 1,168.4 mm.
The funnel comes from a pre-war monochrome photograph of Hong Kheng. A wartime Hong Siang lifebelt indicates continued use of the flag after the takeover.
Acquired by Straits Steamship after 1922, presumably in 1932, Ho Hong closed in the 1950s. It appears in the 1937–1938 and 1953–1954 registers.
Singapore.
Mitchell’s line drawing of Straits Star supplies the funnel.
The suggested relationship rests on the ship name. Straits Star, 5,852 tons, built in 1976, appears to have been its sole vessel; the company is listed in 1980–1981.
Singapore.
Mitchell’s drawings appear to establish this funnel, confirmed for Straits Hope, 3,928 tons, built in 1955.
Formed in 1976, this concern initially shared an address and part of the Straits fleet. By March 1998 it was listed as a name subsidiary of Steamers Maritime Holdings.
Singapore.
A panel resembling S29 appeared on Princess Mahsuri in 1983–1984 during a Blue Funnel Cruises charter. Rosanoski knows of no connection and allows that the resemblance may be coincidental.
Straits Steamship was formed on 20 January 1890. Acquisitions from 1922 included Eastern Shipping, Hua Khiow and Ho Hong, followed by a majority interest in Kheng Seng in 1934. Its pre-war group included Sarawak and Sabah Steamship and several regional transport concerns. In December 1942 C. E. Wurtzburg took control from Ocean Steam Ship Company. Wartime registration in Britain required the name Singapore Straits Steamship Company, registered in 1943; the fleet and survivors returned in 1945–1946, and Singapore re-registration followed in 1947.
Straits Towage Syndicate was formed with Malayan Stevedoring and Transportation in 1957 and became wholly owned in 1961. Keppel acquired Ocean Transport & Trading’s 58 per cent holding in June 1983. The source dates Ocean’s original investment to 1916 in one account and Alfred Holt’s interest to about 1926 in another.
Property became the main business, renamed Straits Steamship Land in 1989 and Keppel Land in 1997. The shipping operation became Steamers Maritime Holdings: the narrative associates the split with 1989, while Lloyds dates the name change to 1993. In 1997 it became the shipping division of Keppel Telecommunications and Transportation. Shipping interests included Straits Shipping Pte., Straits Container Line, formed in 1977, and a partnership with P&O and Swire in Australia Straits Container Line. Keppel’s announced withdrawal from shipowning in 2004 and sale of ten ships to Interorient apparently explains Steamers’ subsequent absence from Lloyds.
A contributed account places a sale to “Kepal” in the late 1950s; Rosanoski instead dates the Keppel transaction to June 1983. His 2004 account gives the return to Singapore as 1945, whereas the fuller history distinguishes the wartime return from re-registration in 1947.
Singapore.
This version reproduces the website flag logo; its outer blue is the website background.
Mitchell identifies S525 as the original funnel. The Log’s shades are unspecified and have been rendered to agree with S1198. The latter is based on Kiunga Chief’s funnel photographed on 28 April 2009. Its flag is assumed to match the funnel panel rather than the website logo; it agrees with The Log apart from minor proportional differences.
Brown’s colour shades are unspecified; the rendering follows FOTW.
The company-headquarters photographs are indistinct. Jarig Bakker assumed a thin yellow border on all sides.
Steamships Ltd. was incorporated in 1919 following a failed salvage venture led by retired captain Algernon Sydney Fitch. Trading with Papua New Guinea and listing on the Sydney Stock Exchange followed in 1924; another account dates the takeover company to 12 January 1924. Operations stopped during the Second World War, and Fitch retired in 1952. The sources differ over Swire’s initial involvement: one gives a small interest in the early 1960s, another share purchases in 1976–1977. Lloyds’ formation date of 1982 appears to concern the Swire involvement.
By the mid-1980s Swire and Collins & Leahy each held about a third. The company acquired an interest in Pacific Towing about 1985 and the bankrupt Papua New Guinea Shipping Corporation in 1988. Steamships Pty. Ltd. and Steamships Shipping & Transport were formed in 1996 and later listed as operating companies of Steamships Trading. Swire acquired Collins & Leahy in May 2005.
Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.
Thunderer’s monochrome photograph confirms the funnel. Mitchell shows a very broad white band occupying most of it. The museum flag is dated about 1955–1967 and measures 1,193.8 × 1,879.6 mm.
Lloyds identifies this as Glasgow & Greenock Steam Shipping Co., presumably the same concern, though Rosanoski found no other mention of that name. Its letters are blue, unlike later versions.
Exact legal identity and relation to Steel & Bennie unproved.
The concern originated in 1856. Its predecessors are variously identified as Steel & McCaskill and Glasgow & Greenock Shipping Co.; the latter is recorded as tug owners in April 1861, while both names appear in later Lloyds sources. By 1973–1974 the previously managed fleet was under Cory Ship Towage (Clyde), followed by the remainder.
UK, Glasgow.
Reed’s 1901 version shows a long pennant.
Already well established by 1873, Steel, Young & Co. formed Ilderton S.S. Co. Ltd. in 1903, with shipbuilders John Readhead & Sons and shipowners Newman & Dale S.S. Co. Ltd. among its shareholders. It is listed as Ilderton’s owners and operators in 1917. The final ships were sold in 1918 and the company ceased trading.
UK, West Hartlepool; later London.
The funnel comes from a starboard photograph of an unnamed vessel.
Portside photographs of Kostas N on 10 February 2010 and Delfini on 16 April 2011 show this funnel. Its attribution is a guess based on the Matheos association.
SteelShips provides international dry-bulk transport. Dianik Bross Shipping Corporation S.A. handles operational and technical management, while GTC, Grace Trading Corporation LLC, is the dry-bulk shipping arm. Incorporation as a Marshall Islands company is dated 14 August 2013, but the source also finds the business recorded by May 2012 and Dianik Bross as managers in 2011–2012.
Andreas Matheos organised the website. Rosanoski suggests a family association with Aspida Travel, a Piraeus travel and shipping agency at the same address as Dianik Boss Shipping Corporation S.A.; this connection is tentative.
Greece, Piraeus, and USA, New York.
F371 is principally based on Anne Sjöström’s Finnish/Åland funnel marks. Photographs of Viikari and Atlas support it: Viikari has a shield-shaped panel with barely discernible lettering; Atlas has mainly the black funnel top above the superstructure, where an angular panel carries lettering too indistinct to read. Both vessels fly the H614 flag.
H106 is a white flag with a stylised intertwined red “A” and blue “H”, illustrated for FOTW by Jarig Bakker from Brown 1995.
H614’s livery derives from a photograph of Calypso, with the funnel described as air/sea-rescue red-orange. Bakker’s FOTW flag is based on Joakim Håkans’s image on the company website, but uses a brighter blue than the website version.
H615’s funnel is based on a photograph of Zeus dated 30 January 2011.
P571 shows Porin Karhu, operated for the City of Pori. Its emblem is the bear’s head from Pori’s arms. The photograph of 23 February 2007 shows the emblem in one shade of light blue; Rosanoski retained the scan’s detail rather than flattening it to that colour. Sjöström’s drawing uses a single colour with little definition and adds a narrow black funnel top, also seen in an earlier photograph. The tug flies H614.
The Håkans business originated with Johannes Håkans’s sawmill in 1896. After a fire in 1897, thought to be arson, he emigrated to the USA, returning in 1905 to buy back the rebuilt mill. The business became a limited company in 1910 and a tug owner during the following five years. His son Alfons joined in the 1920s, became managing director after an ownership change in 1934, and established a company under his own name in 1945. The business moved to Turku in 1961; Stefan Håkans joined in 1974.
In 1988 O/Y Hangon Hinaus A/B was acquired from EFFOA, and Håkans became principal shareholder in Finntugs, established with A. Murto and the towns of Kotka and Hamina. Rapid expansion led to ownership restructuring, leaving Stefan Håkans and his family sole owners of Alfons Håkans Ltd. S & H Satamahunaus of Helsinki was acquired in 1991, followed by further operational reorganisation in 1991–92.
Register accounts give differing dates: Alfons Håkans Oy Ab was first dated 1989, later amended to 1910, while Stefan Håkans A/B is dated 1995. Finntugs is separately listed as formed in 1994. Alfons Håkans Ou was formed at Tallinn in 2004. PKL A.S. is described as part of the group, and Håkans was principal shareholder in Suomen Merisukellus.
Finland, Wasa; later Turky.
The website supplies flags and a logo for Stefanou Maritime Hellenic Cruises, Stefanou Maritime Mediterranean and Stefanou Maritime Services. The meaning of “maritime” in this context is unclear; Rosanoski suggests possible charter or cruise use without establishing it.
The source also reproduces a Stefanou Marine logo, without establishing the company connection.
The Stefanou Maritime website presents three divisions. Rosanoski considers that the business operates bulk and general-cargo shipping through charters.
A Stefanou family controls Bright Navigation, but Rosanoski questions whether it is the same family. A possible connection with Stefanou Marine, a Piraeus boat-equipment retailer formed in 1990, is also unconfirmed.
Greece, Thessaloniki.
Gitte’s funnel is white with a black top and a yellow star outlined in black. No flag is noted.
Unknown.
The early fleet appears to have carried plain white funnels. Port Stewart was photographed in this form on 22 June 2005. Port Louis still had it in February 2007 but had changed by July, suggesting changes after Stella’s 2006 reorganisation.
A starboard photograph of Port Stewart on 31 July 2012 shows the panel pointing forward. A portside photograph of Port Russel on 8 September 2007 also supplies evidence for this funnel.
Martin Strothmann and partners founded an investment house and ship-management concern in May 2003, taking over Port Louis in November. In 2006 he sold his investment-house shares and took over the shipping business, reorganised as Stella Marine Services GmbH & Co. K.G. The fleet comprises bulk carriers and product tankers; affiliated Asterion Tanker Navigation handles the tankers’ nautical and technical management.
Early fleet listings place the ships under Ideenkapital and International Tanker Management. Equasis records Stella taking over management of Port Louis and Port Stewart on 1 January 2007. The earlier company name remains unclear. Rosanoski considers that the Hamburg Ideenkapital concern probably became Stella in 2006; evidence of its seven ships in 2005 contradicts Lloyds’ stated 2006 formation date.
Germany, Hamburg.
The funnel is recorded for Kallianax in May 1965.
Listed under Allseas Shipping Co. as manager in 1963–1964, Stella Polaris appears under its own name in 1966–1967 with Lemos Brothers as agents.
Switzerland, Geneva, in 1963–1964; Greece, Piraeus, in 1966–1967.
The funnel is taken from Nedimar at Wellington on 22 April 1999. Nedimar Ltd. was an agency company, and the company website confirms the logo.
Stelmar transported petroleum worldwide. Its website dates formation by Stelios Haji-Ioannou to September 1992, whereas Lloyds gives 1993. Stelios had left his father’s Troodos Shipping following disagreement over the fleet’s composition. The source records thirty tankers by June 2003.
Listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 2001, Stelmar rejected an OIM offer and received a Golden Energy offer in 2004. Overseas Shipholding Group acquired it in 2005, and it became OSG Ship Management (Gr) Ltd. on 21 January. Polyar Tankers is listed as an associate.
Greece, Athens.
The flag is yellow with a blue circle containing a yellow delta-shaped triangle extending across it. The three remaining blue areas carry yellow S, A and O. US Navy 1961 and Stewart 1963 show upright letters; the Collectors Corner cap badge angles the S and A. Sources vary between rounded, block and angular S forms. Rosanoski thinks the correct form combines rounded and angular features, unless designs were tried at different times.
The funnel apparently comes from Stena Paper, not located in Lloyd’s. Rosanoski suggests it would have to represent a charter before the name change to fit this attribution.
Sten Allan Olsson established a trading company in Göteborg in 1939 and entered shipowning in 1946. The name Stena combines his first name with the initial of his second. The account records SAO Skegenlinjen Rederi A/B in 1962 and a Fredrikshavn service beginning in 1963, while the company website dates the first Danish ferry link to 1962. Stena Line became the main marketing name in autumn 1965. Lloyd’s instead gives a 1953 formation and a 1963 change to Stena Line A/B; Rosanoski questions whether the stated restructuring is confused with one in 1972.
Around half the family concern’s shares were offered publicly in 1987–88 and bought back in 2001. The resulting private Stena Sphere operated through Stena Metall for metal trading, Stena A/B for the main shipping interests and Stena Sessan for other interests.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
Stena’s flag has a red field with blue and white bands at the top and bottom. Ship photographs, Northern Marine’s designated flag image and the Nüsse table flag support equal widths for the blue and white bands. The white outline on some website logos probably separates the flag from a dark background, while blue diagonal dashes seem intended to suggest folds. Both S53 and S480 funnel forms are recorded. Photographs of Stena Vision and Stena Artica supply S997, and ship photographs support the S53 funnel for Concordia Maritime.
Brown 1982 shows a small white shape above the lower end of the S; Brown 1995 resolves it as a ship’s bow above a wavy white line, but leaves the wave disconnected from the letter. The company photograph and Nüsse flag show the ship on a narrow wave continuing through the S. Brown’s 1982 letter is broader. The photographed S996 flies against a sea background apparently showing a wake, suggesting use from an aft ensign staff. Both this form and the banded flag have been seen at sea; Rosanoski does not establish an exclusive rule.
The Collectors Corner “Type III” badge has uncertain colours: the flag, red field, S and ship appear edged in gold, with a gold wave. Rosanoski suspects these are decorative badge details that would be white on any corresponding flag. FOTW renderings based on his comments omit the ship and wave; he says a possible flag reconstruction should include both. The source also labels an image S1458 while discussing S1548.
Haws shows a broad red horizontal band bearing a white S between narrow white bands. Although initially questioned, Rosanoski considers its use in the P&O Stena flag evidence that it existed. The corresponding funnel is unclear from line drawings.
Stena Adventurer’s photograph confirms this funnel, with its accompanying flag traced to Brown 1982. A later Stena Europe photograph still shows the funnel. Stena Nautica’s close, low-angle starboard photograph does not show the blue base, which may simply be hidden.
This website flag logo probably represents S997, its apparent white border being an outline against the background.
Stena Atlantica’s June 2013 photograph shows a stern-superstructure logo and STENA BULK on the hull, although the vessel is listed under Stena Line Scandinavia. Rosanoski rejects the accompanying Northern Marine attribution; the funnel is S997 with a more conventional S.
Stena Feronia carries a plain red funnel after sale to Stena North Sea in February 2011. The reason for the plain colour is not established.
The British Railways funnel was retained until the design called the “galloping maggot” was adopted in 1984. After the 1990 takeover the blue flag continued, bearing what Rosanoski interprets as a gold bollard outline. Replacement by Stena colours may have accompanied the 1995 name change, but is not firmly dated. A Stena Londoner photograph confirms the S487 funnel and possibly also the flag.
Sealink U.K. Ltd., also called Sealink Ltd. by Haws, was formed on 1 January 1979 to take over British Railways’ remaining vessels. Sea Containers acquired the ships in July 1984, operating as Sealink British Ferries. Stena took over in August 1990, using Sealink Stena Line, then Sealink Stena Line Ltd. in 1991, Stena Sealink Ltd. in 1992 and Stena Line Ltd. in 1995.
A 40 per cent Isle of Man Steam Packet holding was acquired in January 1985. Société Proprietaire des Navires was a 1990 joint venture with SeaFrance.
UK, Ashford.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Technip section reproduces its website logo. Deep Pioneer’s starboard photograph shows the funnel merging into superstructure carrying on the narrow blue base; Deep Constructor appears to have a shorter funnel of the same form. A separate unnamed-vessel photograph shows the funnel merging into white superstructure. The source labels these T687 and T688.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Stena Oil continued to use a Sten A. Olsson logo.
Stena developed from Sten. A. Olsson Handels A/B, formed in 1953, into an Olsson-family group active in ferries, other shipping and offshore work. The source gives differing corporate chronologies: Lloyds dates the Stena Line name to 1963, Stena A/B to 1977 and a revived Stena Line subsidiary to 1988. Other accounts describe a 1972 shipping–metals division and a Stena-Sessan reorganisation culminating in Stena Line and Stena A/B names in 1983. Services were marketed as Stena Line from autumn 1965.
The Sessanlinien acquisition or merger is variously dated 1980, 1981 and 1982; its last vessel changed registered company name in 1988. Lion Ferry joined in 1982 and was absorbed with Stena Line Scandinavia in 1998. The accounts also differ over Scandlines’ acquisition, giving 1999 and 2000. Public shareholding began in the late 1980s, but the family retained control and restored full private ownership in 2000–2001. Stena Line Scandinavia’s name and structure changed repeatedly through mergers in 1996, 1998 and 2001.
Stena bought the Dutch government’s 70 per cent share in Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland in 1989, subsequently using Stena Line B.V. and Stena Line Holland B.V. The P&O Stena joint venture began in 1998, with Stena’s 40 per cent interest sold in 2002; another source account mentions a 2001 share buyback. Acquisition of Celtic Link Ferries was announced on 26 February 2014, with takeover planned for 31 March.
Stena Bulk, variously dated 1982 and 1983, provides marketing, chartering and ship management for Concordia Maritime and was described as an investment concern buying and reselling ships. Concordia’s parent is the family-owned Stena Sessan, recorded with a 50 per cent interest and also owning HH Ferries. Stena and Concordia formed Arlington Tankers in 2004 and jointly owned Lacus. Other tanker interests included a 5 per cent holding in Ugland Nordic Shipping and the Stena Ugland Shuttle Tankers venture formed in 1994.
Northern Marine Management originated as Swedish Caledonian Marine Management in 1983 and adopted its later name in 1985. It serves Stena’s shipping divisions; its Cyprus and US companies managed Fernwood in succession. The US operation developed from Universe Tankships (Delaware), acquired through Concordia, and traded as Stena Marine Management after a 2004 name change. The source gives inconsistent 1990 and 1996 foundation dates for Universe. Northern Marine also joined Australian Offshore Services and a Singapore investor in Austen Maritime Services.
Stena Drilling incorporates Houlder Marine Drilling, acquired in 1989, and Ben Line/Atlantic Drilling, acquired in 1996. Stena Offshore, renamed from Northern Coasters in 1989, combined with Coflexip in 1994 or 1995 according to different accounts. Coflexip Stena Offshore was sold in 2000 and renamed Technip Offshore UK in 2002.
Other maritime interests included Stena Oil, formed in 1980; Stena Portlink, which acquired Counter Link; Stena Rederei, renamed from Rederi A/B Concordia in 1987; the Ro Ro division, formed in 1989; and Wisby Ship Management, formed in 2000. Hellas Ferries is listed as an associate. A probable one-third OT Africa Line interest lasted from 1982 to 1984, and Harwich Port was sold in 1997. The A/B Stena Marine entry contains an unresolved chronology, giving formation in 1997 but a name change in 1992.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
This white flag with a red saltire was also listed as Red Cross Line in Lloyds 1882. Later Griffin and Reed sources give it without that alternative name.
Brown 1926 shows yellow instead of white, which Rosanoski considers probably a printing error.
A white flag bearing a red star and crescent is assigned by Reed 1901 to Daniel Stephens, presumed to be the founder, and in a variant by Lloyds 1904 to Stephens, Sutton & Stephens. Talbot-Booth says it was used by tank steamers formerly owned by Red “R”.
Reaveley’s May 1967 photograph shows a buff funnel with a black top and red R, whereas flag-and-funnel books use yellow. Earlier funnels had the R on a yellow, or possibly yellow, band on black. Rosanoski identifies the photographed vessel’s owner as Whalton Shipping under Stephens Sutton and rejects the proposed “Reynolds, Newcastle” attribution. The source passage labels the photograph R671.
Stephens, Mawson & Goss used a white flag with a red diamond bearing a white C. The meaning is uncertain; Rosanoski suggests the names of two of the three recorded ships, both beginning with C.
Stephens, Mawson & Goss acquired its first steamer in 1880 and was wound up in 1895, reforming as Stephens, Mawson & Co. Arthur Mawson took over in 1901 and traded under his own name at Cardiff until retirement and fleet sale in 1915. The source inconsistently dates the Cardiff move to 1890 and 1901.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Lloyds 1912 shows blue with a white border except at the hoist and a white M. Reed shows white with a broad blue horizontal band bearing M, under both Arthur Mawson and Mawson Shipping. Reed’s white bands are slightly broader. The M690 funnel’s separate black bands are presumed to be a printing error, intended to form a solid black base.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
A second early flag, white with a red R, predates the 1887 Red “R” company. The letter may derive from the vessels’ R names. The same flag continued under the parent’s successive names and was also assigned to the subsidiary. The museum R187 example is dated 1955–1967 and measures 1,193.8 × 1,778 mm.
Daniel Stephens left the sea in 1871 and founded Stephens & Kendrick in Newcastle in 1872, also spelt Kendick in the source. The business became Stephens, Kendrick & Mawson in 1873 and acquired its first steamer in 1874. In 1878 it became Stephens & Mawson, with a separate Stephens, Mawson & Goss fleet established at Newport. Red “R” Steamship Co. was registered in 1887. The parent became Stephens, Sutton & Stephens in 1901 and Stephens, Sutton Ltd. in 1919.
Red “R” went into voluntary liquidation in 1917; the fleet name was revived in 1929, though revival of the company itself is uncertain and it apparently did not survive the Second World War. Later managed concerns included Ensign, Avon, Whalton, Thomasson and Clive, apparently using the same livery. Liquidation was announced in 1967 and the last vessel sold in 1968.
UK, Newcastle.
The flag is blue with a red St Andrew’s cross and white S&CCo lettering in the quarters. Some source indexes list it under Clarke (Stephenson).
The 1933 Lloyd cigarette card substitutes CS&Co for S&CCo; Rosanoski found no support for that lettering elsewhere.
The later flag reduces the lettering to S at the hoist and C at the fly. Rosanoski’s 2004 comment connects this with the 1945 name change, while the badge account says the SC flag was introduced in 1968. Whether subsequent name changes altered the flag is not established.
Funnel-band widths and colours differ. Earlier sources generally show white, while Brown 1958 shows grey and Merchant Ships 1959 calls it silver despite a white appearance. A wider band is confirmed on Henry Woodall and Findon, but Petworth has a narrower band, possibly because of funnel size. Rosanoski suggests a possible livery change around 1968, while noting that Brown 1978 still used the earlier name and livery.
The company traced its origins to Ralph and Robert Clarke’s purchase of a 300-ton sailing vessel in 1730. Other accounts give 1850 or 1865 for the later Stephenson Clarke concern. Primarily a coastal coal carrier, it diversified after mine closures into grain, steel, alumina and project cargoes, trading in northern Europe, Scandinavia, the Baltic, Mediterranean and West Africa.
The recorded names include Stephenson Clarke & Co., Stephenson Clarke & Co. Ltd. from 1922, Stephenson Clarke & Associated Companies Ltd. from 1928, Stephenson Clarke Ltd. from 1945 and Stephenson Clarke Shipping Ltd. from 1968. A supposed 2001 change to Stephenson Clarke Shipmanagement is questioned: the 2008 material instead identifies Shipmanagement as a subsidiary. The William Robertson fleet had been absorbed by 1978–1979. A separate SCS Ship Management concern, formerly Stephenson Clarke Marine Services, was incorporated in October 1994 and dissolved in December 2013.
Powell Duffryn’s ownership is variously traced to 1928 and to full subsidiary status in 1986. Its holding fell to 40 per cent in 1992 and was disposed of in 1994. Amchorjade acquired control in 1992 and the balance in 1994; International Maritime Group bought the company in September 1997.
Tanfield Steamship was acquired in 1952. Joint ventures included the wartime Normandy Shipping Company with Powell, Duffryn Steam Coal, wound up in 1922, and Coastwise Colliers with William Cory and William France, Fenwick, wound up in 1949.
At its 1990s peak the fleet exceeded thirty single-deck bulk carriers. Depressed freight markets led to vessel sales, and the last ship was sold in July 2012. The source dates liquidation to 26 July 2012.
UK, London; later Newcastle.
An indistinct starboard-bow photograph from September 1976 confirms a gold shade and a very narrow black top. A possible fine red edge separates the white band from the upper gold, and the emblem may also be gold. Much of the funnel is hidden behind the bridge, so these details remain uncertain.
This one-ship concern is associated with Sterling from 1966 to 1987 in the name-change record, although absent from Lloyds 1978–1979. Earlier listings give International Shipping as agents.
USA, New York NY; Mitchell gives Monrovia, Liberia.
The Stern flag is white with a green disc containing a white eight-pointed star lying horizontally. In the German sources the star nearly spans the disc; the FOTW version’s star is smaller. It is unclear whether the funnel disc’s white edge is outlined again in green. Mitchell shows a black funnel top for S1234.
The green H has a horizontal bar formed as a downward loop. The apparent vertical stripe below the letter is part of that loop.
US Navy and Mitchell explicitly show a green outline outside the white edge of the funnel disc.
The US Navy renderings look to Rosanoski more like a short cross with forked ends than a star. Stern and Hornemann have the emblem within the disc, whereas the Hemmersam version nearly fills it. The narrative groups these image numbers with that comparison; the individual source-list assignments differ for H535 and H537.
Earlier published titles and images confused Emil Hemmersam or Hemmersan with Erik K.C. Hornemann. Rosanoski called for the two flags and descriptions to be exchanged under their correct headings. The Hornemann-type description gives a white field, green disc and white horizontal eight-pointed star bearing a green H. Hemmersam/Hemmersan varies between original publications; he found no support for Hemmerson.
Stern-Linie is reported as existing from 1950 to 1985, but shipping operations began in 1951 and appear to have ended in 1967. Its original fleet later came under Stern-Linie Hemmersam u. Hornemann. A further fleet acquired in 1956–1957 and sold in 1958 was registered under Hemmersam and Hornemann individually but listed by Lloyds under Stern-Linie. The relationship may have been a partnership, possibly from the beginning, but is not established.
Germany, Lübeck.
The presumed original flag is red with a white diamond bearing black J.F.B. The historical website repeats this livery on both its nineteenth- and twentieth-century pages, although Rosanoski considers the later page should show the added corner lettering.
The later flag adds black St. and D.G. in the upper corners. Lloyds 1904 and 1912 show slanted letters in the diamond but upright field lettering. The 1904 source uniquely uses Bräunlich among the German sources Rosanoski consulted.
Jorge Candeias worked from an unclear, unidentified source: red, the white lozenge and black lettering were certain, but the letters were not. He read J and F with confidence and tentatively H as the final letter, with SDG suggested above. Rosanoski proposes Lloyds 1904 as a possible origin but notes that its upper letters are neither slanted nor simply SDG.
The coloured postcard agrees with Flaggenbuch 1934, the Massary and Lloyd cards, and broadly with US Navy 1961. The Navy version has minor differences Rosanoski considers probably insignificant. Mitchell gives S1510 a narrow black funnel top, probably from Melilla.
Esso and Flaggen & Schornsteine assign this livery to the Lübeck company.
A small monochrome photograph is too indistinct to determine whether the dark field carries black corner letters. A contributor’s suggestion that the company changed countries is questioned by Rosanoski: Stettin became Szczecin, but the recorded company locations subsequently include Lübeck and Hamburg.
Carl Julius Ferdinand Braeunlich ordered Dievenov in 1851 and established Reederei J.F. Braeunlich on delivery in 1852. Serving Usedom and Wollin, the company became Stettiner Dampfschiffs-Gesellschaft J.F. Brauenlich GmbH in 1896. The fleet was requisitioned in 1914 and service resumed gradually after the war. It merged with Swinemünder Dampgschiffahrt – Akt.-Gesellschaft in 1927; all but two ships were commandeered in 1939.
After the war the concern was known as J.F. Braueunlich Reederei K.G. Its history records Hamburg from 1956, while Lloyds already lists Lübeck in 1953, perhaps following a move at the war’s end. Melilla, built in 1952, was the last vessel and was sold in 1971. Activity between that sale and cancellation of the trade registration in February 1995 is unknown.
Germany, Stettin; Lübeck in the 1953–1954 register. US Navy 1961 still gives Stettin.
The flag is a red pennant with a white disc containing black SOK. Black lines edged white run from the corners towards the disc. Rosanoski says the letters should be enclosed by a thick black ring on the white disc. A further website image, apparently derived from Esso, thins the black lines and the funnel lettering.
The company built the small tanker Ostmark in 1934 and sold her in 1959. It is listed in the 1953–1954 and 1958–1959 registers.
Germany, Hamburg.
S841 is a parent-company funnel sourced to Mitchell’s collection, without a further written design description.
A black-and-white photograph of Edward Stevinson indicates a dark-blue funnel, consistent with the National Maritime Museum flag dated approximately 1955–1967. Mitchell gives a lighter blue. The difference is retained rather than choosing a single shade.
The Tankers company is documented from the 1960s into the 1980s. Its operator was Stevinson, Hardy, later under the International name; Furness Withy (Shipping) Ltd. is recorded as manager in 1985–6.
Stevinson, Hardy is recorded as a petrol distributor from 1937 to 1980, possibly then taken over by Furness Withy. It operated Stevinson, Hardy (Tankers) Ltd. and was listed as Stevinson, Hardy International Ltd. by 1980–1.
United Kingdom, London; the parent and Tankers company are recorded separately.
This livery was adopted in 1975.
The company acted as charterers only.
U.K., London.
Neubecker’s primer gives an equilateral diamond, smaller dotted initials rising towards the centre and an angle-cut top to H following the diamond’s edge. Rosanoski questions the primer’s accuracy.
Mathias Stinnes established a shipping and coal-trading concern in 1808 and bought his first vessel in 1810. The later Hugo Stinnes shipping website instead traces its Rhine-barge origins to 1820. Mathias was succeeded by his sons after his death, given as 1845 in the main account but inconsistently as 1815 in one repeated entry.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Grandson Hugo entered the family concern in 1890 and established his own coal and shipping business in 1892, although another source dates Hugo Stinnes GmbH to 1893. He acquired interests in Woermann and Deutsche Afrika-Linien in 1916, held the Deutsche Ost-Afrika interest until 1921, and took an Ozean-Linie share in 1921. Financial difficulties after his death in 1924 led to the sale or merger of Hugo Stinnes Linien into Deutsch-Austral & Kosmos: the accounts give 1924 and 30 January 1926, while a 1925 timetable documents continuing services. The Stinnes line name remained in use.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
In 1926 Hugo Stinnes Jr. placed much of the remaining business under Hugo Stinnes Corporation in New York; family assets were confiscated in 1941. Separately, his coal interests developed into the Poseidon shipping business. He founded Artus Danziger & Handels-Aktiengesellschaft Reederei in 1919, using Danzig’s position for South American services from 1921. A takeover is dated 1926 and an apparent end in 1927, though the source is unclear about precisely what ended.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The family rebuilt Hugo Stinnes OHG in Mülheim in 1948. Hugo Jr. left in 1952 to form Hugo Stinnes Industrie und Handel; that concern, OHG and Hugo Stinnes A.G. thereafter remained separate entities. Mathies Stinnes succeeded to management in the 1980s and led the group from 1993. The liner business formed DSR/Stinnes West Indies Service with Deutsche Seereederei in 1992, later becoming Hugo Stinnes Linien. Deutsche Seereederei acquired the remaining family shares and moved the headquarters to Rostock in 2002. Later arrangements involved Interhansa, a Deutsche Seereederei–Interorient venture, before a 2008 buyout and sale to Jens Kroczek’s Stinnes Holding. Shipping continued as Hugo Stinnes Schiffahrt without Stinnes-family involvement.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The flag is white, horizontally edged black, with a central hook-like design of black and red rectangular sections around a black square. The official website and Nüsse example have the emblem touching the black stripes; a DSR/Stinnes table flag leaves it floating in the white. Stinnes Monsun’s July 2009 funnel has a diamond enclosing HSt over crossed hammers. The modern chartered fleet otherwise appears in its owners’ colours.
The modern liner company traces transatlantic shipping to Hugo Stinnes Schiffahrt in 1907. It operated Caribbean and South African services with chartered tonnage. The source describes successive ownership by Interhansa and Stinnes Holding rather than treating all Stinnes-named concerns as a single continuing company.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The Mathias and Hugo Rhine shipping departments merged in 1934 as Vereinigte Stinnes Rheinreederein. Confiscated assets returned to German ownership in 1961 under a newly formed Hugo Stinnes A.G.; VEBA acquired 95 per cent in 1965 and the rest in 1992. The company became Stinnes A.G. in 1979. Fendel, including Rhenus, was taken over in 1969. Rhine operations were pooled in Fendel-Stinnes in 1971; merger with WTAG’s shipping division created Stinnes Reederei in 1976. Raab Karcher joined in 1995, followed in 1996 by integration of inland shipping into Rhenus’s RS PartnerShip.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Other interests included Emder Verkehrsgesellschaft, Frachtcontor Junge, Antverpia, Midgard and Reederei Jaegers. Jaegers returned to family ownership with the inland tankers in 1995. Transport and logistics came under Schenker-Rhenus in 1996, and Stinnes subsequently disposed of bulk, inland-waterway and seaport activities. VEBA began divesting through the 1999 flotation; Deutsche Bahn acquired its remaining shares in 2002 and minority shares transferred in 2003. Another account dates the takeover simply to 2003. Rosanoski does not find support for the claimed subsequent name DB Mobility Logistics.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Mathias Stinnes used a white-over-red pennant, described by Karl Scherf as possibly the first Rhine house flag. Published pennants vary greatly in length. Michels also shows a rectangular white-over-red flag in proportions about 14:6 rather than his usual 14:9; a photograph confirms that rectangular form. The Ernst Bassermann photograph supplies the S1261 funnel.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The livery appears under many Stinnes group names. Sources differ in the initials: Talbot-Booth makes T small and raised, and Brown 1926 gives H and S thicker than t, unlike several German sources. Michels’ monochrome photograph shows the flag’s diamond faintly but only plain white and red funnel bands, without charges. Jordan assigns this funnel to the operating Kohlen-Import-und Poseidon concern.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Michels states that all ships of the former Mathias and Hugo companies used the united flag from 1956, suggesting that their separate flags had initially survived the 1934 merger. The source describes the united design as the V ST R flag and records it alongside the earlier black–white–red Hugo flag and white–red Mathias pennant.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
The later house flag bears a large red disc. The change from black, white and red is dated to the 1976 union of Fendel-Stinnes and WTAG’s shipping department. A photographed example measures 1 × 1.60 m, and a 1988 Julia photograph confirms use. The small inland-vessel funnel is taken from Stinnes Schub 1.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Artus uses five horizontal stripes, blue alternating with yellow, and a white disc over the middle three bearing a black A. The black funnel carries the flag as a band. The narrative labels this S1550, whereas the source list uses A1080.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Germany, Mülheim-Ruhr, also rendered Muchlheim in one source; Hamburg in the 1928 flag source; Rostock from 2002.
Loughran shows three blue wavy funnel lines, matching the Harrison emblem. Marinart confirms them; Stirling Dee’s September 1991 photograph also supports the design, although its aged colours make the lines look rusty red rather than blue.
Mitchell describes a Harrison-type funnel with the panel or shield represented as the swallow-tailed flag. The museum flag, dated 1986, measures 1,854.2 × 1,193.8 mm. Its wavy lines are said to represent the River Clyde, and the design resembles that of associated Harrisons (Clyde).
The offshore-supply operator began in 1974 as Stirling Shipping Co. and became Stirling Offshore in 1995. Harrisons initially operated part of its fleet and later managed the whole fleet. Seacor Marine (International) is listed as owner from 2002.
Vessels later adopted Seacor colours, as shown by Stirling Esk in June 2003.
Harrisons (Clyde) became Stirling Shipmanagement in 1995. Seacor Smit acquired it early in 2001, and it became Seacor Marine (International) in 2002. Related concerns included Stirling Marine, renamed in 1995 from Aiden Shipping, formed in 1948; Stirling Offshore; and Western Ferries (Clyde).
U.K., Glasgow.
Brown 1951 shows a small rounded S and assigns the flag to Caribbean Line, probably a trading name. The FOTW entry also includes a red flag with a white C that Rosanoski identifies as Ivarans Rederi’s, leaving that additional attribution in doubt.
Stockard appears to have been a small concern serving New York, Philadelphia and Caribbean ports. It is listed in the 1953–1954 and 1958–1959 registers.
USA, New York.
The original Stockholm-company flag is dark blue with an ornate gold oval frame around the upper part of a red-coated man wearing a golden crown against light blue. The name and flag had changed by 1912.
Nüsse’s table flag has a very small Swedish-style canton with the cross intersection towards the hoist and a plain S. Its field appears pale cream, possibly discoloured with age, while other sources give white. Rosanoski considers this table flag especially useful evidence.
The website S1554 renderings presumably derive from Lloyds. Brown also gives S1555 under manager H. Ericson; Lloyds 1904 lists the S259-related flag under Nya Rederiaktiebolaget Svea.
Sources vary in S lettering and in whether the canton’s cross is centred or offset towards the hoist. Talbot-Booth uses a Swedish-style offset cross, and photographs of Örnen and Regin confirm plain funnel lettering. The cap badge has a centred cross; a closely related website version moves the cross towards the hoist and makes S smaller and rounder. Brown 1978 and 1982 show a more conventional canton and a smaller letter, with the latter naming Svea Rederierna.
The FOTW depictions prompted discussion of a centred versus Scandinavian cross and serif versus plain S. Rosanoski says the S1552 Stewart citation should instead resemble S1560, and the Brown-based S1553 discussion should resemble S1557. Richard Roosvall recalled a bolder S and no small Swedish flag, but that remains a personal recollection. Elias Granqvist rejected a suggested prohibition on using the national flag and proposed either a general Swedish association, through the personification Svea, or a design error; none of these suggestions establishes the canton’s origin.
One additional cap badge apparently has a dark-blue S, perhaps a later change; the colour comparison suggests a slightly darker blue than the canton.
Ocean Ships gives an alternative funnel with a blue S on the band, without a flag; continued use of the common flag was assumed. Rosanoski later suggests that this may be Saturnus’s S209, wrongly allocated.
No documented shared use or definite reassignment.
After Johnson’s complete takeover in 1981, Svea ships in Silja service adopted Johnson funnel colours. The source’s subsequent ship-sale year is printed as 19992 and is not silently corrected.
Svea was formed in 1871 and received its first ship in 1872. Reconstituted as Nya Rederiaktiebolaget Svea in 1894, it expanded by acquisition. Stockholms Ångfartygs joined in 1907 on condition that Stockholm remain in the name, producing Stockholms Rederi A/B Svea. Södra Sverige followed in 1909 and Wicanders in 1912. The Stockholm predecessor is separately described as a steamship owner from 1886.
After the First World War, Svea resumed Swedish–Finnish passenger services with Finska Ångfartygs and Bore as De Samseglande, leading to Silja Line in 1957. The Högberg-led Stjärnbolagen family group acquired more than half the shares, apparently in the 1930s. Johnson/Nordstjernan’s later acquisition is dated 1975 in the principal accounts, but Mitchell gives 1971; even the 1975 holding is variously called half or a majority. Johnson acquired the balance in 1981, and Svea became a property company.
Post-war operations included ocean freighters and ferries to Finland, Denmark and Germany, with freight routes across the North Sea and to the Mediterranean and West Africa. Dutch subsidiaries included Svea, Odin and Holda. Other interests included Expresslinjen, Fredrika, Malmö Rederi and the absorbed Staffan fleet. Trave Line merged with SJ/Svelast in 1976 as Saga Linien. The Linjebuss account gives a disputed 1969 Scandinavian Ferry Lines name change; another describes its Öresund merger with SJ/Svelast in 1980.
Bore’s 1978 withdrawal left Svea and Effoa with equal Silja shares. Svea also participated in England-Sverige Linien, held a majority in Göta Kanal from October 1942, and formed tanker subsidiary Saturnus with Kooperative Förbundet in 1939, buying out the partner in 1956. Oy Svea and the post-war Svea-Coker venture with A. Coker appear among the interests.
Management references include H. Ericson and Emmanuel Högberg, with Curt Högberg as operator by the mid-1960s. Rosanoski identifies the house flag as Svea’s, not a separate Högberg flag, and rejects its placement under a Broström heading. Manager and owner roles vary between the sources.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The cap badge shows a blue swallow-tail with a yellow circle bearing black TB. The website’s version outlines the circle in black, apparently following a company pamphlet.
A photograph of a Hugin model supports this funnel.
Known as Transportbolaget or TB, the company was formed in 1870 and was operated by J.A. Appelqvist in the 1917–1918 register. After bankruptcy in 1925, Stockholms Enskilda Bank took it over and reconstituted it as Stockholms Nya T & B, returning to the original name in 1926. Kran och Bogserings bought it in 1938. The source notes a 1968 association with A.F. Söderstöm but leaves the exact meaning uncertain. Göteborgs Bogsering & Bärgnings absorbed it in 1977.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The cap badge shows a white swallow-tail with a broad blue band bearing white SÅA, the central Å larger than the other letters.
The company is listed under manager Alvar Dahlström in 1953–1954 and under its own name from 1956–1957 through 1966–1967.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The funnel is yellow or buff with a broad band reproducing the flag. The flag has horizontal blue, white and red stripes, overlaid from top to bottom by a green circle bearing a white S.
France, Paris.
Founded by Tom Walters and registered on 18 October 1935, Stockton Ferries operated launches across the Hunter River mouth. G. Davey bought the business from the Walters family in 1978. The Stockton–Newcastle service ended in 1982, and the company was deregistered on 27 February 1992.
Australia, Stockton, Newcastle.
Loughran gives a sequence from S533 to S534 after the Second World War, then S535 in the 1970s. Mitchell records the S535 funnel in 1972. S116 appears to be a subsequent change.
The funnel panel’s size varies between sources. Loughran gives it nearly the full width, supported by photographs of Stolt Tern, Stolt Surf, Stolt Kent, Stolt Efficiency and Stolt Achievment; the black top is narrow. Ocean Ships 1982 omits the black top from its description, although photographs of Stolt Integrity and Stolt Llandaff show it and differing panel sizes.
Brown 1982 shows a rectangular flag panel, whereas Brown 1995 makes it square; the S also varies slightly. Stolt NYK Australia used these colours.
The offshore business began in 1973 or 1974. Comex Services was acquired in 1992 and combined with Seaway as Stolt Comex Seaway, renamed Stolt Offshore in 2000. Stolt-Nielsen reduced its holding to 41.7 per cent in 2004 and ended ownership in 2005. The offshore organisation included Norwegian, British, US and Brazilian concerns; ETPM Deepsea was bought in December 1999. The sources differ over the precise formation dates and antecedents of the Comex Seaway companies.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Skipet does not date its livery images against the name changes. S1626 is particularly confusing because its A has a V-shaped arm. S1627/S1628 and S1631/S1632 appear to be alternative forms.
The source distinguishes an older B. Stolt-Nielsen shipowning concern from Jacob Stolt-Nielsen’s modern business. The older origins are dated 1886 and 1891, and its change to B. Stolt-Nielsen & Sönner is dated 1925 in one account and 1930 in another. Skipet says its last ship was sold in 1961. The modern group dates its formation to 1959, with Parcel Tankers Inc. in Liberia as the first operating company. Accounts disagree over subsequent legal-name changes and the continuity between the older and newer firms.
BP held 50 per cent from the 1977 financial difficulties until 1987; NYK then became a shareholder with more than 10 per cent. Stolt-Nielsen went public in 1988. In 1999 Stolt-Nielsen Transportation Group consolidated parcel tankers, tank containers and terminals, while Norwegian operations relocated to Rotterdam. Stolt Tankers B.V. adopted that name in 2007. Niels G. Stolt-Nielsen succeeded Jacob as chief executive in 2000. The company delisted in 2007 and relocated to Bermuda in 2010.
Other operating concerns included Jakarta’s P.T. Komaritim; Oceanic, formerly American Oilfield Divers; Stolt Nielsen A.G., bought and renamed from Hamburger Lloyd in 1997; the Singapore ship-management division, formed in 1987; and Tecmarine Liners, formed in 1990. The Rotterdam business acquired Ermefer from Groupe Ermewa in 2005. The US parcel-tanker concern began as Stolt-Nielsen Inc. in 1961, became Stolt Parcel Tankers in 1993 and a Transportation Group division in 1999.
Panocean-Anco is listed as an associate. Joint ventures included Aspiration Maritima with Chung Gai in 1987, Stolt Marine Tankers with Marine Transport in 1999 and Stoltchem in Shanghai with Sinochem in 2003. Uyeno Stolt Tankers Australia began with Uyeno interests in 1986; NYK apparently took that share in 1996, and the company became Stolt NYK Australia.
Norway, Haugesund.
Haws gives Z20 in 1875, followed by Z19 in dark yellow with a narrow black top in 1876–1887, then buff with a normal black top. Z21 carried a broad Dutch-colour band in 1915–1919. Z18 followed in 1920–1939 with narrower bands; both top and bands narrowed further from 1946. The Ships List chronology differs, assigning Z21 to 1875–1877, Z19 to 1878–1914, Z21 again to 1915–1919, and Z18 from 1920. Haws dates the embossed gold crown to 1989 in this passage, contradicting his earlier 1985 date.
A monochrome photograph of Loningen Emma confirms the funnel; Merchant Ships describes the buff as deep cream.
James Dignan’s FOTW flag follows The Dumpy Book of Ships and the Sea, published about 1957.
The 1939 flag chart supplies this funnel and flag variant without a separate verbal comparison.
Sources disagree over the crown’s form and whether it sits on or overall across the saltire. Nüsse alone shows it surmounting the cross; Brown agrees with his shape and colours, while Talbot-Booth resembles Lloyd’s.
Zeeland Steamship Company, also Zeeland Line and Koninklijke Nederlandsche Postvaart, was formed on 10 June 1875 for Flushing–Sheerness service. Its English terminal moved to Folkestone in 1911, Tilbury/Gravesend in 1914 and Harwich in 1927; the Dutch terminal moved to the Hook of Holland in 1946. The title changed in 1938 from Zeeland Naamlooze Vennootschoop Stoomvaart. Wm. H. Müller acted as manager.
The British operation was privatised as Sealink UK on 1 July 1984. Following royal approval in 1985 a crown was added to the funnel and the Crown Line name adopted. The Dutch government announced sale of its 70 per cent holding in September 1988, and Stena acquired Crown Line in June 1989.
Netherlands: Flushing–Queensborough, Flushing, Rotterdam and Hoek van Holland.
The K is formed as a stylised gryphon, also called a dragon in the notes, emitting a red flame said to symbolise an oilfield’s eternal flame. The lower wing and feet have feathered edges. Stora’s funnel confirms the design; she appears to have been the sole owned vessel. The FOTW rendering based on Bryggan omits the red flame.
Mitchell’s funnel drawing appears unfinished.
Koppartrans originated in 1947 as an oil and gas venture between Stora Kopparbergs and Rederi A/B Transatlantic, apparently through Rederi A/B Transoil, creating oil and shipping companies. Shell acquired half in 1958 and the rest around 1963–1964 or the mid-1960s. The brand disappeared by the early 1970s.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Formed in 1862 and incorporated in 1888, Stora Kopparbergs sold its iron and steel interests in 1978 to concentrate on energy and forestry. It adopted Stora as its name in 1984 and merged with Enso in 1998 to become Stora Enso. Shipowning is recorded in the 1960s.
Sweden, Falun.
Hopemount was formed in 1918 and operated under the successive Stott company names. Hindustan Steam Shipping, in the Common Brothers group, bought it from Associated Shipbuilders in June 1966. Common Bros. is listed as operator by 1970–1971.
U.K., Newcastle.
Arthur Stott & Co. became Stott, Mann & Fleming in 1939 according to Merchant Ships, though Mitchell gives 1945. The name changed again to Stott, Mann & Co. in the early 1950s. It operated for Clive, Hopemount, Novocastria and Wallsend Shipping and for the Ministry of Transport. Rosanoski infers subsidiary relationships from the ship names; International South American S.S. and Monkseaton S.S. also appear under a shared source heading.
U.K., Newcastle.
The funnel is recorded for Alterani of managed Jojolo and confirmed by Stove Tradition’s starboard photograph in June 1977. Super Challenge’s portside photograph also confirms it, with Stove Rederi given as registered owner.
Mitchell assigns this funnel to Jojolo and Dalen under Stove Transport and also records it on the Lorentzen cards. Nüsse originally showed the flag upside down and corrected it on the later website.
The business belonged to Lorentzens Rederi until the family division in 1959, when it passed into the share of James Stave Lorentzen, Jørgen Lorentzen and Otta Greg Tiedeman. The source warns of Stave/Stove spelling variations. It appears to have ceased shipowning for a period before 2007. Lloyds 2008 lists Stove Shipping as a major Belships operating company, with Stove Rederi, formed in 2007, beneath it; other notes remain tentative about the precise Belships relationship.
The associated Belstoverederienne managed Fraternitas. Mitchell connects the livery with Jörgen J. Lorenzen or Lorentzen and Stove Transport, without firmly establishing all identities. Dalen and Fraternitas joined the group in 1984 and closed after their final ship sales in 1987.
Norway, Oslo.
The funnel is recorded for Moongalba.
Registered in Queensland on 3 December 1963 as Stradbroke Ferries Pty. Ltd., the company later became Stradbroke Ferries Ltd.
Australia, Brisbane.
The initial rendering followed a logo painted on the Wellington wharf office: a flag on a sloping pole, diagonally divided light blue over dark blue with white SS. Rosanoski later acknowledged that treating the logo itself as the actual flag led to his erroneous 1996 published version. A clearer office photograph showed light blue at the foot of the pole. White lines represent folds, not consistent strokes through the letters, despite the suggested nickname “Dollar Line”.
The first vessel, Straitsman, retained the Tasmanian Transport Commission funnel with the former owner’s logo painted out, confirmed at Wellington in November 1993.
An actual flag was seen at the Port of Wellington entrance in April 1995, and Suilven’s November photograph confirmed the livery. The real flag places the logo on a white field, with two white vertical fold-lines through the logo’s SS. Both ships were recorded flying S1303 in May 1997.
Suilven’s March 1997 portside view confirms this funnel arrangement but retains the lighter S1303 blue. Straitsman’s darker-blue funnel has a metal emblem plate that misleadingly suggests a black rim. On the starboard side the pole points forward while the reversed flag design keeps the letters readable. The 2010 retrospective also labels the actual flag-on-white design S1306.
A shore flag photographed in February 1997 has a smaller logo with STRAIT SHIPPING LTD in blue underneath. Rosanoski hopes this was an advertising version for land use only.
Incorporated on 24 March 1992, Strait Shipping began a Cook Strait freight-ferry service that later included passengers. Its founders were Jim Barker of Otorohanga Transport, Tony Johnston, Derek Boys and Doug Smith; Smith left late in 1993.
New Zealand, Picton; Wellington in the company source.
The refreshed website logo, apparently introduced about May 2001, combines two arrows in maritime colours into S shapes, intended to suggest movement and anticipation. Mitchell’s funnel shows two white panels outlined black within a circle, touching its edge, with the horizontal panel above an angled one.
Stein-Tore Strand founded Strand Shipping on 12 September 1988 and later sold his interest to the employees. Primarily a shipbroker, the firm also undertakes agency and ship operations. It absorbed Villy J. Jacobsen on 1 July 2006. The 2008 register places the fleet under Rana Ship Management, formed in 1997. Some vessels were handled in an unspecified capacity for Halten.
Norway, Mo I Rana.
Brown assigns the livery to Nordsjøtransport. The blue funnel carries a broad band reproducing the flag: white with two narrow blue horizontal stripes near the top and bottom, enclosing a blue emblem of two stylised S letters.
The 1963–1964 and 1970–1971 registers list the firm as manager for a single company, variously named Nordsjö Transport, Nord-Transport and Nordsjøtransport. Rosanoski considers it probably a subsidiary.
Norway, Bergen.
Angel Sea’s photograph of 17 November 2009 supplies the funnel.
Registered on 28 August 1999 as Timber Ships Australia Pty. Ltd., the company later became Stratus Shipping. It was formed as a separate chartering concern to support Pentarch’s Australian and New Zealand timber exports. The group chart calls a concern Timberships, but Rosanoski found no explicit website link establishing its relationship with Stratus.
Australia, Melbourne.
The flag is white with gold and blue panels, somewhat resembling the later TT Line flag. Rosanoski presumes that the participating companies supplied ships retaining their own funnels.
Streamline was a consortium operating in the 1970s and 1980s between Europe, the Caribbean, and central and northern South America. Its partners were the Swedish Johnson concern, Finnish EFFOA, Royal Mail Lines of the UK and Guatemala’s Flomerca Line. Rosanoski qualifies Stockholm as a possible base rather than treating the consortium as exclusively Swedish.
Sweden, Stockholm, according to the flag collection.
The first Kefallinia postcard is unclear: the funnel appears white with a narrow blue top and an indistinct emblem. S1589 is based on later postcards showing the blue logo on white funnels, although it often looks nearly black. Ionian Glory supplies a port view and Ionian Sun a starboard view; a 1992 photograph of the latter shows a black top and a very dark blue symbol.
Ionian Island introduced S1590 in 1987. The upper red band followed the funnel’s top and forward edge; the other two followed the same line, with the second not touching the panel. The bands narrowed away from their thickest point at the forward base. A starboard photograph on 12 September 1998 shows the design mirrored, with the bands again descending at the forward end. Straight-sided funnels such as Superferry II made the descending part vertical.
Blue Aegean and Blue Galaxy show the S256 funnel with the flag colours reversed and the star facing forward on both sides. The hull carried large “Blue Ferries” lettering followed by smaller “STRINTZIS LINES”. On the flag, “STRINTZIS LINES” appears below “Blue Star Ferries”.
The reasons for S355 and S356 are unknown. Nüsse’s table flags show differing shades, including very dark blue and an apparently yellow band. Photographs of Blue Star ships from 2000 also suggest yellow or a more golden shade than orange; Blue Star I on 25 August 2003 appears to fly golden-yellow flags with a blue star.
Postcards of Superferry in Swansea Cork service show S1590, but another official postcard makes two of the bands blue, as S1591. An Ionian Sun view from the 1990 Swansea Cork service may show a white funnel with black top, a red band, then a narrow gap above either a blue band or a blue base.
The new Strintzis Ferries returned to the Greek sigma in S1592 with the colours reversed. A portside view of Kefalonia shows the funnel, and a photograph dated 1 July 2006 shows the flag together with the S1593 bow pennant.
The Strintzis family’s origins are traced to 1897 and passenger operations to 1960. Strintzis Bros. Coast Line Co. became Strintzis Lines S.A. in 1977, then Strintzis Lines Shipping S.A. in 1982. Accounts differ on the family’s home island, naming Zakynthos and Kefalonia. They also place the Minoan joint service in 1985 or 1995; the service ended in December 1996. The family owned Swansea Cork Ferries from 1993 to 1999.
Attica’s investment brought the Blue Star Ferries brand. One account gives 48% in 1999, another 38% on 31 August 2000; the notes variously describe a controlling stake and a continuing family majority with Attica control. The Strintzis name was removed from the old operation in 2003, and the recorded legal sequence ends with Blue Star Maritime S.A. in 2004. A separate family company, Strintzis Ferries, is dated to 2002 or January 2003 and is explicitly distinguished from the old company. It acquired Eptanisos in 2003 and subsequently bought Kefalonia in July 2004 for October delivery. The suggested Magna Marine connection is regarded by Rosanoski as apparently incorrect.
Greece.
Lloyds 1882 gives a smaller ampersand. Griffin 1883 adds a stop after S and broadens the funnel band; Griffin 1895 adds stops after both S and P. Lloyds 1904 and 1912 also show a broader funnel band.
Reed corrected this version in its 1912 edition.
The company is recorded with Volvo, built in 1880 and wrecked in 1894, and sold Prado in 1912.
UK, Liverpool.
Stockholm’s photographs show the livery, apparently unchanged despite the ownership changes. Fine details are indistinct, but the anchor appears fouled, unlike the website logo. The source also reproduces several cap-badge versions.
Previously Ångfartygs AB Strömma Kanal, the company was acquired by Bore Lines at an unspecified date and later renamed Strömma Kanalbolaget. Rosanoski presumes it became part of Strömma Turism & Sjöfart in 1999; Lloyds lists its vessels under that concern from 2007. Earlier registers place the company in Stockholm.
Sweden, Göteborg, in the cap-badge source.
The US Navy source shows a white flag with blue E.
Eruths apparently had one vessel, Nils Sture, bought in 1939, and traded until around the mid-1950s. Lloyds lists him as operator of Rederi A/B Eruths in 1953–54 and 1956–57.
Sweden, Trelleborg.
Clipper Ships & Yachts also assigns this flag to Sturges, Clearman & Co. under S1140.
Sturges & Co. may have continued Sturges, Clearman & Co., which served the New York–Liverpool route in the 1840s and 1850s. Both are recorded as agents at the same Wall Street address, suggesting Clearman’s departure, but identity is uncertain among several similarly named shipping interests. Billow is recorded arriving with sugar in May 1856.
USA, New York.
Both flag sources assign this version to Mobile Line.
Mystic Seaport assigns this flag to Sturges & Co. under S1139.
The company served the New York–Liverpool packet trade in the 1840s and 1850s, with Irene and Aberdeen among the recorded ships. It was listed as an agent at 92 Wall Street in 1854. Doane, Sturges & Co., at the same address in 1832, is presumed to be a predecessor. Sturges & Co. may have continued after Clearman left, but the source does not establish the succession.
USA, New York.
The group wordmark is red stx on white. Its depiction as a jack, use on subsidiary websites and the funnel changes suggest possible house-flag use, but Rosanoski does not establish that ships actually flew it. Photographs of large flags show that they are not double-sided.
The April 2005 magazine table-flag version suggests double-sided construction for table flags.
The December 2004 new-name image places stx above blue PanOcean. Its reverse is drawn as if double-sided, but that may merely be illustrative convenience.
Ocean Master supplies the S962 funnel. STX Pioneer still showed PanOcean beneath STX on 22 February 2006 but had dropped it by 4 April, supplying S964. Most website vessel photographs similarly omit PanOcean. Auto Runner retains it; Auto Atlas has a black funnel and white disc too small to decipher.
New Mariner was observed with the old Pan Ocean orange funnel and a broad white band bearing orange lower-case stx, with t higher than s and x. Its June 2006 photograph shows thinner letters than the drawing. STX Ace 6 has the heavier lettering, though its funnel shade may be closer to air-sea-rescue orange.
Amazonit’s September 2013 portside photograph shows the funnel without STX; the logo was already absent in July while the vessel was still labelled POS Amazonit. The ship was built for Conti in 2011 and chartered to STX for twelve years. Rosanoski initially considered continued or sub-chartering, but subsequent contributors stated that fourteen sister ships’ charters had ended and the ships returned to Conti, with BBG acting as manager. The current charterer and reason for the early logo removal remain unanswered. The funnel appears redder than the expected orange.
Replacement charterer and meaning of retained bands unknown; do not present as STX company variant.
The documented STX logo occupies 14.3 × 5 units on an 18 × 8 grid. The combined company-name design has five stated colour treatments: red/blue, black, dark grey, gold and silver.
Pan Ocean Shipping became STX Pan Ocean in 2004 following STX Shipbuilding’s acquisition of the principal shareholding. Another company account describes the relaunch of Burn Yang Shipping under that name. STX Corporation, incorporated as a holding company in April 2004, also had shipbuilding, engine and energy affiliates.
STX Pan Ocean entered court receivership in June 2013. Korea Development Bank, its main creditor and second-largest shareholder, agreed a further loan in August but declined to buy STX’s stake. Approval of a debt-to-equity restructuring with two capital reductions was announced on 22 November 2013.
Operating companies included HAS Management, formed at Busan in 2007, Heung-A Shipping, and POS Ship Management, later STX POS Ship Management.
South Korea, Seoul.
Jet II’s June 2006 photograph was labelled “old colours” after acquisition from Heung-A in May, but Rosanoski says they were not Heung-A’s. He considers it probably an initial coat before the band and emblem were added.
Jet XIV’s February 2006 photograph shows slanted lettering. Mitchell associates this funnel with the Piraeus company and I. Prokopakis.
Mitchell associates this version with an Athens company and Kyr Mamidakis, matching Jet Tank S.A.’s earlier position under Mamitank. The mark beneath Jet is not identifiable.
Formed in 1984, Jet Tank Maritime managed and later acted as agent for Jet Tank S.A., formed in 1979. Jet Tank Shipping Co., formed in 2003, also appears among its agency companies.
Greece, Piraeus.
By the 1985–1986 listings, Jet-named vessels formerly associated with Mamitank appear under Jet Tank Maritime. The notes say Mamitank no longer appears, but another listing still records it as an agent, including for Jet Tank S.A.
Greece, Athens.
Mitchell dates the Mamitank colour change to 1974, but JLL had observed Charalambos in the design by February 1973. Forms with and without a black top continued under Styga. Georgios M’s February 2007 photograph shows the top-less form; Alexandros M in March 2007 confirms M143, with a somewhat lighter blue. Other photographs vary in shade, including the M143 blue used by the website logo.
Brown 1995 assigns this livery to Mamitank London, leading to its British placement in FOTW. Rosanoski found no further confirmation, though a London branch may have existed.
Styga is the Mamidakis group’s international shipping company, described as Panamanian and registered in Greece. Its formation is dated 1968 in the group account and 1977 in Lloyds. Mamidoil–Jetoil began in 1969 under brothers Kyriakos, Girgos and Nikos Mamidakis. Mamitank supplied shipping agency services, and I. Prokopakis, a family member, is named as managing director; Lloyds names Emmanuel Mamidakis as proprietor. Jet Tank Maritime is listed as an operating company.
Greece, Piraeus.
The cap badge shows a blue flag with a yellow horizontal band and an overall yellow circle edged red, bearing a red S and above a red arrow angled towards the upper fly. US Navy gives a wider yellow band with the emblem wholly upon it.
Investment A/B Kinnevik acquired shares in the 1940s. The shipping concern appears under Per Skiöld’s management in the 1950s and under its own name in 1963–1964.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The cap badge shows blue with a white horizontal band bearing a red ring enclosing a red S. Rosanoski identifies the company as otherwise unknown.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The flag is white with narrow dark-blue stripes along the upper and lower edges and a central lozenge-based logo. A light-blue square diamond is accompanied by triangles coloured dark blue, white, dark blue and light blue across the upper row, reversed below. Interconnected S and L are respectively dark blue and white. The monochrome drawing labelled as a funnel may instead represent a superstructure panel; it shows only S.
Erich W. Stüwe established the shipbroking concern in 1981 and retired in 1998. Kenneth E. Mahler and Jan-H. Heikes subsequently owned it. Lloyds’ 1983 formation date presumably concerns the shipowning company. Activities included brokerage, agency, management and operations, with Reederei Klaus Schneider among the operating concerns and a specialist marine-insurance broker in the group.
Germany, Hamburg.
Suan’s funnel was reported verbally in September 1966 as blue with a white ring enclosing a white S. The letter was described first as block and then as fancy, with no exact shape recorded. No flag is noted.
The company is recorded from 1966–1967 through 1973–1974, with Terrylin Shipping as agent in the earlier listings.
USA, Oakland CA.
The 1954 Spanish register clearly gives AS for V316. V10 may read AS or RS, with Rosanoski initially favouring RS. US Navy’s S1816 first letter is ambiguous, though its index places the company under A. Stewart’s S36 has a red six-pointed star bearing a white circle with red AS. A later rendering extends A’s crossbar towards the hoist, which Rosanoski says was absent from the source image he supplied.
The earlier FOTW version is a white triangular flag bordered dark red, with a dark-red disc near the hoist containing a white six-pointed star and letters tentatively read as RS. The original image was too small for certainty.
Spanish and Basque flag websites show a second pennant with a seven-pointed star and angled red RS, presumed to replace the earlier version. A website comment instead notes ordinary rather than rounded letters. The sequence is not conclusively established.
Aingeru Astui Zarraga identifies RS as Riva Suardíaz. Klaus-Michael Schneider’s February 2010 office sighting in Santa Cruz de Tenerife shows a white pennant edged red, with a red circle near the hoist and red RS following its perimeter. José Carlos Alegría relates the white-and-red design to Gijón’s maritime-province flag; this remains the contributor’s interpretation.
Port and starboard photographs of Gran Canaria Car in 2013 supply the funnel. A hull logo incorporates the same mark.
The sources do not establish that every Suardiaz or Riva Suardiaz concern is connected. Vapores Suardiaz is dated to 1930 by Lloyds and tentatively to 1932 in Rosanoski’s earlier account. Other contributors and the group history say Rafael and José Riva Suardiaz established it or the group in 1944, following earlier family maritime activity. Vapores operated fleets associated with Angel Riva Suardiaz and Antonio and Cristina Suardiaz Valdés, although independent register listings leave the relationships uncertain.
The group, headquartered in Madrid, combines shipping with logistics and transport services and includes Flota Suardiaz, formed in 1994. Earlier personal and corporate listings place family interests in Gijon, Madrid and Bilbao. Angel Riva Suardiaz’s fleet appears under Naviera Rivadeluna by 1970, possibly a sale or transfer, but the name resemblance alone does not establish the connection. Naviera del Odiel also appears as a major operating company.
Spain.
The funnel carries the former Macau Success logo. A starboard photograph supplies the drawing, and an October 2013 photograph shows it unchanged despite the later Success Universe and Success Cruises logos.
Formerly Macau Success Ltd., Success Universe operates travel, cruise and lottery businesses through subsidiaries. Macau Success is leased and managed as a Hong Kong casino ship. Registered to Capture Success in 2004 and initially listed under Hover Management, she appears under Island Ship Management in the 2011–2012 register.
China, Hong Kong.
The flag is red with a white diamond, containing an upright blue anchor without rope and blue S and A to either side of the stock. Rosanoski corrects the claim that the diamond’s points reach the flag edges. Larousse and Talbot-Booth 1936 wrongly assign it to Compañia Sud-Americana de Vapores; Talbot-Booth corrected the entry in 1937.
The 1925 Almanacco gives black rather than blue charges.
The pre-war company appears under Miguel Mihanovich’s operation in Lloyds 1904 and under its longer name in 1912 and later sources. Compañia Argentina de Navegación Mihanovich shared its address. Rosanoski considers that operations ended around 1930.
Argentina, Buenos Aires.
The earlier funnel is white with a black top and blue, yellow and green bands. Its flag is quartered yellow and blue, with green S and L respectively on the yellow quarters.
A new flag adopted in 1968 is green with a large white circle containing a white ibis flying towards the hoist. The ibis is described as the Nile’s sacred bird. The outline is black in the general description but blue in Loughran. Brown’s combination of this flag with the earlier funnel suits the 1968–1970 period and is confirmed for Sennar.
The funnel changed by 1970 to white with a black top separated by red, white and black bands, following the national-colour change. The source dates adoption of the new national flag to 20 May 1970.
Formed in 1962, Sudan Shipping Line was owned by the Government of the Democratic Republic of The Sudan. Blue Nile Shipping, formed in 1990, was a subsidiary.
Sudan, Port Sudan.
The emblem comprises stylised SC. Brown places the flag’s circle centrally; the published image follows Nüsse, while the other website rendering follows the company logo.
Daher’s ships adopted the Sudcargos funnel in 1972. The blue shade is uncertain: logos and flags appear light blue, while a company funnel photograph has darker blue on both top and emblem. French Lines also shows a blue top. Mitchell inexplicably supplies the Compagnie Générale Maritime funnel, identified in the source as C840.
Sudcargos was formed in 1972 by Compagnie de Navigation Dahler, elsewhere spelt Daher, a Transméditerranée concern and Société Navale Caennaise. Rosanoski tentatively identifies the Transméditerranée founder with the predecessor of Société Nationale Maritime Corse-Méditerranée. Daher sold to Chargeurs-Delmas in 1988. Later holdings are given as 40 per cent SNCM and 60 per cent Delmas, subsequently apparently equal. In September 2005 the SNCM half was announced for sale to CMA-CGM, which had also agreed to acquire Delmas from Bollóre.
France, Marseilles.
Brown 1929 assigns the livery to M.N. Suensen, associated in the notes with A/S D/S Öresund. The FOTW rendering incorrectly labels the firm Svenson & Jesperson.
The 1937–1938 Lloyds list records the firm as a subscriber since 1916.
Denmark, Copenhagen.
The dark-blue flag has a white ring enclosing intertwined Arabic gaf and sin, abbreviating Sultat Qanat al-Suwais.
This dark-blue version carries the white Arabic inscription without the ring.
The dark-blue flag with a white P was hoisted at the fore on arrival at the canal and replaced at night by a white light. Obtained on payment of a special fee, it allowed overtaking at specified sidings and was chiefly used by mail-carrying vessels. The letter presumably derives from French postes.
One funnel is black with a broad band reproducing the flag, edged white above and below. Some vessels instead use a blue funnel with the emblem; Rosanoski assumes its blue matches the flag.
The authority is owned by the Egyptian Government.
Egypt.
The orange funnel has a black top and the flag depicted flapping. The flag is blue with two narrow white horizontal stripes near the upper and lower edges, enclosing a white S.
TGP 143 Ltd. was formed in February 1989 to take over Suffolk Marine assets bought from Small & Co., adopting the Suffolk Marine name in March. Britannia Marine is listed as owner, with Viking Standby managing one vessel. By July 2000 the vessels appear under Viking Supply Ships Rederi.
U.K., Lowestoft and Montrose.
Pioneer’s November 2010 portside photograph shows a very narrow strip of black funnel top separating the white band from the blue base; a July starboard view confirms the arrangement. A limp flag may reproduce the band, but Rosanoski expressly treats this as an impression rather than a secure observation.
Registered in February 1998 and established the following month, Sugar Australia was a joint venture of CSR, with half the shares, and Mackay Sugar and ED & F Mann, with a quarter each. CSR acquired Mann’s holding in 2004. The company operated Pioneer, apparently chartered or leased from Teekay, carrying sugar loaded in bulk and discharged either in bulk or bags.
Australia, Yarraville.
The earlier funnel is green with a black top. The flag is green with a black-edged white circle containing a black S.
After the merger the company adopted Silvertown’s black funnel with five equal-width alternating white and blue bands. Its version of the flag is white with two narrow blue horizontal stripes near the top and bottom, so the flag stripes differ in width from the funnel bands.
Managed by Athel Line, Sugar Line combined with Silvertown Services Shipping while retaining its own name. The fleet was offered for sale in 1979.
U.K., London.
The flag is yellow with a red saltire and a red star in each of the hoist and fly compartments. It belongs to the parent concern, although sources have assigned it to Oceana or to Maranave. The earlier contributed description numbers the star-bearing compartments as first and third.
Rosanoski questions the funnel renderings showing only panels. Brown 1951 supplies no flag, possibly indicating no separate flag at that stage, though he does not establish this. Different funnel bases might relate to subsidiaries. Swiss-ships images show bands stopping short of the panel, unlike Brown.
The funnel has two narrow yellow bands. Mitchell’s version outlines the panel in red.
Five yellow stars decrease in size while angling upwards. Celerina’s portside and General Guisan’s starboard photographs show mirrored arrangements, with the stars rising towards the stern. This form appears to be confined to bulk carriers.
St-Cergue at Port Botany and Sils provide opposite-side evidence for this funnel, which appears to be used on container ships.
Nyon at Lyttelton confirms the band edging beside the panel. A September 2006 photograph instead shows S1365, indicating a change.
US Navy assigns the separately referenced O21 livery to Société d’Armement Maritime Suisse-Atlantique.
Suisse-Atlantique developed from grain traders André & Cie. The accounts describe management of St. Cergue from February 1939 and purchase in 1940, followed by formation of Suisse-Atlantique on 28 January 1941 and Swiss registration of the ship on 10 July. Swiss registration had initially been refused, but wartime conditions prompted the law of 9 April 1941 permitting Swiss merchant shipping.
The 1941 company became Helica in 1956. A separate Société d’Armement Maritime Suisse-Atlantique was formed in 1954 and adopted the present name in 1986. Rosanoski leaves open whether these changes reflected altered ownership; a later source calls the André relationship indirect. Oceana Shipping, a principal shipowning subsidiary, is dated 7 August 1954 in one record and 1955 in Lloyds.
Other operating concerns included Helica, Maranave and Navemar, the latter formed in 1973. Maranave’s vessels remained within the management organisation after its separate listing disappeared. A Trans Globe Shipping & Trading connection is recorded by Mitchell but not explained.
Switzerland, Lausanne; moved to Renens in 2002.
The chequered flag, apparently following Stewart 1963, differs from US Navy’s blue flag with a gold cross interrupted by blue at the centre, creating unequal compartments. Rosanoski finds different parent/subsidiary flags unlikely but cannot resolve the discrepancy: the Swiss-ships illustration follows US Navy without specifying dates or subsidiary use. Mitchell’s S349 funnel appears based on Blue Ocean during 1984–1985, later than the marking’s apparent period.
Bernina’s photograph supplies what appears to be the standard funnel when not in charterers’ colours. The initial relates to Baron H.H. Thyssen-Bronemisza; Bernina was owned by St. Gotthard Schiffahrts. Mitchell assigns the funnel to Swiss Overseas Navigation Corporation.
During the Baron’s ownership the flag, according to Swiss-ships, was red with a blue triangle extending throughout from the fly, bearing a grey dolphin swimming towards the fly.
Mitchell gives this funnel for Six Madun of operated Madun Shipping, owned from 1985 to 1995.
Transports Maritimes Suisse-Outremer was formed at Geneva in 1949 and established its management and chartering company in 1953. Baron H.H. Thyssen-Bronemisza took it over in 1963 and moved the headquarters to Zurich. Lloyds gives a 1956 formation date, presumed to mark the start of ship operation. The company became Suisse-Outremer Reederei in 1978 or 1979 and was also known as Swiss Overseas Ship Management Corporation.
The Fritzen combined-carrier fleet joined in 1979. Some ships were privately owned by the Baron and others by the wider Thyssen group. Following his retirement, the company’s shares were sold on 1 November 1989. Activities are said to have ceased by 1999, although a July 2000 register listing remains. Operated interests included Madun Shipping; management of Adriatic Reefer vessels from 1986 to September 1987 apparently involved a separate funnel.
Switzerland, Geneva; later Zurich.
Victor Lomantsov recalls this flag in magazines of the 1970s and thinks it remained in use into the 1990s.
This version is supplied by the Riverships website.
Also called Sukhonskoe rechnoe parohodstvo, the company operated passenger and cargo services on the Sukhona, North Dvina system and Volga–Balt waterway. One source describes it as responsible for all North Dvina operations in Soviet times.
USSR, Vologda.
Deniz Ay’s September 2005 photograph supplies the funnel. Mitchell omits the dash beneath S and makes the lines below more wavy. DENIZ-AY previously had its own livery, suggesting earlier independence, before its sole vessel adopted the new owners’ colours. Turkol retained its separate colours.
Formed in 1969, the company is listed with Koray Deniz as proprietor and Turkol Deniz Ticaret as an operating concern.
Turkey, Istanbul.
The 1985–1986 register lists Sukumbi under South African Marine Corporation as agents.
South Africa, Cape Town.
The flag is white with a very narrow blue cross and red SSC diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly. The second S is much larger and lies over the cross’s centre.
Sullivan briefly traded across Cook Strait in the early 1960s. It bought Kohi in 1963; her first of four Kaiapoi visits was on 20 July that year. She is next recorded derelict at Westhaven in 1975.
New Zealand.
The black emblem is the convict broad arrow, reflecting the vessels’ names after prominent Tasmanian bushrangers. It appears on a white flag between two red bands narrower than the resulting white bands.
Robert Clifford formed the Hobart boatbuilding concern in 1972. It also chartered and operated ferries, including Mathew Brady from 1972 and three Derwent crossings after Lake Illawarra damaged the bridge in 1975. The accounts describe the ferry service as lasting only a couple of years, while one dates sale of the ferries after bridge repairs to 1979, marked sic by Rosanoski. The business helped form the Incat group in 1978.
Australia, Hobart, as assumed in the source.
Nirvana continued to use the funnel under Hayles. The vessel had been Magneta, owned by H. Sullivan from 1944 to 1971 and Brisbane Launch Services from 1971 to 1973, taking the Nirvana name under Hayles in 1973.
Principally a ferry operator, Sullivans was active by at least 1944, when Magneta appears under H. Sullivan. The company was registered in Queensland on 23 June 1958, taken over by Hayles Brisbane Cruises in 1973 and deregistered on 27 February 1998.
Australia, Brisbane.
Although Mitchell supplies this funnel drawing, his four vessel line drawings show yellow funnels.
Sulpicio Container III and Princess of the Stars photographs show a light-orange circle edged in darker orange, matching the band. The base is light turquoise, contrasting with darker teal on the top, S and lower band. A November 2009 monochrome photograph of Tacloban Princess appears to show this funnel and a white flag with a possible diamond frame, too small for further detail.
Princess of the Ocean’s August 2009 photograph supplies this funnel. Rosanoski suggests that the livery change may relate to the sinking of Princess of the Stars on 21 June 2008.
Sulpicio Go, also called Go Guioc So or Don Sulpicio Go, established the family concern after involvement with Carlos A. Gothong Lines. Foundation is dated 1972 by Lloyds and 1973 in another account. The company later extended into related trading, repair, trucking and towage activities. It became Philippine Span Asia Carrier Corporation, PSACC, in February 2010.
Philippines, Cebu City.
The funnel is black with a broad band reproducing the flag. The flag is white with three horizontal rectangles coloured red, blue and red; the blue panel surmounts both red ones.
No corporate equivalence inferred.
Rosanoski suggests that Suma Line may be Supermarine A/S, whose name had been associated with the livery, but the supporting source was not recorded.
Denmark, Copenhagen.
The funnel was observed in February and September 1967.
Apparently a one-ship concern, Summit operated Fortune from 1966 until she was broken up in November 1968.
Hong Kong.
Plankton’s portside and starboard photographs show definite red and blue, unlike the website logo’s orange-looking upper and softer-blue lower bands.
Formed in 1971, Sun Adria undertakes marine and land civil engineering and construction, operating barges, platforms, tugs and other equipment.
Croatia, Rijekan.
Loughran identifies S553 as the original form, with the flag changing shortly after the Second World War to S554. Rosanoski doubts S555. Merchant Ships 1949 says the flag was unknown. The FOTW S553 rendering places the diamond frame within the field, unlike its cited sources.
A new livery was adopted in 1970 as S556, followed shortly by the S558 funnel. S556’s flag is not supplied by Loughran and was taken from Brown 1978. This sequence leaves S557 unexplained. The FOTW S558 image cites Stewart & Styring 1963, but that source actually shows S557.
The published version follows US Navy’s 1961 source.
Sun Overseas Transport is recorded as an operator in 1978–1979, including for Sun Schiffahrts, with Sun Transport as manager.
Sun Transport appears as operator and later manager, with ownership also recorded in the 1990s. Its interests included Sun Overseas Transport, Sun Schiffahrts and SC Capitol Corporation II, formed in 1995.
USA, Calymont DE; later Aston PA and Marcus Hook PA.
Known as Sunoco, the concern was founded in 1886 by Robert Pew to develop Ohio oil resources. The name chronology differs between accounts: Lloyds dates Sun Oil to 1922, whereas the contributed history gives incorporation under that name in 1890. Sun Co. Inc. followed in 1971. Shipping began in 1901 with the acquisition of a Marcus Hook refinery site, initially supplied by tankers from Texas; Merchant Ships dates steamship ownership from 1907.
Sun entered shipbuilding in 1916. The source credits it with about 40 per cent of the tankers constructed or converted for wartime use during the Second World War. After the war it operated about twenty-one ships, later concentrating on refining and marketing and selling the shipbuilding subsidiary in 1982. The contributed account describes the later Sun Transport fleet as only a few large crude carriers serving the Philadelphia-area refineries.
The shipping organisation included Sun Overseas Transport and Sun Transport, Wilmington-based leasing companies and Motor Tankship Corporation.
USA, Philadelphia PA.
Brown places the flag’s cross centrally.
Also known as Sun Line Cruises, the concern originated as Kiosseglou Brothers. The source dates its merger into Royal Olympic Cruises to 1988 and records the announced acquisition of the last two ships and Sun Cruises name rights by Star Cruises on 1 March 2000. An Elysian cruise venture is listed among its interests. Earlier agents included Home Lines, National Hellenic American Line and Hellenic Shipping Agencies. Rosanoski links the changing register names by fleet evidence, expressly treating those connections as suppositions.
Italy, Genoa, in 1958–1959; Greece, Athens, in 1963–1964 and Piraeus in 1992–1993.
Chu Hong’s photograph of 8 May 2009 supplies the funnel.
Formed in 1993, Sun Yee is a Sinotrans Group subsidiary, appearing as a manager in 1996–1997 and later with vessels under its own and name companies.
China, Hong Kong.
Sunbeam was recorded in March 1965 with a black funnel. No flag is noted.
The company is listed in 1966–1967 and 1970–1971 with Patt Manfield & Co. as agents.
Hong Kong.
The photographed funnel resembles Moltzau & Christensen’s but uses white rather than yellow.
The observed house flag is 2:3, diagonally divided blue over red, with a white sans-serif M. The initially unexplained M was subsequently identified with parent Moltzau.
In the earlier observation the vessel flew a Norwegian ensign aft, with Danish and Swedish flags amidships on the starboard and port sides respectively. The ships changed to Swedish registry and ensigns in September 2001. Morten Øen explains the smaller flags as those of the departure and destination countries.
António Martins observed a different shore flag: proportions 3:2, a white-and-green wavy background and a red-bordered white square canton bearing a red serif S. Morten Øen considered the corresponding website design a company logo rather than a house flag, leaving its status disputed.
Ragnar Moltzau began passenger-only shuttles between Elsinore and Helsingborg in March 1958 with Peter and Wendy. Following the financial crisis, the company became Ace link in 2008, entered receivership in September 2009 and bankruptcy in January 2010. Services then resumed under new owners as Sunbusserne af 2010.
Rosanoski traces the ferry ownership through the Moltzau & Christensen group and A/S Rendal into Moltzaus Tankrederi after the group left tanker operations. Sundbusserne was established at Helsingør as manager around 1990, although the register already lists it in 1988–1989. HH refers to Helsingør and Helsingborg, not part of the company name.
Denmark, Helsingor.
The blue funnel has a yellow rising sun above flat-topped mountains formed by the background, over a white wavy baton probably representing sea or river. The blue flag repeats the emblem, but its wavy line extends across the full width.
Germany.
Arrow’s funnel is yellow or buff with a black top. No flag is noted.
The company is recorded from 1963–1964 through 1970–1971 with Central American S.S. Agency as agent.
USA, New York NY.
Collonges photographs from June 2007 and Sydney in March 2009 supply the funnel.
The company history dates Sunwoo Shipping to December 1993, Master Marine’s ship-management business to October 1995 and Sunwoo Merchant Marine’s ocean service to January 1997. A January 2001 reconstruction integrated Merchant Marine, Shinhai International and Master Marine, followed by acquisition of a chemical tanker in August 2002. Lloyds gives differing formation years, including 1994, 1996 and 1993, which are not reconciled.
The register structure also changes: Merchant Marine first appears beneath Sunwoo Shipping, but by 2006 Sunwoo Shipping is listed beneath Merchant Marine. Other operating concerns include KSIM and Sunwoo Shipping & Technology, formerly Bong Shin until 2006, acting as manager from Incheon.
South Korea, Seoul.
The funnel is white with a black top and a blue band interrupted by a larger white panel with angled corners, red edging and red SP. The white flag has a broad blue vertical band bearing a large angled-cornered white panel, with a red frame enclosing red SP.
The company appears in registers from 1970–1971 through 1992–1993 under O/Y Henry Nielsen A/B as manager.
Finland.
Wilkinki’s April 1961 funnel is black with a broad blue band edged white above and below, bearing a white W touching those edges.
Wiiri has the reverse arrangement: a black funnel with a broad white band edged blue above and below, and a blue W touching the blue edges.
Wilke’s May 1963 funnel has a base described as stone, or yellow/buff in the general description, with a black top above a broad blue band edged white and a white W touching the white edges.
Wilke at New York in August 1973 was recorded with a regular block-form W.
No flag is noted.
The company is listed from 1963–1964 through 1978–1979.
Finland, Helsingfors; Helsinki in later registers.
Nüsse’s old and new websites supply this table-flag version.
The later Nüsse website supplies this table flag. Portside photographs of Superfast XII and a starboard view of Superfast VI provide the funnel evidence.
Formed in 1994, Superfast is recorded as manager or agent, initially within Magna Marine and later as an Attica operating company.
Greece, Athens.
The source records a Kooperativa Förbundet venture formed in 1939 by Superfosfat Fabriks and Rederi A/B Saturnus, divided in 1956.
Sweden, Helsingborg.
This flag-like panel comes from the archived October 2003 website.
This is the website’s flag logo as recorded in March 2013.
Formed in 1976, Supervessel specialised in shipbroking and chartering in co-operation with Al Fahel Shipping. Its later website uses Supervessel Express Co. S.A., with a London address care of FGM Ship Management. Although describing itself as a shipowner, the company was not found by Rosanoski in ownership listings.
UK, Southampton; London in the later listing.
Excellence photographs from December 2009 and December 2010 supply the funnel. Morning Star has no funnel.
Supreme Alaska was formed in 1990 by William Phillips, also sole shareholder of AJVS, owner of Excellence from 1990 to 2009. A 2005 source describes Supreme Alaska as a Maruha subsidiary.
In January 2010 the Excellence and Ocean Phoenix interests merged. Supreme Alaska took half of Phoenix Processor Limited Partnership, with both ships managed and their products marketed by Premier Pacific Seafoods. Phillips remained a partner after selling Excellence into the arrangement, until his death in a plane crash, apparently in August 2010. Morning Star seems also to have been included.
USA, Anchorage AK; later Seattle WA.
Thios Costas was recorded in April 1965. The funnel is black with a broad blue band edged white above and below, bearing three joined white rings touching the white edges. Only halves of the outer rings are visible, while the central ring encloses a white T. The band was initially reported black and corrected to blue. No flag is noted.
The 1966–1967 register lists Surena with Carapanayoti as agent.
U.K., London.
The livery was superseded with Elders & Fyffes on 1 May 1969, presumably referring only to the funnel.
Mitchell gives no flag for this funnel; continued use of the earlier flag is assumed.
Formed in 1959, Surrey belonged to United Fruit through Elders & Fyffes. Rethymnis & Kulukundis managed part of the fleet in 1978–1979 and the whole fleet in 1980–1981.
U.K., Bermuda, St. George’s; also London, while Mitchell gives Nassau.
The company appears in the 1963–1964 register, and in 1966–1967 under Southcoast Shipping of Shoreham-by-Sea as operator; it is also recorded in 1970–1971.
UK, London.
The sailing card shows black bees around a hive rendered in dull gold and white. The accompanying chart is too small to establish its details, so Rosanoski prepared the image from FOTW.
A sailing card for John Gilpin, issued several years after 1852, advertises Sutton & Co.’s Dispatch Line for San Francisco.
USA, New York.
The yellow flag has a broad light-blue horizontal band bearing white SM letters. Mitchell’s funnel drawing shows black letters, presumed by Rosanoski to be white, with a square S.
Both funnel versions were in use according to Brown 1982. Their yellow shade is assumed to match the flag.
Mattsson apparently began with the renamed Solklint in 1951; the last vessel, another Solklint, was sold in 1977. A connection with Sven Mattsson Partrederi of Slite is assumed in the source.
Sweden, Slite.
Sven Olof Christensson and others in J.E. Manne & Co.’s management bought the vessel renamed Capri in February 1957 and sold her in 1962.
Sweden, Göteborg.
The flag has seven horizontal white and red bands. A white circle partly overlays the red bands and contains a blue R. The design is based on a Collectors Corner cap badge and is also shown in US Navy 1961.
Sven Rydberg operated in the 1950s, with vessels using the suffix vik. Lloyds lists him as operator for one company.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
Besides Salénrederierna and Salénia, Brown 1958 attributes this livery to Rederi A/B Pulp, Jamaica, Trim and Westindia. Mitchell also shows the normal funnel under Erik O. Brodin. Some sources omit a black funnel top: a black-and-white photograph of Winter Water appears to support its absence, while Hispaniola shows a very narrow top. Bryggan also omits the top. The flag is represented as a cap badge in Collectors Corner.
Salénrederierna changed its name to Saléninvest A/B in 1981 and filed for bankruptcy on 19 December 1984. Rosanoski’s FOTW commentary describes reorganisation but considers bankruptcy apparently its eventual fate. The separate Salénrederierna account dates the takeover of Erik O. Brodin, Rederi A/B Disa and Rederi A/B Poseidon to 1971, rather than the 1970 given above.
Sweden, Stockholm.
Salén Agencies Singapore appears as managers only in the 1988–89 register.
Singapore.
Salén Dry Cargo appears as owners and managers in 1985–86.
Sweden, Stockholm.
Salén Reefer Services appears as managers only in 1985–86.
Sweden, Stockholm.
Salén Ship Management Division appears as managers only in 1985–86.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The funnel comes from a starboard photograph of Caledonian Sky taken on 13 August 2012; the flag reference is the company website logo.
One founder of this ship-management company came from the Swedish Salén shipping family, accounting for the name. Rosanoski presumes this also explains use of the livery.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
Salén Tanker appears as managers and agents only in 1985–86.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The early flag is green with a yellow emblem resembling a fan-shaped shell and the yellow letters A, B, B and T in its corners. Rosanoski could not explain its connection with Salén. By 1949 Talbot-Booth showed the later version.
External account establishes flag; does not independently identify paired funnel or legal succession details.
Rederi A/B Salénia is recorded first under the principal and then under its own name. It later appeared under Salénrederierna’s management, was omitted in 1980–81, restored as Salénia A/B in 1985–86 and listed under sundry managers in 1988–89.
Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.
Sven Salén borrowed to buy his first vessel in 1915. In 1922 he met Carl Mathiesen, the Norwegian founder of Banan-Kompaniet, which imported bananas into Sweden. Salén inherited this business and developed what became the world’s largest freezer-shipping company, combining an owned fleet with extensive chartering during 1954–1980. He entered the tanker trade in the 1950s and a decade later had Sweden’s largest tanker company. Passenger shipping followed the Second World War; the purchase of the Rex group brought an interest in Tor Line.
Salén acquired the Rederi A/B Rex group in 1967, including Rederi A/B Transoil and Adolf Bratt & Co./Rederi A/B Götha. The account dates acquisition of Poseidon, better known as Brodinrederierna [Erik O. Brodin], to 1970; these dry-cargo lines formed Salén Dry Cargo A/B. Transal was a joint service with Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic from 1962.
The registers variously list Sven Salén as manager, operator and owner; Rosanoski considers the 1942 Jamaica address probably a confusion with managed companies. A/B Gotaverken was taken over from Angf. A/B Tirfing following the financial reconstruction approved on 16 June 1971. Other interests included the Anco Shipping consortium and a recorded 7.4 per cent holding in Argonaut. The Mitchell account records the group’s purchase by Udvella Shipping (Frontline Ltd.) at the end of 1989, with management forming Cool Carriers A/B.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The B326 funnel is recorded for Pepita. Its panel cross is surmounted by an undefined blue diamond bearing three white stars. Rosanoski considers the B542 flag apparently indicated.
Mitchell shows a small circle surmounting the panel cross.
Merchant Ships 1942 also gives this funnel for Falkland Shipowners Ltd., Antarctic A/S Hval and Pelagos A/S Hval.
Listed as Bruun & von der Lippe in the 1939 material, the business apparently separated after the Second World War. Svend Foyn Bruun continued to operate Hvalfangerselskapet “Pelagos” A/S, while Anton von der Lippe operated Falkland Shipowners Ltd. and Antarctic A/S Hval. Bruun is listed as an operator in 1953–54 and as manager in 1958–59, with later listings through 1973–74.
Merchant Ships associates Antarctic A/S Hval, Falkland Shipowners Ltd. and Anders Jahre with the firm. Pelagos is described as apparently a subsidiary and is listed as A/S Pelagos in 1973–74. Other operations included Mil Tankrederi A/S and additional unnamed companies.
Norway, Tönsberg.
The house flag is white with the founder’s red sans-serif NH, apparently joined. Westsund photographs show the reverse of a one-sided flag and both funnel sides; Norsund supplies a clearer obverse and letter proportions. The FOTW image has smaller letters, supported by one cited photograph but not the other Shipspotting views. Jan Mertens notes the use of Danish national colours.
Niels Age Henriksen, a captain and coaster owner, moved into towage and founded Svendborg Bugser in 1977. Also known as Svendborg Towing, it remained a family concern. Son and partner Niels Ove Henriksen operated smaller tugs through Rederiet Junior and jointly owned Baltic Towing with his father. The registers also use the founder’s Niels Aage and Niels A. name forms.
Denmark, Svendborg.
Preserve the original prose, but do not illustrate or link it to the withheld GIF(s): N713. Source reference codes do not establish an image association.
The blue flag has a yellow circle with a pointed extension towards the fly, bearing twenty-six vertical black lines roughly following the same shape. Gaps between the lines increase from hoist to fly. Rosanoski bases the shades on the website image. No funnel is given.
Formed in 1975, Svendborg Enterprise operated through single-ship subsidiaries and managed for Dania Chartering. One vessel later appears among its subsidiaries after an earlier Dania listing.
Denmark, Svendborg.
Susanne Saj’s portside photograph of 9 May 2012 supplies the funnel.
Also known as Svendborg Dredging, the company undertakes dredging, cable-trench excavation, stone and erosion works, and wind-turbine foundations. Its 2013 website claimed twenty-five years’ experience.
Denmark, Svendborg.
Lloyds 1904 shows a long, narrow swallow-tailed pennant, replaced by a conventional swallow-tail by 1912. The FOTW rendering gives an ordinary white shield bearing a saltire; Rosanoski says the device should match S830.
P.N. Damm’s monochrome photograph confirms the funnel. Later sources assign the livery to Vendila. The colour-change date is uncertain: one note assumes S830 lasted until the 1972 fleet merger, while the contributed account presumes Dannebrog colours from the 1963 takeover.
Steamship owners from 1898, Svendsen & Christensen traded through A/S D/S Vendila by 1939. Dannebrog acquired the shipless company in 1963. Later listings give C.K. Hansen and Weco-Shipping as operators. The 1972 consolidation is described as merger into Dannebrog in the history and as integration with associated Weco in the livery notes.
Denmark, Copenhagen.
Sigyn’s funnel retained the Gotland band after the 2005 sale while Gotland still managed her, as confirmed by a September 2007 portside photograph. Rosanoski had found no 2012 photograph to establish whether the band was removed after the management change.
The new Sigrid’s portside photograph suggests that removal was likely, but does not establish a change on Sigyn herself.
SKB, the Swedish Nuclear Fuel & Waste Management company, was established by Swedish nuclear-power companies in the 1970s; Lloyds instead gives 1984. Its sea transport used Sigyn, originally owned and managed by Rederi A/B Gotland. SKB bought her in March 2005, with Gotland’s Destination Gotland continuing management until Furetank took over in January 2012. The new Sigrid joined in 2012.
Sweden, Stockholm.
The 1941 sawtooth emblem is a ring with a finely serrated inner edge, enclosing a crown over SCA. One cap badge shows a green swallow-tail with an uncertain dark-grey outer ring edge, a green emblem and small green diamonds beside the letters; C is larger. The other has a royal-blue field and gold emblem and ring, without diamonds. The source does not explain the two forms.
Nüsse’s SCA Shipping table flag is white with a mid-blue panel carrying the emblem in white.
Munksund’s photographed sea flag is entirely lighter blue with a white emblem. The funnel and flag are dated before 1990 by the logo; Mitchell omits the detail within the ring.
In 1990 SCA replaced the sawtooth with three interlocking triangles representing hygiene products, packaging and graphic paper. Rosanoski doubts Brown’s separate-triangle arrangement and entirely blue funnel: other evidence suggests interlocking triangles above SCA in white, with the established black funnel and broad blue band edged white retained. S980 is only an assumed possible reconstruction. It is unknown whether the letters accompanied the triangles on the flag. The period of shipping use may have been brief before the 1991 disposal.
Holmsund’s photograph supplies the funnel, presumed later than 1991. Nüsse labels the associated table flag SCA Shipping (1), apparently placing it before S338, but the funnel evidence suggests it is more recent.
Flag supplier labels SCA Shipping; precise dating remains qualified.
Link Star’s 1998 and 2007 portside photographs show related S-marked funnels. The earlier emblem may be dark green rather than black; Mitchell gives black. Attribution to SCA Transforest rests on the later documented charter and its being the only S-named concern involved, although the design is not a known SCA logo. The earlier charter relationship remains conjectural.
Charter evidence does not independently identify exact logo.
SCA was formed by Ivar Kreuger in 1929 as a holding company for about ten northern Swedish forest-products businesses. These merged in 1954. Shipping developed in the 1960s, with SCA Transport or SCA Shipping taking over operations in 1967; the source uses both names.
Accounts differ over the 1991 shipping disposal. One says SCA Shipping was divested, another that half was sold with an option on the rest. The resulting TFA Transforest venture involved Bilspedition, but SCA later bought back full ownership and used SCA Transforest from 1993. The buyback is dated 1992 and 1993 in different accounts. The business thereafter arranged forest-products transport and logistics with chartered ships.
Link Star was owned within Godby Shipping and bareboat-chartered to Transfennica before a documented SCA Transforest charter from 2003. An earlier onward charter to SCA is presumed, not established. Later SCA transport also used Transatlantic-owned ships, including Obbola, carrying their owners’ funnels.
Sweden, Stockholm.
US Navy makes the C larger than the other lettering.
Svenska Chicago Linjen, SCL, was formed in 1947 by Anders Smith Rederi and Rederi A/B Ragne.
Sweden, Stockholm.
Almanacco 1925 gives black-and-yellow bands under both Sverige Levanten and Swedish Orient names. The supposed black looks dark grey with a possible green cast, perhaps caused by printing, so its accuracy is suspect.
Brown’s early variant has four blue and three red horizontal bands with a white O extending across the third to fifth bands. A cap badge supports a separate Levanten version, although the Broström centenary history mentions no special subsidiary flag.
Pre-war Tirfing ownership supports use of the Broström flag, confirmed in wartime Merchant Ships sources. The funnel has red and black bands but a base differing from Broström’s. The cited chronology gives a black-based Broström funnel in 1911–1957 and 1978–1984, with a distinct livery in between; the notes are uncertain whether that intermediate attribution is S69 or S265.
The later company and Nüsse flags appear to inherit Svenska Amerika Linien’s three-crown design. The website blue follows Swedish national colours. Vikingland’s May 2007 photograph confirms the funnel, whose crowns have red bases unlike those on the flag. The vessel appears connected with TransProCon’s charter service carrying forestry products for Stora Enso.
The published rendering bears Sweden’s three crowns. The accompanying contributor raised the question of their use as a state symbol on a private flag, without supplying a resolution.
The website’s flapping flag logo records a further change between February 2011 and May 2012, possibly associated with the SOL brand and the first anniversary of Continent Line. The original supplies no fuller verbal design description.
The separately referenced Portulloyd flag had earlier appeared as unidentified and under Portuguese house flags, with a speculative international-company connection. That early conjecture is not adopted as an established attribution here.
Swedish Orient Line, SOL, was founded by Dan Broström through Tirfing in 1911. Sources differ over the initial name and structure: some give Svenska Levant Linien or Sverige-Levanten, changing to Svenska Orient Linien in 1927; another gives Orient from the start, with a post-war Levanten subsidiary absorbed in 1927. It became independent within the group in 1957 and joined Rederi A/B Broström in the 1978 reorganisation.
The Transatlantic succession is inconsistently dated: one account gives ownership in 1984–1991 and another records the 1984 liner-business sale, while the main chronology prints 1998 before describing B&N’s acquisition in 1993. The name became B&N Svenska Orient Linien in 1995 and Swedish Orient Line in 1997, when 75 per cent was sold publicly. Imperial Shipping and Navalmar bought the company in 2003; Imperial became sole owner in 2006.
SOL continued Nordic–Mediterranean liner services and agency work. The 60/40 SolNiver venture with Scan Orient/Niver began in 2000, followed by collaboration with Polish-Levant in 2001. Earlier notes suggest SolNiver ended in 2003, but a September 2006 announcement says SOL was then taking over its service and reverting to the traditional name. Shares were delisted in June 2003. SOL also held 30 per cent of Sea Partner/Gorthon Fleet Services and participated in Atlantraffik administration.
Portulloyd Scaniberia’s Sweden–Iberia container service is documented from at least 1990, and SOL had operated Boomerang Line until 1960. Later expansion included forwarding in 2007, North Europe and Ahlmark services in 2009 and Continent Line in 2010. SkyTransport’s majority interest was acquired in December 2008. The 2012 business included Transatlantic Southern Africa Services. Imperial Ship Management handled owned ships; Lloyds also used SOL Interessenter for the fleet, while the website distinguished Svenska Orient Linien’s head office from Swedish Orient Line’s forwarding business.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
The sources also attribute the livery to the associated Danish A/S D/S Öresund. Rosanoski suggests that its colours may symbolise Sweden and Denmark. Ole Andersen recalled seeing the flag in the Sound and mistaking it for P&O’s; the same colours occur in a different order. The original gives no fuller verbal distinction between the two illustrated source versions.
A subsidiary of Swedish State Railways, Svenska Rederi A/B Öresund began shipping in 1905 on a joint Malmö–Copenhagen service with the Danish A/S D/S Öresund. The wider Danish–Swedish Öresundsbolaget consortium had taken over the Copenhagen–Malmö–Helsingborg postal contract from DFDS in 1900 and later served longer routes, including Malmö–Trävemünde.
The Swedish operations became Sundfart in 1970, serving Linhamn–Dragör only; the reorganised Öresundsbolaget joined Scandinavian Ferry Lines in 1980. Swedish ships subsequently passed through SFL, SweFerry and Scandlines, while Danish ships joined Danish Scandlines. The cited account dates the bridge opening that displaced the services to 1999. The two companies managed vessels for one another; by the Danish company’s absorption into Scandlines in 1997, the Swedish concern was listed only as a manager.
Sweden, Malmö.
A cap badge suggests an apparently earlier flag: white, with a red canton bearing a gold saltire and the black letters SSA on the field.
Sources differ over the width of the outer ring. Mitchell’s funnel letters are black but were probably intended as white. Bryggan associates the livery with Lida in 1935–1938; Rosanoski hesitates to accept that dating because the photograph’s name is indistinct and its funnel markings do not correspond. Lida was built in 1920 and scrapped in England in 1964.
Brown 1982 shows the flag’s outer ring as black rather than red. The funnel bears three white diamonds. Mitchell recorded new colours at Visby on 7 June 1970, omitting the white ring and drawing the charges in black pencil; Rosanoski assumes these were intended to be white.
The company is recorded from 1937 to 1970. Operators listed in the sources include C.F. Tranchell, S. Hammarskiöld in 1953–1966 and C. L. Junker in 1970.
Sweden, Malmö.
S950 comes from a colour postcard of Konung Gustav V in her later years. Earlier black-and-white views of her, Malmö and Drottning Victoria are unclear: the funnels appear darker than the apparently white hulls and could have been yellow.
Post-war colours appear to begin with the plain buff funnel of Malmöhus, S952. She later carried S215. Postcards look distinctly buff, but a 1979 photograph looks white, as do some monochrome views; a very pale yellow may explain this, although other Drottnigen photographs are definitely yellow. S215 and S949 are recorded as alternative funnels.
The pennant bears a winged railway-carriage wheel. The source gives proportions of 2×1, yellow borders one-twelfth of the hoist wide, measured along the hoist, and a wingspan about three-quarters of the hoist. It is described as a railway-company signal used with the ordinary rectangular ensign at the stern. The proposed adoption around 1956 is contradicted by its appearance in the 1939 flag book. Actual adoption, use and replacement dates remain unknown; Elias Granqvist thought it still in use in the 1970s.
The cap-badge version is bordered on all three sides, with an all-gold crown and cross and the wheel pointing towards the hoist. S949 combines a funnel and flag from separate sources for display; it does not establish that they were used together.
Nüsse’s version has a darker blue field, gold borders along the top and bottom, and an entirely gold emblem placed vertically, the crown towards the hoist and the wheel towards the base. It may simply be displayed upside down. The proportions are given as 3:2.
M476 is linked in Mitchell’s notes to Öresundsbolaget, Lion Ferry and Svenska Lastbil, with a line drawing of Nils Dacke as its basis.
M478 comes from postcards of Gustav Vasa and Kronzprinz Carl Gustav; the Gustav Vasa view lacks a dot after the “O”.
S994 is included as a later railway flag although the railways were no longer involved in shipping. The 1998 sighting describes unequal horizontal bands, with the wording “dark blue over red white with logo over all”, and approximate proportions (8+2):15. That ambiguous colour wording is not silently resolved here. The logo is a stylized winged wheel beneath sans-serif “SJ”. Christian Berghänel specifies that SJ means Statens Järnvägar, not Svenska Järnvägar.
Swedish State Railways operated train ferries from at least 1900, on routes linking Trelleborg/Malmö with Sassnitz/Travemünde, Malmö/Helsingborg with Copenhagen, and Stockholm with Nådendal. The joint German service was marketed as TS-Line and later Hansa. The ferry companies were also collectively known as A/B SwedCarrier. Sources date restructuring into SweFerry to 1991 or 1992; it became a Scandlines partner, and the Swedish-owned part was sold to Stena in 1999.
The Malmö-Travemünde joint service with Lion Ferry began in 1969 and merged with Trave Line as Saga Line, dated to 1976 in one account. After Lion’s administrative contract ended in 1980, the railway subsidiaries took over their own affairs, while Saga joined TT-Line as TT-Saga until incorporation into TT-Line in 1986. Scandinavian Ferry Lines was revived in 1980 with Swedcarrier and Axel Axelson Johnson; Swedcarrier became sole owner in 1983.
Sweden, Malmö.
NJK records Amron under Sverre Amundsen in November 1966 with the funnel lacking a top, corresponding to A1153.
Norske Rederiflagg lists A252 under Johan Amundsen & Sonns Rederi.
Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 do not render the thin cross as blue, which would appear black in their monochrome drawings. Rosanoski considers the small scale an understandable explanation, but notes the absence of any clarifying text.
The Skipet website makes no mention of Sverre and assigns both funnels and both flags to John Amundsen, as written in Rosanoski’s note.
The business began as Johan Amundsen in 1909 and became Johan Amundsen & Sønns Rederi A/S in 1940, with liquidation dated 1979. Lloyds later places Sverre Amundsen as operator. Rosanoski takes Sverre to be Johan’s son but leaves open whether another son also named Johan explains the names given for Karen’s 1924 purchase.
A later directory apparently records Johan Amundsen & Sønns Rederi still operating as an investment company; its relationship to the stated liquidation is not explained.
Norway, Haugesund.
The funnel illustration is sourced to Foto 204C; no separate verbal livery description is supplied.
Formed in 2004, Svithoid Tankers had Catfish Shipping A/B and the Nygren family as its principal owners. A June 2004 company release gives their combined holding as 27.64 per cent of the capital and 51.9 per cent of the voting power.
Sweden, Stockholm.
Lloyds 1904 and 1912 record this early funnel and flag version, without a separate verbal description in the notes.
The flag is white with a blue cross paty, not the reversed colours in an early published rendering. Cross thickness varies between sources; Rosanoski compares the narrower illustrated form with Frigga’s funnel. A later description calls this the original livery, which he disputes on the evidence of Lloyds. Funnel and hull colours eventually became dark blue, while cream superstructures could be accompanied by cream funnel bands whose photographic appearance varied.
This funnel is based on Svitzer Mjolner; another photograph shows the version on Svitzer Menja in September 2005.
This funnel is documented on Svitzer Menja in April 2007 and Svitzer Funchal in September 2013. Point Halifax is also noted in these colours.
The new combined-company livery was also assigned to Svitzer Marine. Following the April 2007 rebranding, a four-bladed propeller replaced the Maltese cross as the funnel mark, to make SVITZER the recognised identity.
The source calls this an office flag, flown occasionally at a quayside office. Its location is unstated; Rosanoski suggests a Dutch sighting.
An initial account assigns S1173 to British tugs and S1174 to Dutch ones as a common livery developed after the Adsteam takeover, dated 2006 in that account. The old black funnel was replaced by dark blue, difficult to distinguish from black, with an ivory band. A later correction rejects the S1173 flag: the distant May 2007 sighting from Adsteam Interpid may have been the cross flag. British tugs used S1174’s flag, while Dutch tugs added the funnel propeller later. Point Halifax’s February 2009 photograph supports the S1173 funnel, though Loughran also gave a white-funnel version for Eastern Canada Towing.
Point Vim of Eastern Canada Towing provides this small individual funnel variation; the original does not explain its cause.
Photographs of Svitzer Medembuk and Svitzer Buffel in February 2009 provide these respective liveries. Both were Dutch-registered, but Rosanoski assumes the colours applied more widely. Black versus dark blue remains difficult to determine for the new flag as well as the funnel. The differing funnels may relate to vessel size or duties; S1177 was seen on two small sister tugs.
The company website displayed a further flag in the form of a pennant in March 2009.
A red top band identifies the five tugs serving the South Hook LNG terminal: Svitzer Kilroom, Svitzer Lindsway and the Wick-class Svitzer Watwick, Gelliswick and Musselwick. The illustration is based on Kilroom’s April 2012 photograph.
This funnel comes from a starboard photograph of an unnamed vessel at Cairns, Australia. The note dates the photograph 11 June 2013 but its website access 22 June 2012; the inconsistency remains unresolved.
Founded in 1833, the salvage and towage concern was formerly A/S Em. Z. Svitzer’s Bjergnings-Enterprise, also known as Em. Z. Svitzer’s Salvage Co. Ltd. The notes record A/S Em. Z. Svitzer from 1986. It belonged to A.P. Möller and subsequently the A.P. Möller-Maersk group. Rosanoski relates the SvitzerWijsmuller name to the Wijsmuller acquisition on 31 May 2001, questioning a register implication that it dated from 1986. The fleet consisted mainly of tugs.
Adsteam Marine’s acquisition brought a further identity change to Svitzer A/S, announced on 11 April 2007 for towage and salvage operations, except ESVAGT and Express Offshore Transport. The chronology is contradictory: it places a bid announcement on 3 July 2007 after 90 per cent acceptance on 23 March 2007, then repeats the 90 per cent milestone as 23 March 2008. These dates are not reconciled in the original.
The Adsteam succession explains many regional names. Adsteam Harbour Pty. Ltd., founded in 2000, became Svitzer Australia in 2007; its Brisbane, Geraldton, Queensland, Townsville, Marine Sharters, Hunter Towage, North Queensland Marine Towage and Port Lincoln operations were absorbed by April 2008. Adsteam Medway, formerly Howard Smith Medway, joined Svitzer Marine. Adsteam UK, Humber, Offshore and Towage became Svitzer Eastlands, Humber, Offshore and Towage respectively; the first two also had Howard Smith antecedents. Felixarc Marine came through the same takeover.
The 2007 changes also renamed Roda Bolaget as Svitzer Sverige, Wijsmuller Groep Holding as Svitzer Europe Holding, Wijsmuller Marine Singapore as Svitzer Far East and Wijsmuller Scheepsholding as Svitzer Ocean Towage. SvitzerWijsmuller’s African, American and Caribbean operations adopted Svitzer names. The African concern had previously been Green Flash Trading 112. Svitzer Marine had already replaced Wijsmuller Marine in 2002, inherited Irish Tugs and acquired Lisbon Tugs in June 2005; the Indian company became SvitzerWijsmuller India in 2003.
Svitzer held 75 per cent of ESVAGT. Seaworx was sold to Vroon in July 2004, while the separate British Svitzer Ltd., founded as Svitzer Towing in 1988, passed to Fugro and merged into Fugro Survey in July 2003. Humber Tugs closed at the end of 2008. Express Offshore Transport was a Wilhelmsen joint venture, previously Abeer Marine Services; the notes give both a January 2006 opening/closing sequence and a later disposal in the 2008 register, without explaining the discrepancy.
Other interests included the Bahamian South Riding Point/Freeport Tug & Towing venture with Chub Cay Towing; Plipwijs with PLIPDECO in Trinidad & Tobago; Riverwijs with Riverside Marine in Australia; a shareholding in South Seas Towage; and Uniwise Offshore with Unithai, subsequently sold. The original uses both Freepoint and Freeport for the Bahamian operation.
Denmark: Copenhagen; Brondby in the 1992–1993 register, returning to Copenhagen in the 2003 listing.
The original flag was blue with a white saltire, surmounted by a yellow circle edged red. The circle bore a black swan swimming towards the hoist on a black line of water. The flag apparently fell out of use, possibly after Howard Smith’s 1968 takeover.
S891 appears to have followed the original livery and lasted for most of Wyola’s sixty-year service, before S890. A May 1979 photograph of Weela confirms the S891 funnel; no further verbal distinction is supplied.
Registered on 16 November 1894 as The Swan River Shipping Company Limited, the company later became The Swan River Shipping Co. Pty. Ltd. Rosanoski rejects an earlier published formation date of 1897. Long associated with McIlwraith McEacharn, it was taken over by Howard Smith in 1968 and joined Adelaide Steamship in forming Fremantle Tug Operators in 1970. Its work chiefly centred on the tug Wyola. Operations continued until about the mid-1980s, and the company was deregistered on 19 March 2009.
Australia: Perth, later Fremantle.
Mitchell shows black letters on the funnel panel, which may itself represent a flag; Rosanoski thinks white letters more likely. Josef Nüsse’s old and new sites provide the table-flag evidence.
Formed in 1989, Swan Shipping combined its reefer activities with those of Kvaerner Shipping in the mid-1990s, becoming the Oslo-listed Swan Reefer ASA. The cited account calls the Oslo owner Swedish, marked sic by Rosanoski; the established country remains Norway. The ro-ro Norcliff appears to have remained outside the amalgamation and was apparently sold in April 2001. Swan Shipping was still listed in an online directory in May 2012.
Norway, Oslo.
Loughran depicts the swan without separating its head from its body. The funnel and flag are also recorded in Brown 1982.
USA, Philadelphia.
The wartime sources assign this funnel to Gulf Pacific Mail Line; Brown 1929 supplies both funnel and flag.
The two published flag renderings differ in the upper band and lettering colours. Rosanoski considers the evidence insufficient to judge those differences and specifically rejects pink in the rendering attributed to National Geographic, whose source colour is blue.
Brown also assigns this livery to Gulf Pacific Line and Gulf Pacific Mail Line. Brown 1934 and 1943 and National Geographic show equal funnel bands, while other sources make the blue bands narrow. Wartime sources likewise attribute the funnel to Gulf Pacific Line.
Talbot-Booth’s index cross-reference suggests a Gulf-West Mediterranean connection, but the wartime books place that company under Tampa Interocean with a different funnel. Rosanoski also questions the fit of its trading area; no firm relationship is adopted.
Swayne & Hoyt apparently operated as a tramp company in the 1920s and 1930s, using government-owned ships leased from the U.S. Shipping Board after the First World War, mainly on the Pacific coast. It appears to have ended effectively when the government took over its fleet in 1942.
The operating relationships listed include Gulf Pacific Mail Line, Gulf Pacific Line through Swayne & Hoyt Ltd., Pacific-Argentine-Brazil, Pacific-Australia, Pacific-Caribbean Gulf and Western Transport. The Gulf Pacific Mail listing uses the form Swayne & Holt Ltd. Fleet names began with Point.
USA, San Francisco.
The apparently earlier flag was white with a squarish blue S, supported by a cap badge. Frances Salman’s monochrome photograph is taken to show the early funnel, though its band marking is indistinct. David Salman’s photograph shows a black funnel with a white band and no visible charge, together with a white foremast flag; Rosanoski therefore considers it evidence for S660 rather than the later livery displayed alongside it.
The yellow flag dates from at least 1976, when Sea Breezes described the colours by association rather than giving a full description. Its red was noted as unusual among otherwise similar Swedish company designs. A second cap badge supports this later flag. The Bryggan illustration is associated with David Salman, but the photograph does not support that attribution.
No asserted takeover/rename; S660 reconstructed funnel and S659 exact early use dates remain qualified.
Josef Nüsse obtained the Kalmarsund flag twice under Swedish Gulf Line’s name in the early 1990s, last in March 1993, and reported its emblem on funnels without specifying colours. Rosanoski suggests that the agency operation inherited, or simply retained, that earlier livery.
The early ship names suggest an origin with the Salman family. Eskil Weibull was listed as operator in 1956–1957. David Salman, bought in 1964 and sold in 1975, apparently ended that naming sequence. Rosanoski considers either a mid-1970s Kihlberg takeover or, more probably, the original company’s closure and reuse of its name for a new concern. Changed addresses, Merzario Gallia and later register listings support a Kalmarsund/Kihlberg connection, but do not settle the legal succession.
The concern ceased appearing as a shipowner in the early 1980s and was subsequently listed as an agent under Swedish Gulf Line Shipping A/B until the early 1990s. Some vessels had previously passed from Kalmarsund to Kihlberg, which may explain continued use of their livery.
Sweden, Gothenburg.
The funnel drawing comes from a starboard photograph of Najade taken on 2 July 2012. The S could refer either to Swem or Switynk; Phil English favours the latter. Rosanoski’s suggestion that Swem combines Sw from the surname with E and M from the principals’ initials is explicitly a long-shot theory, not an established derivation.
Shareholder identity cannot settle logo.
Swem CV is recorded as Najade’s owner and manager, with M. Switynk and, in other accounts, E. Switynk and M. Switynk behind it. Najade was launched in 2010 and built in 2011. A contributor gives the owner’s location as Loppersum. Lloyds instead lists Wijne & Barends Cargodoors as owner; Phil English identifies Wijnne & Barends as agents and explains that the ship was financed by shareholders under the Dutch C.V. scheme. He considers M. Switynk the likely instigator and possibly the largest shareholder, rather than establishing that shareholding.
Netherlands, Delfzijl.
Mitchell attributes the funnel to Swiss Bank A.G., presumed by Rosanoski to have financed the vessel. The letter could instead refer to Mitchell’s quoted owner, whose identity differs from Lloyds. The attribution therefore remains qualified.
No bank or owner attribution from S alone.
Mistral was owned in 1977–1981 by Evel Corporation under Acomarit Services Matitime S.A. of Geneva. Mitchell instead names Suehn Navigation Ltd. as owner, also associating the vessel with Acomarit.
Switzerland, presumed. Mitchell’s Monrovia location is treated by Rosanoski as the vessel’s registration.
The flag rendered by San Pavlos has uncertain shades. Rosanoski found this version only in the first edition of Stewart, including the 1953 and 1957 impressions; the revised fifth impression may have changed it, but this is not established.
Rosanoski favours the version with the usual couped Swiss cross in the canton, supported by Brown 1958, US Navy 1961 and Walter Michaels. Michaels attributes it to the 1919 Schweizer Schleppschiffahrts-Genossenschaft, while swiss-ships links it to Alpina. Rosanoski therefore suggests that Alpina inherited the original company’s flag.
Flaggen auf dem Rhein shows the red canton extending down to the top of the third blue stripe, rather than only to the bottom of the second, and lists three companies using the design.
Mitchell also attributes the S1244 funnel to Alpina as A216. His comparable Alpina version of S1371 has the broader central band coloured blue.
Brown 1951 attributes this funnel to the Swiss Government, but Rosanoski considers it more likely to belong to Swiss Shipping.
Neither government nor company allocation established beyond qualified chart label.
Founded in 1919 as the inland-shipping Schweizerische Schleppschiffahrtsgenossenschaft, SSG, the concern established Dutch, German and Belgian branches in 1920–1930. During 1930–1940 it acquired an interest in Alpina Reederei and became Schweizerische Reederei A.G., with participation by the Swiss Confederation and several cantons. Cisalpina Reederei was subsequently formed for tank transport.
Its first ocean-going ship, Calandra, was acquired in 1939 and registered in Panama because no Swiss ocean registry then existed. An emergency decree of 9 April 1941 created the registry; Calandra formally hoisted the Swiss flag at Savona on 19 April, with Basle as home port and port of registry.
Merger with Neptun in the 1970s produced Schweizerische Reederei und Neptun A.G., SRN Alpina. Reederei Zürich was integrated in the 1980s. Migros acquired a stake during that decade, increasing it to 97.3 per cent in the 1990s. The cited Rhenus account says Migros was taken over by Rhenus after 2000 and describes SRN Alpina’s merger with Rhenus Schweiz to form Rhenus Alpina, elsewhere dated 2000. Rosanoski considers direct shipowning to have ended around the late 1970s. Management of Alpina ran from 1952 until 31 January 1987, when Air Sea Broker took over. The Lisbon subsidiary Companhia Suissa de Navegaçao is recorded in 1945–1948.
Switzerland, Basle.
The funnel is documented in a starboard photograph of Swiber Torunn at Lyttelton on 18 December 2011. The original also preserves separate Swissco Holdings and Swiber logos, but supplies no further verbal funnel description.
Swissco Offshore was formed in 1992 and was wholly owned by Singapore’s Swissco Holdings.
The register lists Swiber Offshore Marine, formerly AJR Marine, as a major operating company, formed in 2000 and renamed in 2004. Swiber’s own website instead gives a 1996 foundation and listing on 8 November 2006. Rosanoski notes that neither company’s website states a connection between Swissco and Swiber; that relationship is not resolved here.
Singapore.
US Navy 1961 shows the funnel diamond without a border and with black letters; NJK’s annotation says the letters should be white. Rosanoski considers Jordan’s 1939 information apparently incorrect.
S781 is recorded by Brown 1951 and the wartime funnel sources; S782 appears in Stewart 1953 and 1957. The original provides no fuller verbal comparison of these versions.
The pre-war concern appears as Sword Steamship Line Inc., a Lloyds subscriber from 1935 and probably active from Northern Sword’s renaming in 1932. A separate published account suggests a post-war start in 1947 using seized former enemy ships, by sale or lease, and continued activity in 1961. Rosanoski’s register evidence extends through 1966. The accounts are not reconciled. Ship names commonly ended in Sword; the post-war account gives Florida Sword, Alabama Sword and Texas Sword.
USA, New York.
S713 was the original funnel, replaced by S33 in the 1932 reconstitution. The source also mentions a flag change without illustrating what changed. The described flag is blue with a white saltire and red S and F in the hoist and fly respectively. It was also used by subsidiary Harbour Land & Transport and later formed the basis for the Urban Transport Authority’s 1991 flag.
Sydney Ferries was incorporated on 14 December 1899 and took over operations on 1 January 1900. Its predecessor, North Shore Ferry, originated in 1861, became North Shore Steam Ferry in 1878 and had absorbed all north-shore ferry operations by 1887. Further acquisitions brought Parramatta River Steamers & Tramway in 1901, Balmain New Ferry in 1917 and Watson’s Bay & South Shore Steam Ferry in 1920.
Reconstituted after the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the ferry operation passed to the New South Wales Government on 1 July 1951 as Sydney Harbour Ferries. Sydney Ferries’ remaining identity merged into Harbour Lighterage & Showboat. Harbour Land & Transport had been a subsidiary. The fleet adopted Aboriginal names beginning with K; Koondooloo’s 1953–1954 register entry is qualified by the note that it had already passed to the state’s Department of Main Roads in 1951.
Australia, Sydney.
The funnel and flag are documented by Loughran and The Log, with further flag evidence in Sydney Harbour Ferries and the published image. No separate verbal design description is provided.
The New South Wales Government took over Sydney Ferries on 1 July 1951 and operated through Sydney Harbour Ferries Pty. Ltd. The source also describes the company as holding Port Jackson & Manley Steamship’s vessels and plant, with Sydney Ferries’ assets presumed to be included. Operations became part of the Public Transport Commission on 1 December 1974.
The notes date replacement of the Public Transport Commission by the Urban Transit Authority to 1 July 1980, although a register-based comment instead suggests formation in 1981. Sydney Harbour Transport Board and Department of Public Transport names are treated as related administrative descriptions. Fleet names began with Lady.
Australia, Sydney.
The funnel is black with a broad yellow band bearing a blue cross floretty. The flag is yellow with a blue border and the same blue cross.
Sydney Hogg & Co. operated through Seaton Shipping and Merryweather Shipping.
U.K., West Hartlepool.
The flag is sourced to Collectors Corner; the original supplies no company history or separate verbal design description.
Sweden, Malmö.
Kima’s September 2006 photograph seems to show a grey funnel with a white band and black top. By December 2007 it wore Sunwoo colours, changing to the illustrated version at Sydney on 31 July 2011. The funnel’s owner is unknown: Sunwoo listed Kima as part of its fleet, suggesting a possible Syncro connection, while a July 2011 Shell charter did not explain these non-Shell colours. Rosanoski retained the illustration under Syncro provisionally; no stronger attribution is made here.
Sunwoo/Shell relationships do not identify mark.
Founded in 2004 as Syncro International Co. Ltd., the company became Syncro Shipping Co. Ltd. in 2007.
South Korea, Seoul.
The funnel was yellow or buff with a narrow black top, separated from the body by a blue-white-blue triband whose blue stripes were very narrow. Rogo was noted in these colours in May 1965, listed first under Ayalago and later Gotham; Mitchell also records them on Gotham’s Korthi.
No flag was noted. Another managed vessel, Anthony of Cia. Nav. Panamena Antares, was recorded in Coulouthros colours, so the fleet did not necessarily share one funnel.
Syros Shipping, recorded as an operator in 1963–1967, belonged to L.M. Valmas & Son. Its relationships included agency for Iris Shipping & Trading and Portland Shipping, and operation for Gotham Compañia Naviera.
UK, London.
The funnel is documented from Novaya Zemlya’s port side in December 2008 and Greenlandia’s starboard side in June 2009. The emblem is mirrored so that its points face forward on both sides.
Formed in 2006, Systemar recruited crews for clients’ ships and managed several refrigerated vessels.
Ukraine, Odessa.
The original flag, adopted in 1867, combined Saxony’s green and white with Dresden’s black and yellow.
Frequent changes followed; S514 was adopted in 1923.
The source does not describe the border colour. Rosanoski assumes white.
Formed in 1867 as Sächsisch Böhmische Dampfschiffahrtgesellschaft, the company operated on the Elbe and became a public company in 1923. The Soviet military took it over in 1945 as Sowjetische Verwaltung.
Germany, Dresden.
The upper part of the flag appears to have 32 white-and-green bands. The funnel has 17 green-and-white bands, with an additional blue band above; its lower blue edging comes after the equivalent of the flag’s lower white portion, so that the funnel carries a band of the flag. A black line defines the white semicircle, and the blue represents two waves.
The company was renamed in 1993 from Weiße Flotte Dresden [Weiβe Flotte GmbH] after a takeover described as by Reederei von der Cosmos of Muïnchen. The Conti source records privatisation and reorganisation by Conti Reederei in 1992–93. Both accounts are retained without harmonising their names.
Germany, Dresden.
Timbus in April 1995 confirms the funnel. Mitchell’s separate rendering shows a yellow circle containing two delta triangles, while the drawing below uses the S281 logo. A possible matching flag in another photograph is too indistinct to establish.
The later flag is white with a green design above green SÖDRA lettering, supported by Timbus photographs. Funnel evidence suggests change around 1995–1996, before the 2005 organisational change. Cellus’s apparent top band is actually below a ventilation area. Later photographs improve the flag evidence.
The Southern Forest Owners group grew from the 1938 cooperative federation of southeastern Swedish forest owners. Industrial companies united under Skogägarnas Industri in 1943; further association mergers followed in 1953 and 1964. The Swedish government held 40% of the industrial sector from 1979 until its buy-out in 1985. Södra Shipping began within the cellulose division in 1981; the Transport Department became Södra Träpulver, or Södra Transport, in 1989. Shipping entered Södra Cell International on 1 January 2005.
Forester, Timbus and Cellus were leased from Reederei Rord Braren.
Sweden, Växjö; Brown’s Axjö is identified as erroneous in the source.
The blue flag has a crowned anchor between S and P, all in yellow.
Mitchell’s funnel note reads “a narrow black funnel”; the wording does not clearly identify which feature is meant.
Operating by the early 1950s, Petterson moved from Skärhamn to Göteborg in the 1960s and was associated with the Kihlberg group. Kihlbergs Fartygsagentur acted for part of the fleet in 1963–64 and the whole fleet in 1966–67; the later address remained Kihlberg’s even when the agency was no longer listed. Operations ceased in the mid-1970s.
Sweden, Skärhamn; later Gothenburg.
Mitchell places both funnels on the Österreichischer Lloyd card. O255 is shown against the company name; O254 is assigned from the line drawing of Austrian Merchant.
The available vessel record, particularly Austrian Trader, suggests operations from 1974 to 1981. Ship names began with Austrian.
Austria, Vienna.
The modern logo derives from the original company’s, whose vorwærts motto is translated as “steaming ahead”. The flag is described as black with the central emblem, but website and postcard evidence may instead indicate very dark blue. The funnel follows MCP Linz photographs. A separate Mini Container Pool panel was attached to the bridge wing.
Mitchell gives this as the principal funnel, although its logo was registered to Austroship in July 1992 and he shows a slightly different version for that company.
Mitchell also records the managed Dellach. The narrative labels its funnel D237, whereas the bibliography and accepted association use D337.
The original Austrian Lloyd dated from 1836 and ceased in 1918, when its directors resigned and an Italian government commissioner took provisional control. Articles for a new Austrian Lloyd were drafted on 7 March 1951, but its first ship was not bought until 1978. Lloyd’s dates the modern company to 1978 and records its 1988 partnership with Krohn, adopting the group name. Österreichischer Lloyd Ship Management, ÖLSM, was founded in 1991 by Hans-Georg Wurmböck and Kapitän Eberhard Koch.
The Vienna management operation was joined by a Cyprus company in 1998. By 2005 the latter’s ships and companies were listed under Abu Merhi Lines, with the Cyprus concern retained as manager. Fisser & van Doornum was an associate.
Austria, Vienna; spelt Wein by Mitchell.
Thorax’s photograph supplies the funnel, and the company website supplies the current flag logo.
The US Navy 1961 source gives this funnel and flag despite the company website’s later formation date; the discrepancy remains unexplained.
No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.
The company website dates formation to 1973, while Lloyd’s gives 1974, which Rosanoski suggests may refer to shipping operations. Earlier register names include Johannes Østensjø & Co., J. Østensjø d.y. and Johannes Østensjø d.y. A/S before Østensjø Rederi appears. Lee Towage at Cobh was an operating company and DeepOcean an associate.
Norway, Haugesund.
Lloyd’s 1904 records the funnel and flag; no verbal design is supplied.
Also known as East Norway Lloyd, the concern began a Norwegian North Sea mail service in 1890 and was taken over by Fred Olsen in 1906. The account says those services were suspended in 1916 after a Bergen Line steamer was sunk by a U-boat.
Rosanoski presumes it was unconnected with Østlandske Rederi Akties, listed in 1917–1918 with Fred Olsen as agent.
Norway, Christiania.
The original funnel is documented by Jordan and Merchant Ships. Brown 1951 gives Esso group livery, apparently replacing the earlier marking.
In the discussion of Sigurd Owren, Moira appears to have a black funnel with a white band; that observation is retained as separate company context.
Formed in 1893, Østlandske Petroleums is recorded as owner and operator for A/S Vestlandske Petroleums and associated with Standard Oil of New Jersey. Jordan appears also to include Sigurd Owren as an operated and associated concern, but Merchant Ships does not confirm that relationship and explicitly separates it in 1944.
Norway, Oslo.
The funnel recorded for Santa Lucia in April 1965 is red with a black top.
San Francesco appears in the 1966–67 and 1970–71 registers.
Italy, Messina, Sicily.
The funnel recorded for Spica in October 1965 is red with two widely separated narrow white bands and a white vertical anchor between them.
Santa Flavia appears in the 1966–67 and 1970–71 registers.
Italy, Palermo, Sicily.
Lloyd Reedereiflaggen shows a smaller circle on the flag and places it towards the hoist.
Associated with Norddeutscher Lloyd, Seefahrt merged into Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne in 1933.
Germany, Bremen.
Conca d’Oro was recorded in December 1967 with a blue funnel and narrow black top, separated by bands of red, very narrow white, very broad blue and very narrow white. The broad blue band bears a white circle with a birdlike emblem. Rosanoski says it resembles a black eagle displayed, grasping red objects in its talons, beneath a yellow shape with a red base; the emblem was not otherwise described. No flag was noted.
The company was listed from 1963–64 to 1973–74.
Italy, Palermo, Sicily.
The script Starintex appears below the other letters. A black-and-white Jean E photograph shows no black funnel top and possibly light-coloured ALL letters in the diamond. Mitchell’s funnel is said to be based on that vessel.
Starintex operated as Amsterdam-London Lijn and is documented by 1960. Its sole vessel in the cited register, Jean E, was bought in 1963 and sold after fire damage in 1975. Wijnne & Barends managed the concern in earlier entries. Rosanoski identifies it as Dutch, correcting an earlier Swedish attribution based on a similarly named delivery firm.
Netherlands, Amsterdam.