P

FOTW identifies Porta as a subsidiary of Fisser & van Doornum. Lloyds gives the same address, and Flaggen & Schornsteine groups the companies together and gives Fisser & van Doornum as the correspondence address. Both ships were sold in 1964.

Germany, Hamburg.

P&O and Nedlloyd formed their joint container operation on 1 January 1997, incorporating P&O Containers and establishing British and Dutch companies. The Dutch company was a renaming of Nedlloyd Linjen. Nedlloyd became principal owner in 2004, with P&O retaining 25% after the transaction described in the source; John Fredriksen and Einar Rasmussen acquired nearly 12%. P&O’s sale is recorded as completed in 2005, and the company merged into A.P. Möller in February 2006. It participated in the Grand Alliance from 1998.

The company is listed in 1992–93 and 1996–97 as manager for one company.

Greece, Piraeus.

Passenger ships used the buff P49 funnel from 1931, confirmed on Oronsay in 1972; Strath Services used the same livery. Fair Princess at Wellington in February 2000 had a P54 variation, light buff with a narrow black top, possibly a consequence of funnel design.

Brown 1995 gives P56 to both P&O Containers and Bulk Shipping. Mitchell dates a change from Brunswick green to Euro blue to April 1992. Tokyo Bay illustrates the green P429; Baluchistan in July 1993 may illustrate the new colour as P427, although Mitchell’s examples are P428 for the bulk and container businesses.

The original P&O Ferries funnel is P430, with the house flag added in 1982 in the source-only P431 version. P57 was adopted across ferry divisions in September 1987. Brown shows a white pole, but vessel photographs show only white edging along the hoist to distinguish the flag from the same-coloured funnel background. The starboard emblem is mirrored, with two waves along its upper edge and three below.

Mitchell shows three additional, unexplained funnels: black with one broad white band; black with two white bands, possibly British India but with a wider intervening gap; and white with a narrow black top. Towage Services adopted a funnel incorporating the house flag within a circle.

Brodie McGhie Willcox and Arthur Anderson became partners in 1822. With Captain Richard Bourne they began the London–Spain–Portugal Peninsular service in 1836 or 1837. A Royal Charter of 31 December 1840 incorporated the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co.; the source explains why its name has neither Ltd. nor plc. Expansion brought Blue Anchor’s Australian service in 1910, British India in 1914 with control separately dated 1919, New Zealand Shipping and Federal in 1916, Hain and Nourse in 1917, Union Steam Ship of New Zealand in November 1917, Orient and Khedivial interests in 1919, General Steam Navigation in 1920 and Moss-Hutchinson in 1935. Blue Anchor became the P&O Branch Service, wound up in 1936.

The trans-Pacific Orient & Pacific service began jointly with Orient in 1958 and became P&O-Orient in 1960. Cargo subsidiaries were combined in the General Cargo Division in 1971, followed by Strick in 1972. The group tanker organisation is variously dated 1961, 1962 and 1966; Trident entered the Bulk Shipping Division in 1971. General Cargo joined Bulk Shipping in March 1983. Bulk ventures included Associated Bulk Carriers, Panocean-Anco, Lauritzen-Peninsular Reefers and the Anglo Nordic combination. Coast Lines was acquired in 1971, retaining individual liveries until P&O Ferries in 1975. European Ferries followed in 1987; North Sea operations were reorganised in 1997 and Irish Sea operations in 1998. Full ownership of P&O Stena in late 2002 brought the P&O Ferries and P&O Ferries Ship Management names.

Overseas Containers, a consortium from 1965, became wholly owned in mid-1986 and P&O Containers in January 1987. It merged equally with Nedlloyd’s container business in January 1997. P&O sold its joint-venture interest in 2004 while retaining a 25% interest in the reorganised concern; disposal of the holdings was completed in 2005. Princess Cruises was acquired in 1974 and Sitmar later joined the cruise interests. The cruise demerger is described as occurring in 2001, following a 2000 proposal and listing. Carnival acquired P&O Princess in April 2003, retaining P&O cruise brands under licence in Britain and Australia. P&O itself was sold to Dubai Ports World in March 2006.

Formed in 1998, the venture was held 60% by P&O and 40% by Stena. P&O bought the remainder in late 2002 and renamed it P&O Ferries Ship Management. P&O Stena Line, previously P&O European Ferries (Dover), became P&O Ferries at the same time. The operating companies included Stena Equipment & Aircraft Leasing.

U.K., Dover.

P. & A. Campbell began shipowning in 1885 and became limited in 1893. Known as the White Funnel Fleet, its paddle steamers served the British coast. It absorbed ships of Bristol Channel Passenger Boats’ Red Funnel fleet in 1911, though whether all or only part is unclear, and W.H. Tucker’s Yellow Funnel fleet in 1922. European Ferries acquired the company in the 1970s. Operations ceased in February 1981.

U.K., Bristol; Cardiff is recorded in 1958–59.

Denmark, Copenhagen.

Other sources and FOTW assigned operated-company flags to Brown: Norden’s N57 and Det Helsingorske’s H351. Rosanoski rejects these as Brown’s own flag, distinguishing the operator from the companies with their separate liveries.

The business began as Peter Brown and is recorded as a steamship owner from 1893. Peter Brown and P. Brown Jnr & Co. operated for companies including Danmark, Hafnia, Norden and Det Helsingorske Dampskibsselskab.

Denmark, Copenhagen.

P. Henderson & Co., or Henderson Line, was founded by a member of the Henderson family connected with Anchor Line and the shipbuilders D. & W. Henderson. It operated British & Burmese Steam Navigation, formed in 1908, and apparently also Burmah Steamship. Albion Line, formed in 1856, was sold and merged into Shaw Savill & Albion about 1882. Henderson controlled the Irrawady Flotilla and was associated with La Platense Flotilla.

Elder Dempster acquired the business in 1951 and later operated part of the fleet. By 1970–71 British & Burmese remained listed under Ocean Steamship through Roxburgh, Henderson & Co. Henderson also operated for the Ministry of Transport. Fleet names referred to Burma or Africa.

U.K., Glasgow.

Sources differ in the widths of the red funnel bands and the number of waves in the flag bands. Rosanoski considers M487 probably the most accurate. A later passage says the livery formed the basis of a new design following a name change, despite the earlier rejection of that corporate renaming.

P. Meyer operated vessels under companies apparently serving as name subsidiaries, with Hav-prefixed ship names. Rosanoski rejects the register’s claim of a 1977 renaming to A/S Havtor, identifying Havtor as a principal operated company rather than a new name for Meyer.

Norway, Oslo.

Michaelides is recorded as manager for Compañia Naviera Ritalex in 1978–79, the latter probably a subsidiary.

France, Marseilles.

Unknown.

P. Samuel registered the Nora S.S. Co. in 1907, initially using one-ship companies before consolidation under Universal S.N. Co. Kestell S.S. Co. was registered in 1915 to buy two second-hand ships; in 1916 its interests passed to P. Samuel & Co. with Kestell Brothers. Kestell was liquidated in 1923, followed by consolidation under Universal S.N. Co., which went out of business in 1925.

UK, Cardiff; later London.

P.A. Van Es was a steamship owner from 1850 and appears first as an N.V., later as a B.V. It belonged to Phillipus Van Ommeren N.V., with Rheinische Tankreederei GmbH listed as a subsidiary. Managed companies included British & Continental Steamship Co. Ltd. and N.V. Verenigde Tankkustvaart. Vessel names commonly ended in “singel” in the late 1950s and used the prefix “Bree” in the 1960s.

Netherlands, Rotterdam.

Peter D. Gram formed the concern in 1982. Known also as PDG&Co, it arranges and manages private equity, with shipping concentrated on car carriers through Gram Car Carriers and some small LPG vessels. OSM handles technical management; the account records a 20% OSM interest held by the owners. The company website describes joint ownership by Gram and Kim Steimler, while a separate source gives Arne Blystad a 40% holding. These ownership descriptions are not reconciled.

Norway, Oslo.

The registers identify a Hong Kong Far East concern and an address relationship with Compañia Maritima San Basileo. Subsidiaries included Bedford Overseas Freighters, formed in 1947, and San Basileo of Panama. Marchessini became bankrupt early in 1976 and was bought by Ta Peng Lines.

USA, New York NY; London also recorded.

The business is recorded as manager in Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944. Later Lloyd’s entries alternate between management and ownership, using P.F. Cleeman in 1963–64 and P.F. Cleemann by 1985–86; the cited records continue through 1996–97. It managed Aabenraa Rederi A.S. and part of Chr. P. Barsøe A/S’s fleet in 1970–71 and 1973–74, followed by the whole fleet in 1978–79.

Denmark, Aabenraa.

P.G. Halvorsen operated passenger services from Bergen and Stavanger to Newcastle in 1890–92, ending with the company’s liquidation.

Norway, Bergen.

Courtgi’s ships used the Ottoman flag.

Courtgi came from Mytilene and established the Aegean Navigation Co. in Istanbul in the 1880s. By 1890 it was the city’s second-largest company. It operated as Navigation à Vapeur “Egée”, used Greek seamen from Galaxidi and owned coal mines in Heraclee.

Turkey, Constantinople.

P.N. Dent and L. Graham owned Verao in 1958–59.

Fiji.

Rosanoski describes the company as apparently an agency business.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Berlian Laju Tanker, or BLT, dates its establishment to 1981 as PT Bhaita Laju Tanker, adopting PT Berlian Laju Tanker in 1988. Lloyd’s instead gives formation in 1989. In 1990 it became the first Indonesian shipping company listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange. BSG Corporation was its holding group.

The group owned Indigo Pacific, Diamond Pacific and Asean Maritime. Gold Bridge Shipping originated as a venture between Ocean Tramping and BSG, with BSG taking full control in 1995. Chembulk Tankers was acquired in December 2007. The BLT Chembulk Group announced on 4 November 2010 consolidated commercial management of BLT’s own chemical tankers, PT Banyu Laju Shipping, Gold Bridge Shipping and Chembulk Tankers.

GBLT Shipmanagement companies were established in Singapore in 2002 and Glasgow in 2004. The Singapore tug operator Pan Union, formed in 1987, was bought late in 1997. Other interests recorded were 50 per cent of PT Berlian Limatama, formed in 1996, and 20 per cent of Malaysian Merchant Marine, acquired in 1997.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Formed in 2005, P.T. Cakra Bahana is listed as an owner and manager in 2011–12.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

The separately referenced D309 funnel apparently comes from Delima 116, although Rosanoski could not locate that particular number in Lloyds.

The company appears in Lloyds from 1973–74 under Deli Madju and later the fuller P.T. Perusahaan Pelayaran Nusantara Deli Maju, with both Maju and Madju spellings in subsequent editions.

Indonesia, Belawan, Sumatra; later Medan, Sumatra.

A suggested link with Nedlloyd/Rotterdamsche Lloyd and an alteration of its red-white-blue colours to resemble Indonesia’s flag is explicitly only a contributor’s guess.

Formed in 1951 as P.N. Djakarta Lloyd, the company adopted P.T. in 1974. It was Indonesian government-owned and participated in the ANRO consortium. A proposed 1998 merger with Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia and P.T. Pelayaran Bahtera Adhiguna does not appear to have occurred.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

PELNI, Indonesian National Shipping, traces its origins to Yayasan Penguasaan Pusat Kapal-kapal, or Pepuska, incorporated in 1950. The account says the Netherlands Government had previously refused conversion of its company into a private concern. P.T. Pelni was formed on 28 April 1952, with Pepuska dismissed or possibly closed. It describes a change from public to Government company in 1961, a return to private status in 1975 and further status changes later that year, in 1988 and in 1999.

Lloyd’s instead gives formation in 1963, amended in its 2008 edition to 1989. A 1998 proposal to merge with P.T. Djakarta Lloyd and P.T. Pelayaran Bahtera Adhiguna apparently did not take effect.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Formed in 1969 as P.T. Perusahaan Pelayaran Samudera Ampera Lines, the company changed its name in 1973. Owned by the AA Group, it operated under its own name and through Three Star Navigation, formed in 1991.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Rosanoski suggests operation from about 1961 to 1979. Miramar assigns Ambulomobo in 1961–65 to the Indonesian Government and Gunung Djati in 1959–79 to A. Holt & Co., but confirms Arafat’s acquisition of Tjut Njak Dhien from the Government in 1965, retaining her until 1979. Two Arafat register entries appear in 1978–79; one, comprising vessels acquired from Compañia de Navegacion Abeto, disappears in 1980–81.

Indonesia, Djakarta.

Founded in 1974, the company is also styled A.P. Container Service. Register entries shorten or vary its expanded name.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

The company is recorded in Lloyd’s 1978–79, 1985–86 and 1992–93.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Founded in 1969 and also called Panurjwan, the company belonged to Samudera Indonesia. Part of the fleet was managed by CUMAWIS, under its successive expanded names. Ships used Darpo-prefixed names.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line was formed in 1975, operating under its own name and through subsidiaries. Banyu Laju Shipping, formed in Jakarta in 1994, is listed as an operating subsidiary; on 4 November 2010 it became part of BLT Chembulk Group in a consolidation of commercial management.

Thome managed the vessel of Graciela Shipping, while Universal Marine managed Kent Carriers’ vessel.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

The stylised GL letters form the silhouette of a ship sailing towards the flag’s hoist. Company website images suggest an orange funnel, possibly an air/sea-rescue shade, and letters of equal height.

The website dates formation to 1964 through a merger of P.T. Gamarco, Speed Nusa, Pendawa Veem and Gesuri Lloyd; Lloyd’s gives 1967. The Indonesian firm is absent from the 1970–71 register, but Gesuri Lloyd (Liberia) of Hong Kong owns Gelora, a name later used by it. Rosanoski suggests a possible connection with other Gesuri Lloyd firms, including a Panamanian company with a form of the livery. Three same-address register entries in 1978–79 subsequently appear as one.

Management interests included Indobaruna Bulk Transport and Mitsui O.S.K. Line Indonesia.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Founded in 1967, Karana Line first appears in the cited registers in 1978–79. Island Navigation Corporation (Ship Management) managed one vessel in 1985–86, and Orient Overseas Container Line one in 1992–93.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

P.T. Trikora Lloyd was founded in 1964 according to the group website, while Lloyd’s gives 1967. Rosanoski suggests that the latter may mark the beginning of shipowning. Financial difficulties apparently led to rescue by the Bimantara group, formed in 1982 by Bambang Trihatmojo, President Suharto’s second son. The last vessel, Mandiri Jaya, was sold in 2003; the company continued in agency activities. Rosanoski suggests that leaving shipowning explains the shorter later name.

Indonesia, Jakarta.

Darpo Tiga was noted at Singapore on 10 November 1969 with the Perusahaan Negara Pelabuhan funnel.

Founded in 1969, Samudera Indonesia operated through several companies, including Palihota Dayaka Lines and Perusahaan Pelayaran Nusantara. Its Jakarta ship-management company began in 1994 as Samudera Denholm Ship Management and adopted Samudera Indonesia Ship Management in 2003. The Singapore operator Samudera Shipping Line was formerly Samudera Indonesia (S) Sendirian Berhad. Tankindo Perdana, formed in Jakarta in 1982, operated partly through Singapore’s Foremost Maritime, formed in 1995.

The group also acted as agent for Pali Hota Dayaka. Hapag-Lloyd and later Samudera Shipping Line managed parts of its fleet. Many ships used Sinar-prefixed names.

Indonesia, Djakarta.

The company is recorded in 1978–79, 1985–86 and 1992–93.

Indonesia, Sabang; later Jakarta.

Also known as PUSRI, the company was formed in 1976.

Indonesia, Sumatra & Jakarta.

Also known as Faroe Ship, the company was formed in 1919. Z. Niclasen was its operator in the 1950s. Eimskip acquired it in 2004.

Denmark, Torshavn, Faroes Islands, as classified in the source.

Pacific Basin began in 1987 as an investment and management business. The company account describes Pacific Basin Bulk Shipping’s 1994 listing, acquisition and privatisation in 1996, and a new Pacific Basin Shipping formed by former staff in 1998, listed in Hong Kong on 14 July 2004. Lloyd’s instead traces successive names from Tadcester through Pacific Basin Agencies and Pacific Bulk Shipping to Pacific Basin Shipping. It records a venture between Christopher Buttery and Bocimar, bought by management and new shareholders in 1991. A later register correction says the post-1998 Pacific Bulk Shipping was not connected with PNSL, contrary to the earlier listing.

Operating interests included Hong Kong agencies and management companies. The International Handybulk Carriers pool was established in 2001, with partners including Torm, Wah Kwong, Sinotrans and others. A majority interest in IndoChina Ship Management was acquired in 2000 in a Jardine Matheson venture; dry-bulk management remained within Pacific Basin while other management transferred to Epic as ICSM. Towage began in 2007 with a business described as Australian harbour towage, although Rosanoski wonders whether the acquisition was New Zealand’s Sea-Tow.

Hong Kong; Hamilton, Bermuda, in Lloyd’s 1996–97; Hong Kong, China, in the later register.

Britain, Canada, New Zealand and Australia formed the public board in 1901 to establish a westward cable link to Australia without crossing foreign territory. In 1929 it was wound up and its assets combined with the Eastern Telegraph companies as Imperial and International Communications, renamed Cable & Wireless in 1934.

U.K., London.

Charles Goodall and Chris Nelson began supplying water to San Francisco ships in 1860, or the 1860s, and developed coastal shipping. New capital and restructuring created Pacific Coast Steamship in 1877, with control later passing to eastern investors. Goodall and Perkins had bought into Salinas in 1867 and were still agents in 1901. The company acted as shipping agent for Oregon Improvement. Its acquisition of West Coast Steamship is dated 1889 in one account and the early 1900s in another. In 1916 it was sold to Hubbard F. Alexander and merged into his Admiral Line as Pacific Steamship. The account says the Congress fire was used to justify a sale already agreed two weeks earlier.

USA, San Francisco, California.

Pacific Direct Line, or PDL, was a family shipping concern founded by Bill Ravel, Jean Ravel and Jean-Pierre Varnier. Its origins are traced to the Ravel Group’s Moana service between Noumea, Fiji and Wallis-Futuna in 1966. Members became founding shareholders and directors of Sofrana-Unilines in 1968. The French company was registered at Mata Utu and listed as a subsidiary of Singapore’s PDL International. Pacific International Lines acquired an undisclosed significant stake in 2006, apparently connected with its purchase of McKay Shipping. Vessels often had Southern-prefixed names.

Wallis Islands [Wallis & Futuna Islands], Mata Utu.

Thomas E. Cuffe formed PFEL in July 1946 to carry cargo between California and the Far East using surplus wartime ships. It had thirty-one vessels by 1949 and a strong military-cargo business. After his death on 22 December 1959, Ralph K. Davies gained control. The account attributes later difficulties to investment in LASH rather than container ships. Davies sold to Consolidated Freightways in 1969, and the Alioto family acquired control in 1974, with John Alioto becoming president. Monterey and Mariposa had joined the passenger operation in October 1970. Preliminary bankruptcy proceedings in January 1978 became full bankruptcy in June; all but one vessel were auctioned in 1979. Lloyd’s nevertheless still listed the company in 1980–81.

USA, San Francisco.

PFL was formed in 1977 by a Pacific island and New Zealand consortium and began trading in 1978. Members had equal votes, though New Zealand, Fiji and Papua New Guinea effectively controlled it. The source’s country list and stated total of twelve do not reconcile. Western Samoa bought the line outright in early October 2012; the contemporary account says it then neither owned nor operated vessels, which Rosanoski tentatively interprets as chartering without management. Neptune Pacific bought 50% in September 2013. The parent remained in Apia and the New Zealand operating arm in Auckland. Joint services with Sofrana included Pacific Express and the New Zealand Papua New Guinea Express formed in August 1993.

Western Samoa, Apia; Samoa in the company website.

Other related companies substitute PEL for Pacific Eagle and PMS for Pilindo Megah Selatan. The striped logo portion is shown by Mitchell without identifying it as a flag. Srimongkol’s funnel letters may be angled, but the oblique photograph is unclear; Selatan Megah supplies another documented funnel. Southern Lily entering Auckland in December 2007 had a plain red funnel.

Y.C. Chang, also known as Tee Woon Tiang, and friends founded PIL in 1967. It grew from coastal ownership and operation into a major Asian shipping concern, adopting Pacific International Lines (Pte) Ltd. on 3 June 1971.

Related operations included feeder and regional specialist Advance Container Line; Malaysia Shipping Corporation, formed in 1974 with Chang as chairman; Pacific Eagle and Pacific Seatran, both formed in 1992; and Jakarta’s Pilindo Megah Selatan, formed in 1996. Further operating companies included Eastern Maritime (Thailand), PIL (UK) and PST Management. PIL bought half of Blue Funnel (Sea) in February 1981 and a significant Pacific Direct Line stake in 2006, apparently connected with McKay Shipping. Its ships generally used Kota names; the source gives several translations but does not identify the intended meaning. Subsidiaries used Sea, Salam, Pacific and Sri prefixes.

Singapore.

Captain Athol Richard Rusden owned the company, which held Mamaku for nine months in 1973, between Lloyd’s register printings. Sea Breezes calls it Pacific Islands Trading Ltd.

Vanuatu, Port Vila.

Pacific Line operated Rigon from 1977 to 1980. Lloyd’s lists Pacific Line at Nukualofa, Tonga, in 1978–79 and Pacific Line Pty. Ltd. at Port Moresby in 1980–81, under different identifiers.

Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.

The source also reproduces a company seal dated 1848–1925 and the funnel and mast flags from an 1868 lithograph of Japan.

Pacific Mail was incorporated on 12 April 1848 to carry mail from Panama to California, with William Henry Aspinwall a founder. Another source gives 1847. The service benefited from the 1849 Gold Rush, expanding to eighteen steamers within five years and twenty-three in 1869. It bought Atlantic Mail in 1865, but the transcontinental railway, technological competition and loss of subsidised Australasian mail contracts weakened it. Southern Pacific acquired control in 1893. Restrictions on railway-owned ships using the Panama Canal contributed to fleet sales, and Grace took control in 1916.

The Dollar family acquired the Pacific Mail name, flag and goodwill from Grace in 1925, using them occasionally after integration into its own operation. One account describes this as a rename to Dollar Line. Ownership passed to American President Lines with the 1938 government rescue of Dollar, by which time Pacific Mail largely existed on paper. It was formally closed in 1949.

USA, Seattle in Loughran; San Francisco in Lloyd’s 1904.

Unknown.

Further Mitchell material includes an unnamed-vessel funnel and Haomataka, registered as Ha-amotaha, on both Reef and Tonga Pacific cards. Its fourth-quarter marks look like three dots, probably stars, but the evidence is unclear and letter colours are unspecified.

The source traces the business from Tonga Shipping Agency, active by 1960, through Pacific Navigation Co. to Pacific Navigation of Tonga, or PNT. Pacific Navigation is also recorded as charterer of Tauloto II. A separate account dates Tonga Pacific Navigation’s formation to 1972, with government, Copra Board and Produce Board shareholders. Olovaha, built that year, appears under the government by 1985–86. In 1987 regular ferries served Tonga’s three main island groups.

Tonga, Nukualofa.

POE was operated by Halfdan Ditlev-Simonsen of Norway and Transatlantic of Sweden. Vilja is recorded in the service from 1948, and a surviving timetable covers January–August 1954.

Norway, Oslo; Sweden, Gothenburg.

Unknown.

Recorded in Lloyd’s 1963–64, Pacific Seafarers used J.J. Georgelis as agent and was associated with Seafarers Inc.

USA, New York.

Unknown.

Pacific Shipping is recorded in 1963–64 and 1970–71 under agents I.R.U.F.A. International Reederei und Fracht-Agentur HmbH.

Germany, Hamburg.

William Wheelwright promoted PSNC after failing to raise American capital, incorporating it in London on 27 September 1838. Chile entered service in 1840, and the headquarters moved to Liverpool as merchants there became the principal shareholders. PSNC helped establish Orient Steam Navigation for the Australian trade in 1877, drew closer to it after the 1898 depression and sold its Australian interests to Royal Mail in 1905. Royal Mail acquired PSNC itself in 1910. The charter was extended in perpetuity in January 1922, subject to retention of the name and Liverpool office. The Kylsant collapse brought a period of separate operation before Royal Mail reacquired the shares in 1938. Furness Withy’s full takeover is dated 1965, or 1964 by Loughran. Its General Shipping Division consolidated subsidiary management in 1977.

Operations ended in 1984 according to one account and 1985 in another. The document also records participation in the European–South American Eurosal consortium, listing its founding partners and later additions in 1987.

U.K., London originally; Liverpool from about 1843.

The Admiral Line was a trading name for Hubbard F. Alexander’s companies. The source dates the Pacific Steamship combination to 1916 and its reorganisation as Pacific Steamship Lines to 1933. Admiral Oriental Mail Line was separately organised in late 1920 for foreign trade; the Dollar family gained control in September 1922, leading to American Mail Line. Accounts of the parent’s end differ: bankruptcy in November 1936 and suspension in June 1938, cessation in 1936, and a 1930s purchase by Alaska Steamship are all recorded. Later registers nevertheless list Pacific Steamship Lines and name companies, with American President Line as controller. Admiral Laws was sunk in June 1944.

USA, Tacoma, Seattle and San Francisco in the cited sources.

The company website dates incorporation to 28 February 1977, originally under John and Teunis Korevaar with Jas Hill at Lae. Wallacia’s addition in 1980 made it a joint venture with Marine Pacific (PNG); Steamships bought the Korevaar share about 1985. Another account describes a late-1970s Stannards, Korevaar and Inchcape venture, while Lloyd’s gives 1981. Later sources place it with Svitzer and Steamships, and within United Salvage. Howard Smith’s holding through Dilmun is recorded as 45% and later 50%.

Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.

Pacific Towing Services was established in 1964 as a private company.

Canada, Vancouver.

The Brisbane tug operator was run by Con Peter and owned by the Peters brothers until its acquisition by Adelaide Steamship and Howard Smith in 1987. The source identifies two possible registration histories: a 1978 Pacific Tug later renamed Pacific Marine Engineering and deregistered in 2002, or a 1982 Brisbane Marine Services & Agencies which passed through the Heavy Lift (Australia) name to Pacific Tug and was still operating at Victoria Point. It does not establish which applies to this livery.

Australia, Brisbane.

The line was formed in 1931 by merging Java-Pacific Linje and Java-Bengla Linje, under a consortium of Nederland, Rotterdam Lloyd and Koninklijke Paketvaart.

Netherlands.

A November 1995 Wellington shed photograph shows a slightly different bird in the logo.

R.B. McKenzie and Norwegian partner Andresen, Finne formed Pacifica Shipping Co. on 26 February 1982, beginning operations from Lyttelton on 31 May 1983. Union Shipping’s South Sea Shipping acquired 24.9% in June 1983 and increased it to 57.4% in August 1984. Skeggs bought the business in November 1985, dated 1 November in one account and 7 November in others. Pacifica Shipping (1985) was registered in February 1986; the earlier company’s name became Canterbury Shipping in April. Pacifica remained outside the wider Skeggs sale in 1989, and the trawler Cordella came under its operations, probably through Pacifica Fishing, before sale in 1992. Pacifica Transport Group was formed in 2005.

New Zealand, Christchurch, later Lyttelton; Dunedin in the companies register.

The company was formed in 1994 by Nikolas D. Pateras and acted as agent for individual ship companies. Lloyd’s initially lists Pabroco as owner, later showing independence. Alex Giannakopoulos is identified as controller and managing director.

Greece, Piraeus.

The one-ship company owned Magallanes from its purchase in 1961 until sale in 1967.

Argentine, Buenos Aires.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

Transerie of Hudson Waterways carried the Pack & Kahn funnel, also apparently the origin of Tak Shipping’s design.

White PNSC letters stand above two white wavy sea lines. Brown 1982’s notes specify additional Arabic-style lettering above them, absent from Brown 1995. The funnel derives from National Shipping Corporation’s. Ocean Ships calls its bands yellow, but photographs of Bhairab and Karotua appear to show white.

The government-owned corporation was formed in 1979 by merging National Shipping Corporation and Pakistan Shipping Corporation.

Pakistan, Karachi.

Listed in 1970–71 and 1973–74, the company apparently merged into Pakistan Shipping Corporation, under which its vessels appear in 1978–79.

Pakistan, Karachi.

Pal Myrvågnes appears in Lloyds’ 1970–71 list of shipowners.

Norway, Tjørvag.

Palesano dates from 3 May 2010 and bought Ostsee Merchant on 1 June that year.

Panama, Panama City.

Palestine Shipping, or Palco, was founded by Arnold Bernstein in 1935 and encountered financial difficulties and a creditors’ settlement in 1937. The FOTW account calls it Hevrat Eretz-Yisrael Le’Sapanut and identifies Tel Aviv as the first Hebrew liner.

British Mandate of Palestine, Haifa.

The firm originated in 1835 as W.B. & C. Palgrave, with the Murphys joining later. Its fleet was taken over by British & Irish Steam Packet in 1937, and it also operated as Saorstat & Continental. After the Second World War the group expanded stevedoring, road transport and agency work. It held a small initial share in Irish Shipping from March 1941 until transfer in October 1943; Irish Shipping in turn acquired 40% in 1964. One account says Palgrave Murphy ceased in 1967, while another records a December 1969 merger with Limerick Steamship to form Hibernian Transport’s Ireland–Britain–Continent container service. Ships were named for ports served.

Ireland, Dublin.

Recorded in Lloyd’s 1963–64, Palizada used Tropis Shipping as agent.

U.K., London.

Hjalmar Sjosten operated Rederi A/B Pallas, recorded in 1956–57 and 1958–59. Annika was bought in 1958, following an earlier vessel. By the early 1960s she appears to have been sold, and Pallas International replaced the earlier names in Lloyd’s 1963–64 before itself disappearing. Rosanoski assumes Sjosten was the owner and continued through Pallas International.

Sweden, Gothenburg.

Palm Line was formed in 1949 to take over Lever Brothers’ shipping interests, including United Africa interests according to Loughran. Liverpool Shipping instead lists United Africa as owner, a discrepancy noted by Rosanoski. The fleet included general-cargo ships and tankers, with West African names followed by Palm.

U.K., London.

The company operated Greyville from 1970 to 1973 after buying her from Durban Lines without renaming her. It ceased when the sole vessel was sold in 1973. Cooper Brothers acted as agents in the later register.

Australia, Sydney and Milson’s Point; subsequently Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.

Palmali Group began as agent in 1998 and soon entered shipowning. Lloyd’s first lists Palmali Co. in Rostov-na Donu, formed in 2000 and described there as Russian-government controlled, with an Istanbul operating company formed in 2002. Later entries reverse the principal and operating-company arrangement, placing the Russian company beneath Istanbul. The Turkish company adopted the heading’s name, translated as Palmali Shipping Services & Agency, in 2005.

Turkey, Istanbul.

Paltrans, also Pal Line, began on 1 April 1977 as a local shipbroker in Västerås and Södertälje with three partners. B&N Nordsjöfrakt acquired half in 1999 and increased this to 75% in 2000. One account dates full ownership to January 2004; another places acquisition of the remainder after Transatlantic’s formation. Following B&N’s merger with Gorthon, the company became Transatlantic European Services in 2005.

Sweden, Västeras.

Standard Oil of Indiana acquired control of Pan American Petroleum in the 1910s and of Pan American Petroleum & Transport in 1925, or 1927 in another account. Reported stakes differ, with 90% in 1929 and 83% in 1930. Pan American had acquired half of American Oil in 1923. In 1925 Mexican Petroleum properties passed from the Dohemy interests to Pan-American Eastern, controlled by a syndicate dominated by Standard Oil of Indiana. That account also includes British Mexican Petroleum, whereas Merchant Ships says it went to Anglo-American Oil, a conflict Rosanoski retains. The fleet was absorbed into American Oil through the 1954 merger.

Lago Petroleum was acquired in 1926, with the remaining 3% obtained in 1930, and sold to Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1932. Pan-American Foreign’s fleet passed to the same group in 1937. Ship names used Pan, changing to Amoco after the 1954 merger.

USA, New York; Wilmington, Delaware, in Brown 1951.

The company probably ceased in 1962 when its sole vessel transferred to the parent Onstad group.

Unknown.

Pan Logistics established the company for a coastal service between Melbourne and Fremantle. It was registered on 15 July 2005, announced the “Boomerang service” in December and began operating on 18 March 2006. It entered voluntary administration on 3 October 2006 and was offered for sale; the source still recorded it in administration in November 2008.

Australia, Melbourne.

Recorded in Lloyd’s 1966–67, the company used Capt. J.F. Swensen as agent.

USA, New York.

Formed in 1951, Pan-Islamic used Safina-E-prefixed ship names.

Pakistan, Karachi.

Panagua is recorded in 1963–64 with A. Willard Ivers as agent and in 1970–71 with Erich K. Harkna.

USA, New York.

The logistics and forwarding group had roots in Rhine shipping. Its then parent entered forwarding in 1935, followed by acquisitions in the 1940s and adoption of the Panalpina name in 1954. The Ernst Goehner Foundation bought 40% in 1969 and became sole shareholder through further acquisitions in the 1980s. The Norwegian Overseas Shipping group joined in 2005. The source names the headquarters company as Panalpina World Transport (Holding).

Switzerland, Basel.

A white swallowtail bearing a black P on a cap badge was tentatively identified by Rosanoski as the Panama Railroad Steamship Co. flag.

For the separately cited P168, US Navy 1961 shows a normal black funnel top; the NJK collection omits the top and gives greyish, possibly silver, bands. Rosanoski suggests that later Authority tug markings may retain earlier designs, explaining their variety.

William H. Aspinwall and partners proposed an isthmus railway in 1848. The Panama Railroad Company was chartered in New York on 7 April 1849, built the line in 1850–55 and operated connecting steamships. The French canal undertaking failed in 1889; American construction resumed in 1904. The canal opened on 15 August 1914 under the treaty arrangements establishing the Canal Zone.

The French undertaking began chartering Atlantic steamers in 1889 as the Columbian Line, bought ships in 1894 and adopted Panama Railroad Steamship Co. in 1896. The United States purchased the French assets, including the ships. Generally called the Panama Line from the late 1930s, it belonged to the Canal Zone government. Eisenhower ordered the last two ships into reserve in December 1960, but Kennedy released Cristóbal in April 1961 for government cargoes; the service continued until 1981.

Lloyd’s records a change of name from Panama Railroad Co. Inc. to Panama Canal Co. in 1952. The Panama Canal Commission succeeded the Canal Company in 1979, according to the historical account, and the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá succeeded it on 31 December 1999. Lloyd’s instead dates the Commission name to 1981 and the Authority to 2000, also giving an unexplained 1893 foundation. The railway passed to Panama in 1979 and to a private joint venture in 1998.

The treaty signed on 7 September 1977 provided for transfer of the canal to Panama. From 1 October 1979 the Panama Canal Commission, a new United States agency, operated and maintained it. The Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (ACP) was formed on 14 May 1997 and succeeded to the waterway on 31 December 1999.

Panama, Panama City.

Formed in 1925, Panama Mail was operated by Grace Line and remained recorded in 1944. Its ships used Santa-prefixed names.

USA, San Francisco.

The line was formed in 1914, apparently as an International Mercantile Marine subsidiary, for an intercoastal passenger service begun in 1915. Canal closures caused by slides stopped the service after a few voyages; the intervening activity is unclear. Sailings resumed in 1923. Three vessels passed to American Republics Line in 1937. Loughran names United States Lines as owner.

USA, New York.

Dorinthia was observed with a plain black funnel in February 1967, but was recorded as belonging to Vega S.S. Co. Ltd., another company under the same managers.

Recorded in 1963–64 and 1970–71, the company was managed by Wheelock Marden & Co. Ltd.

Panama.

Founded in 1997, Pancoast sought grain and sugar contracts of affreightment from Central America and the east coast of South America. It appears as an agent operating through Kristen Marine, Roxana Shipping and Pancoast Navegaçâo, the last founded in Rio de Janeiro in 2002.

Greece, Athens.

The college was founded in 1916 according to Loughran, or in 1917 according to the other account, by Sir Thomas L. and Philip Devitt of Devitt & Moore. Philip continued to fund and run it, followed by his son Sir Thomas Gordon Devitt. Following the shipping company’s winding-up, the college became The Devitt & Moore Nautical College Ltd. in 1931, a non-profit private company administered by governors. Much nautical training gave way to academic studies in 1969, when it became Pangbourne College; it became co-educational in 1996.

UK, near Reading.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

The funnel is described as red with a white emblem resembling a “T”, presumed to be P246. The symbol represents pipelines with drops of vegetable oils and fuel, the cargoes carried. Sources assign the livery to Panocean Shipping & Terminals and Panocean-Anco; the latter continued using it after the merger.

United Kingdom, London. The source treats the following as separate companies sharing an address.

Also called Papayanni Steamship Co. or Papayanni Line, the company is dated to the 1840s, with one source specifying 1840. FOTW instead gives 1855 for Papayanni Brothers. It became limited in 1897 and was taken over by Sir John Ellerman in 1901, continuing under its own name until Ellerman & Papayanni Lines Ltd. was formed in 1928.

U.K., Liverpool.

Registered in New South Wales on 15 September 1977, the company became bankrupt and was taken over by Steamships Trading Co. in 1988. It was deregistered on 9 April 2002. Chief Container Lines is listed among its interests.

Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.

The Log describes joint ownership by Swiss Aluminium and Karlander (Australia). Another account makes it a subsidiary of Australian Territory Liner Services, established by Karlander and Nabalco, registered in November 1969 and deregistered in January 1982. Karlander managed the service.

Safia and Sariba were bought in 1970. Sariba was sold in 1973; Safia is said to have become Tauloto II in 1974, although the latter name appears under Karlander from 1973 until sale in 1979. Rosanoski therefore suggests operation in 1970–79, while register references continue into 1980–81.

Australia, Sydney.

Michael Bodouroglou formed Paragon in April 2006, acquiring ships through Inovation Holdings S.A. Allseas Marine, controlled by Bodouroglu in the source account, provided commercial and technical management for the time-chartered fleet. Rosanoski notes that the websites imply only a business relationship, despite shared contact details. Eurocarriers is also listed as an associate.

Marshall Islands; Greece, Athens.

Founded in 1985 by chairman C.C. Liu, Parakou began with ship management, chartering and second-hand purchases. It started building new vessels in 1990 and diversifying in 1993.

The source also records the associated Parakou Shipmanagement Pte. Ltd. in Singapore.

China, Hong Kong.

Recorded in 1966–67, the company used George Th. Sigalas as agent.

Greece, Piraeus.

Brazil, Paraíba.

The company is recorded in Lloyd’s 1953–54.

Finland, Pargas.

Park is recorded from 1970–71 to 1980–81. Turnbull, Scott Management managed it in 1970–71 and the whole fleet in 1978–79 and 1980–81. In 1973–74 management was divided between Turnbull, Scott and Denholm Maclay.

U.K., London.

Dirk Parlevliet and the brothers Dirk and Jan van der Plas founded the business in 1949 to buy and sell herring. Expansion abroad led to a fishing company, whose first trawler entered service in 1959. Lloyd’s gives 1963 as the formation date. After several locations, headquarters settled in Valkenburg in March 2002.

Doggerbank Seefischerei was established at Bremerhaven in 1986. The website dates acquisition of Mecklenburger Hochseefisscherei at Rostock to 1998, whereas the operating-company account gives late 2000. Atlantic Seafood, at the same address, is dated to 1984.

Netherlands, Katwijk; later Valkenburg.

Jordan’s 1939 account records Jugoslavenska Komercijalna Plovidba d.d. with one vessel. Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 use Parobrodarsko Ackionarsko Društvo “Progres” for a larger fleet including that vessel.

Yugoslavia, Sušak.

Established in 1851, the Dubokovic company developed Jelsa’s port and a large merchant sailing fleet, described as the largest in Dalmatia. Some vessels crossed the Atlantic, and the firm trained cadets for the Trieste maritime authorities. It was known as Niko i Ante Dubokovic, NAD or simply Dubokovic. The founding family account names Ivan and his son Niko. The business continued until nationalisation after 1945.

Austro-Hungarian Empire, later Yugoslavia; Jelsa, island of Hvar.

Yugoslavia, Split; the sources place it under Croatia.

Parry Brothers operated tugs and barges. One account begins with a small vessel carrying farm produce from Mahurangi to Auckland in the 1920s. A registration dated 18 July 1930 is assumed to concern this company, although the original name is not given; another account dates formation to 1933.

The former USS Kohi was acquired in 1948, or 1947 in the Compendium, and sold by 1963. The business was sold and became Sea-Tow, but dates differ: the late 1970s, 1980 and 1 February 1983. Herenui and Kopere transferred to Sea-Tow.

New Zealand, Auckland.

The company was associated with Fisser & Van Doornum.

Germany, Hamburg.

Partrederiet Brodrene Aarseth appears in Lloyds 1978–9 under the operators Lorentz Storesund & Sonner, in 1980–1 under its own name, and in 1985–6 under the managers Jorgen Brunvall. Its last vessel, Ronita, was sold in 1986.

Norway, Torvastad.

A 1980s photograph shows the owned vessel Anson in the managers’ North Western Shipping & Towage colours, separately referenced as N547.

Pasminco was described as the world’s largest lead and zinc miner. Pasminco Ltd. was registered in 1956 as Ez Industries Ltd. The separate Pasminco Australia registration dates to 1916, originally “Electrolytic Zinz Company of Australia Pty. Ltd.” in the source, subsequently Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia, Pasminco Australia and Zinifex Australia. Voluntary administration began on 19 September 2001. Following arrangements executed on 4 October 2002, Zinifex was formed to acquire parts of the group, with the balance wound up.

Century Zinc is listed as a subsidiary; North Western Shipping & Towage appears as the shipping manager.

Australia, Melbourne.

The Pastré family were merchants who became shipowners to carry their trade. In the Armements Marseillais account, five brothers ran the business with their mother after their father’s death; after the brothers died, shipping ceased with the sale of Yémen in 1862. The fleet list and the French maritime-flags website give 1854–62.

Rosanoski explicitly notes a conflicting account in Les Marseillais dans l’histoire. It gives Jean-Baptiste Pastré’s dates as 1804–1877 and describes his Alexandria trading post, while Joseph, Eugène, Paul and Jules established businesses across North Africa and Europe. Their fleet comprised large sailing ships and two smaller steamers at Alexandria and in the Red Sea. They bought a Port-de-Bouc shipyard and Languedoc mines in 1855. Three brothers died in 1869, after which the company moved its shipping activity to West Africa.

France, Marseilles.

Founded on 16 September 1991, the company began its fleet with the general-cargo Caroline in December 1995, followed by Annegiena in September 1996 and Orion in 1998. Live-fish transport began with Patagonian in June 1999 and Patagonian II in August 2000.

Rosanoski notes an unclear connection with Empresas Patagonia. Lloyd’s separately records Patagonia Salmon Farming for Caroline and Annegiena, and Patagonia Travelling Service for Patagonian Express and later Patagon IV and Patagon V. Although the latter was omitted in 2011–12, the website still showed seven vessels, Patagón through Patagón VII, in October 2013.

Chile, Puerto Montt.

The separately referenced P141 flag is reported in a lighter blue, without establishing whether its funnel changed too. P14 appears on ships represented by the Diamantis group; Kyvernitis was observed with a normal blue funnel at Lyttelton on 24 April 1985. Nüsse gives Kyvernitis a flag bearing P and Leandros a table flag whose diamond does not reach the edges. The latter may be a company variant, but also better matches the funnel-band design said to be reproduced on the flag. Brown 1995 assigns P14 to Leandros with D. Pateras in brackets. The funnel was also noted on Kalliopi Pateras of Zepagas in June 1963.

Mitchell’s separately referenced La Plata funnel, L428, shows an apparent connection with its agent N.J. Pateras & Sons.

Saretap Shipping is also listed under Pateras Bros. S.A. as an agency company, but with an unconnected livery.

The New York company operated its sole vessel from purchase in 1965 until sale in 1971. The name is given as Patraic Sky in the initial account and Patriarch Sky in Rosanoski’s later comment. Joe McMillan’s reference calls the company “of Monrovia”, leading him to suggest a United States-owned firm operating under the Liberian flag; this remains an attributed assumption.

USA, New York NY.

Founded in 1960, Patt Manfield operated through name subsidiaries. With Keihin & Co. it took over Everett Steamship Corporation on 1 January 1981. It acted as agent for Sunbeam Navigation; Barber Ship Management Sendirian Baerhad managed one of its ships.

China, Hong Kong.

Ovalau was acquired in 1983. Mihara probably joined at the same time, since she appears in Lloyd’s 1985–86, although the Compendium gives acquisition in 1993. The fuller Patterson Brothers Shipping Co. Ltd. name makes better sense of the livery lettering than the shorter register form.

Fiji, Levuka; later Suva.

Mitchell provides no details for the separately referenced T690 funnel, though three of five line drawings show green funnels. British Harbour Craft describes the Authority’s funnels as dark blue-black, wording Rosanoski finds unclear.

The ports and logistics business traces its origins to the Tees Conservancy Commissioners, formed in 1852. They became Tees & Hartlepool Port Authority in 1966. Privatisation in 1992 divided ownership equally between Powell Duffryn, 3i and Humberside Holdings; Powell Duffryn took full control in 1995 and was acquired by Nikko Principal Investments in 2000. Lloyd’s separately gives formation in 1880 and a 2003 change to PD Teesport.

A new PD Ports plc acquired PD Ports Group from Nikko in 2004. The house magazine also records a line’s collapse early that year following the cessation of distribution arm Forestwood, with Baltic–Howden sailings then arranged between TTS and PD Port Services. Babcock & Brown Infrastructure acquired the business in 2006, a date whose source was not recorded, and sold it to Brookfield Asset Management in November 2009.

Earlier Powell Duffryn shipping interests included the wartime Normandy Shipping joint venture with Stephenson Clarke, wound up in 1922. Accounts of the Stephenson Clarke holding give ownership from 1928 and a full-subsidiary period beginning at the malformed date “19986”; the holding fell to 40% in 1992 and was sold in mid-1994.

UK, Middlebrough.

Also styled PU, the company was formed in 2002 and formerly called Peaceful Universe International Shipping Service Co. Ltd. Its 2013 website described ownership, chartering, management and agency activities, listing seven owned ships but omitting the two managed ships in Lloyd’s 2011–12. Lloyd’s had previously listed it as a major operating company of the Government of The People’s Republic of China.

China, Qingdao.

Both liveries derive from black-and-white hatchings whose letter colours are unspecified; black is assumed. A photograph of Ranginui confirms the I195 funnel, and the blue shade used for the flags is assumed from a funnel photograph. Sea Breezes gives funnel bands wider than the tops and an enhanced o; The Log’s band is narrower.

New Zealand, Nelson.

The registration is dated 30 April 1956 and deregistration 5 February 1985, provided that the separate references to Pearls Pty. Limited and Pearls Pty. Ltd. concern the same company. Lloyd’s records the business from 1966–67 to 1985–86, with Minter, Simpson & Co. as agents in 1970–71.

Australia: Melbourne, Hobart and Perth in successive registers.

The company operated passenger and cargo services on the Pechora. A Russian government resolution of 20 August 2002 proposed privatisation of its 25.5% holding. Lloyd’s 2005–06 lists the company under Palmali Shipping management.

USSR, Pechora; subsequently Russia.

Recorded in 1963–64 and 1970–71, the company used Corner Banca as agent in the earlier register and Carlo Cameli in the later account.

Switzerland, Lugano; later Italy, Genoa.

Formed in 1963 by the Ingelssis, Peraticos and Andrianopoulos families, Pegasus managed their individual and joint shipholdings. The Angelicoussis-Efthimiou and Yannagas families joined briefly. By the mid-1980s the arrangement seemed to have outlived its usefulness: Andrianopoulos withdrew first, followed by Inglessis.

Recorded agencies included Alberta Shipping, Monarca and Omonia. Vesta Maritime shared its address. Later the firm appears as an owners’ representative, including for Aran Shipping & Trading.

U.K., London.

Recorded in Lloyd’s 1966–67, Peggy Navigation is associated with agents China Marine Investment and, in the NJK account, Associated Maritime Industries.

Hong Kong.

Founded in 1867, Pehrson & Wessel is recorded as a general-tramping operator in Jordan’s account and later as an owner. Rosanoski suggests that it subsequently ceased shipowning while remaining in the industry.

Norway, Drammen.

The association was formed in 1865.

Croatia, Orebic.

This American P&O combined the ships of Henry Plant’s Plant Line, founded in 1885, and Henry Flagler. Their Florida railways ended at Tampa and Miami, respectively, and both sought to extend services by cruises to Havana. The source records steamship ownership from 1898, earlier names Plant Steamship Line and Florida East Coast Steamship Co., and the Peninsular & Occidental period as 1900–1967.

The line prospered until post-war air competition eroded passenger and cargo traffic. By 1949 only one small ship remained. The Cuban Revolution and subsequent United States embargo ended the Cuban tourist trade; the company continued for a few years in the Miami–Bahamas cruise market.

USA, Jacksonville FA; later Miama FA.

Lloyd’s 1963–64 lists the company as an agent for Southern States Navigation Corporation.

USA, New York NY.

The register account gives a 7 June 1983 incorporation as Nineteenth Marsupial Pty. Ltd., followed by the names Peninsular Searoad Transport and Peninsular Princess. It also gives a separate 27 May 1994 registration as Peninsular Princess, subsequently renamed Peninsular Searoad Transport; the relationship between these sequences is not explained.

Peninsular Princess operated across the entrance to Port Phillip Bay from 1987. The company remained listed as owner and manager in 2005–06. Sea Management Corporation is recorded as an associate.

Australia, Queenscliffe VIC, or Melbourne.

Some vessels may have had narrow black tops or entirely black funnels in the 1960s, although the source was not recorded. Mitchell partly supports the variation, but his top does not appear narrow.

Peninsular appears under Ocean Tramping in 1963–64. By 1973–74 its remaining fleet was shown as part of Nan Yang, also operated by Ocean Tramping. It reappeared in 1978 with different ships, later again under Ocean Tramping management. Rosanoski compares its career with Ocean Tramping’s, though ending sooner.

Hemisphere Shipping and Lian Soon Agencies are also listed as associates.

Hong Kong.

Recorded from 1970–71 to 1985–86, Pent-Ocean managed Tolani Private in the earlier register. Its ships initially had Samudra-prefixed names; later acquisitions retained their existing names.

India, Bombay.

Andrew Banks founded the privately owned family company in 1997. It operates between Gills Bay in Caithness and St. Margaret’s Hope on South Ronaldsay, Orkney.

UK, St. Margaret’s Hope, Orkney.

Pentow was formed on 1 January 1982 as a joint venture between South African Marine Corporation and Murray & Roberts. It amalgamated with Land & Marine & Salvage Contractors South Africa in 1987, retaining its name. The owners sold to Smit International in September 1999; the company became Smit Pentow Marine that year and Smit Marine South Africa in 2002.

Operating companies included J.R. Tug and W.W. Tug, both formed in Johannesburg in 1994.

South Africa, Cape Town; also recorded at Maitland.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

The flag is blue with a white-outlined shield and a white upright winged anchor. The anchor has five plumes and three white wavy lines crossing its shaft halfway down. Rosanoski’s blue was taken from the website image but made less dark; Brown shows light blue, while the later Nüsse table-flag image looks black. These appearances are not resolved into confirmed separate colours. The funnel is based on a portside photograph of Mercandian Supplier II in 1986.

H772 is credited to Mitchell’s collection, without a separate written description of its design.

Per Henriksen ordered Mercantic in 1962 and established an agency business while she was being built. In 1966 he created the Mercandia shipping organization; agency remained its main activity while shipowning expanded over the following twenty years. Lloyds gives formation in 1963. All shipping activities were sold at the beginning of the new millennium. Henriksen also founded the 1996 ferry operation Sundbroen, sold and renamed HH-Ferries in 1997 and sold to Stena in 2001. He died on 16 July 2008.

Denmark, Dragör and Copenhagen; also recorded as Mercandia Shipping.

Per Lodding appears in the 1963–64 and 1970–71 registers, with vessels under joint ventures previously listed as name subsidiaries of predecessor Trygve Lodding. The fleet-management concerns include Skibs-A/S Nordhaw, Osthaw and Sydhav.

Norway, Oslo.

Recorded in 1970–71, 1978–79 and 1985–86, the company used Peralta Shipping Corporation as agent.

USA, New York NY.

The company is recorded in Lloyd’s from 1953–54 to 1963–64.

Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.

Mitchell’s line drawings show black funnels except for Grimland, which has a yellow funnel with a green band; he supplies no separate funnel drawing.

Per Liljegren began operating in the mid-1960s, initially through one-ship partnerships. Perl Shipping appears to date from 1970, when Stolt Castle and Stolt Crown were built; Rosanoski infers from their names that they were chartered to Stolt-Nielsen. The company appears under its own name in 1973–74. One source dates sale of the last vessel, Sonette, to 1977; Mitchell records Liljegren’s bankruptcy in February 1978 and the sale of completed ships and those on order.

Sweden, Landskrona.

Henry J. Kaiser’s steamship business grew from his shipbuilding activities at Permanente Metals, established before the Second World War. The FOTW account places its activity from the late 1940s into the 1960s; Lloyd’s references extend through 1970–71. Ships used Permanente-prefixed names.

USA, Oakland CAL.

A black-and-white photograph of Persian Roxana suggests a dark buff funnel, with “PERSIAN SHIPPING SERVICES” on the hull. A photograph of Naviran’s Cyrus in August 1968 shows N574; the colours may have survived from her time as John L. Manta, which would support the dark buff interpretation. Mitchell instead places John L. Manta under Iranian Shipping Lines S.A. and illustrates a yellow funnel with a black top, I220. Those vessels had come from Iranian Lloyd and may have retained its colours, but Rosanoski questions the yellow.

Persian Shipping Services (London) Ltd. acted as agent for Iranian Lloyd Co. Ltd., and the records of the two companies appear to be intermixed. John L. Manta was bought in 1961 and sold in 1967, becoming Naviran S.A.’s Cyrus II; Persian Roxana was bought in 1964 and sold in 1967. Lloyds lists Persian Ferdowsi under Persian Shipping Services, whereas Miramar assigns its ownership from 1962 to 1965 to Iranian Lloyd. Rosanoski also records an association with Iranian Shipping & General Supplies.

United Kingdom, London.

Pertamina was formed in August 1968 by amalgamating Permina and Pertamin, the latter established in 1961. Lloyd’s 1957 foundation date refers to Permina, Perusahaan Negara Pertambangan Minjak Nasional.

The Indonesian state oil and gas concern appears under several expanded names and register identities. Two Pertamina entries were combined by 1980–81. A shipping and communications directorate is recorded as formed in 1981; domestic supply and exploration/production directorates also appear as operating companies. P.T. Pertamina Tongkang, dated to 1989, was later listed as a major operator.

Indonesia, Djakarta.

The urban transport body, referred to as MTT and MPTT, operated Duchess II on Swan River cruises from 1982 to 1991.

Australia, Perth.

Indonesia, Djakarta.

Senor Jose Fernandez Lopez founded Pescanova in 1960; the name means “new fishing” in Galacian. His son Manuel Fernandez de Sousa-Faro took charge in the early 1980s, and shares were first publicly traded in 1985. After selling its last directly owned vessel, the group continued managing through subsidiaries and was represented in 21 countries in the website account.

Operating companies included Argenova in Buenos Aires, Boana, Eiranova Fisheries at Bantry, Pesqueros de Altura and Pesqueros Vasco-Gallega at Vigo, Jego Quere in Lorient and Sea Harvest at Saldanha. Pesqueros de Altura originated in 1945 as Pesqueros Amfa, formerly at Santander; Pesqueros Vasco-Gallega dates to 1927. Sea Harvest began in 1966 and changed from a private to the stated limited-company name in 1993. Newfishing and Pescamar are also listed as subsidiaries.

Spain, Vigo; Chapela; Chapela-Redondela Pontevedra.

Brazil, Piauí.

The old flag is documented by a Nüsse table flag and a company video. A slanted version, called D6 in the source, is shown by Deutschland at Wellington on 29 January 1999, with port- and starboard-side photographs confirming the funnel.

Formed in 1973, the company offered ocean and river cruises. Founder Peter Deilmann’s twin daughters Gisa and Hedda later owned and ran it. Difficult economic conditions led to the river-cruise division entering administration and river cruising ending after the 2009 summer season.

Berlin, managed by Peter Deilmann, was chartered to Singapore-based Blue Funnel Cruises in October 1982 and renamed Princess Mahsuri. She returned to her owners in November 1984 and resumed her original name.

Germany, Neustadt; Mitchell gives Lubeck.

Peter Döhle began in 1956 as a trusted owners’ agent providing coaster chartering, operation and accounting. Lloyds identifies the original concern as Robert Bornhofen K.G., renamed Peter Döhle in 1962 and Peter Döhle Schiffahrts-K.G. in 1973. Its own fleet later included larger vessels. Rosanoski notes an apparent connection with Robert Bornhofen Reederei through a shared address. The business became part of Menzell & Döhle’s agency group, alongside Menzell, Paul Günther, Ernst Glässel and NEPTUMAR.

Operating companies included Döhle (IOM), formed as Midocean Maritime in 1994 and renamed in 2001; Gemini Shipmanagement, formed in 1998 and formerly connected with Schulte; and Globehelier, formed in 2004. Döhle held just under 21% of HCI Capital and was a major shareholder in Independent Container Line. In January 2012 P.D. Döhle (IOM) and a Yangzijiang subsidiary agreed four Isle of Man single-ship ventures.

Germany, Hamburg.

Peter F. Heering operated Cherry Heering Line, with later register entries under the line’s name. The fleet used the family name and later “Heering” as the first part of vessel names. Brown 1978 refers to H.F. Heering.

Denmark, Copenhagen.

Peter Hiss began with Anki Henrici, built in 1955 and sold in 1958. Dorothea Hiss was bought through a partnership in 1957 and transferred to another partnership that year. The registers also use Peter Hiss Sen.

Germany, Burgstaaken/Isle of Fehmarn.

Formed in 1954, Peter Madsen specialises in marine construction, including dredging, stone works, pipe and cable laying, and pile and sheet-pile driving.

Denmark, Birkhede pr. Ry; Sanatdrievej and Hojbjerg also recorded.

Peter Schaa appears in registers from 1953–54 to 1973–74, variously as owner and manager. Peter Schaa Srn. is separately recorded at the same address and later as manager for one company.

Germany, Leer.

The concern is described as J. Peter Witthein in the account of Julianka, built in 1951 and sold in 1970. Register entries from 1953–1954 to 1970–1971 use Peter Wittheim, with the forms Kapitän Peter and Kapitän Joh. Peter. The fate of two other ships is not given.

Germany, Heiligenstedten B/Itzehoe.

Peter Y. Berg is recorded as a ship manager in the 1978–1993 registers.

Norway, Drammen.

The family tug business traces its foundation to Michael Christian Petersen on 6 September 1793. His son Johann Michael succeeded in 1818 and worked with Andreas Heinrich Alpers. Jan Petersen established Petersen & Alpers in 1859, entered it in the commercial register on 22 June 1877 and ordered the first tug in 1879. His son-in-law Wilhelm Theodore Stratmann became sole owner on 1 January 1913.

The company changed to a limited partnership in 1937, described in the source as Peters & Alpers K.G. It became a joint partner of Atlantic-Rhederi F. & W. Joch in 1960 and a general partner in 1965. The name became Petersen & Alpers GmbH & Co. K.G. on 30 April 2003.

Germany, Hamburg.

Petredec began in 1980 as an LPG trading and shipping venture between United States-based Petrolane and Saudi Arabia’s Redec. Its first long-term charter arrived in 1981, first tanker purchase in 1987 and acquisition of Caribgas with its fleet in 1989. Following Petrolane’s acquisition by Texas Eastern and subsequent divestment of overseas operations, management acquired interests in Petredec, later also buying Redec’s holding. In early 2005, 30.3% was sold to the National Shipping Corporation of Saudi Arabia to support expansion. Lloyd’s initially dated formation to 1992 before amending it to 1980.

Oceanic Management began in 1981 as Maritime Financial Services, became Oceanic Services in 1983 and Oceanic Management in 1990, based in Miami. It later appeared as a Petredec operator, disappearing after its last vessel Sargasso was broken up in 2008. Other operators included London’s Petredec Services, formed in 1987, and Singapore’s Petredec Services (Asia), formed in 2006.

Bermuda, Hamilton.

Recorded from 1963–64 to 1978–79, the company used Esso International as agent in the earlier registers and Esso Asia Services in 1978–79.

USA, New York NY; later Singapore.

Also called Petroship, the company began in 1971 with the purchased Taiba and Hiraa, built that year, presumably for it. By the 1996 register its four ships appear under Vela International Marine without name changes. The acquisition is mentioned on Vela’s website, though not explained in the cited register or Miramar entries.

Saudi Arabia, Jeddah.

Formed in 1974, Petrostar operated tankers from the Abbar & Zainy Building. The associated Abbar & Zainy concern operated ferries, while the Cold Stores business operated freezer ships. Abdullah Abbar & Ahmed Zainy Cold Stores, formed in 1975, appears as a minor Petrostar operator, managed successively by Cayzer, Irvine Shipping, CI Shipping and London Ship Managers. Abdullah Abbah & Ahmed Zainy Co., formed in 1994, is listed as a name company.

Saudi Arabia, Jeddah.

The company is recorded in Lloyd’s 1963–64 and 1970–71.

France, Paris.

The logo derives from a sun-shaped ornamented petroglyph on the Guarataro stone at Caicara del Orinoco, associating the sun’s energy with the company. Its website colour changed between visits on 15 March and 4 April 2007.

PDVSA was created on 31 August 1975, the day after the Nationalization Law, although Lloyd’s gives formation in 1976. Its fourteen subsidiaries took over nationalised oil-company assets, with Creole, Shell and Mobil becoming Lagoven, Maraven and Llanoven. Successive consolidation left Lagoven, Maraven and Corpoven in 1986; restructuring announced in July 1997 replaced them with new business divisions operating from January 1998.

PDV Marina, formed in 1992, took over Lagoven’s fleet. Rosanoski corrects the claimed acquisition of Cities Service Tankers to its successor Citgo Petroleum, already out of shipping. PDVSA had held 50% of A/B Nynäs Petroleum since 1985. Following vulnerability during the 2002–03 strike, when the fleet was fully leased, the Government decided to buy tugboats from Cuba.

Venezuela, Caracas; Falcon.

Pemex was incorporated in 1938 when fourteen Mexican oil companies were nationalised, including Compañia Mexicana de Petróleo El Águila. The source describes Government control of the majority shareholding. PMI Comercio Internacional was formed in the 1980s as its international commercial arm.

Mitchell records a renaming as Flota Petrolines Mexicana S.A., but Rosanoski found no corroboration.

Mexico, Mexico City; also recorded at Veracruz.

The Reading Railroad established the line to carry anthracite coal from northeastern Pennsylvania through Philadelphia to New York and New England. Lloyd’s names Reading Co. as owner.

USA, Philadelphia; Port Richmond PA.

The source identifies this as a nineteenth-century company.

USA.

Lloyd’s 1904 names Chas. M. Taylor’s Sons as owner.

USA, Philadelphia.

The company was formed in 1957.

Philippines, Manila.

Founded in 1961, the company later operated through Philippine Passenger Lines, formed in 1994.

Philippines, Manila; also recorded at Hong Kong.

The company appears under Everett Steamship Corporation as operator in 1942, shares its address in 1953–54 and is shown under Everett as agent in 1963–64. It remains recorded in 1988–89.

Philippines, Manila.

PM&O Line was founded in 1978 and incorporated in 1979. It appears to have used chartered tonnage.

USA, San Francsico CAL.

Some associated vessels, including Ploughboy, Martha, Montano and Indus, had their own flags.

Nantucket Signals associates Phillip H. Folger with whalers in 1826–39, Samuel B. Folger with other ships in 1828–37, and P.H. Folger with Val Hussey & Brothers as joint agents for Harvest in 1825. A separate genealogical note describes Philip Folger, born in February 1827, as a ships’-stores merchant in 1875 and dying in 1897, with Samuel as father. Those dates cannot fit the earlier agency activity, so the genealogical identity remains unestablished.

USA, Nantucket.

Phillips was formed in 1917 by two brothers who had struck their first oil well in 1905. Shipping appears under Philtankers in the registers, later managed or represented by Phillips. Polar Tankers was acquired from Atlantic Richfield in April 2000, also described as the Arco Alaska acquisition; the FOTW account records five tankers serving Alaska. Other interests included Phillips China, formed in 1997, and Tosco, acquired in September 2001. The company amalgamated to form ConocoPhillips in 2002.

USA, Martinez CA; later Bartlesville OK.

The registration is dated 11 April 1946, while Lloyd’s gives formation in 1947. Phocean acted for Mascot Motorship by 1963–64; shipowning apparently began with Mister Michael, built in 1974. Later operations ran through Navegadora Transpacifica.

The ownership account names J. Eustathiou, apparently following M.N. Eustathiou; Joanna Eustathiou is recorded as managing director in 2008. Navegadora Transpacifica’s stated 1993 formation conflicts with its appearance as Marquimar’s agent in 1980–81.

Greece, Piraeus; UK, London. The business was British-based although most ships sailed under the Greek flag.

Kyprianou is recorded in Lloyds 1963–64, 1970–71 and 1978–79.

Lebanon, Beirut; later Cyprus, Limassol.

The company is recorded in 1963–64 with Combined Argosies as agent.

USA, New York NY.

The logo is presumed to depict a stylised phoenix rising.

Founded in 2004, the company is recorded as agent for name companies.

Greece, Piraeus.

The company is recorded from 1963–64 through 1973–74.

Lebanon, Beirut.

A Southampton photograph dated 29 August 2001, with Addi L named in the source layout, appears to show a broad white funnel band carrying the emblem, possibly in one colour, above a narrow, possibly red band. The separate funnel field gives no description.

Formed in 1995 and owned by Krey Schiffahrts, Phoenix operated through name subsidiaries and later Pavinco Shipping, formed at Nicosia in 1999.

Germany, Leer.

Phoenix began operating cruises under its own brand in 1988 with the chartered Maxim Gorkiy, initially in her owner’s colours. The second ship, Albatros, first carried Phoenix colours with a turquoise funnel and logo. Chartering explains differing funnel tops and ground colours.

Germany, Bonn.

Incorporated on 25 October 2006, Phoenix took over crude-tanker spot chartering previously handled by its parent Mitsui O.S.K. Lines. Its first ship, Phoenix Vanguard, was bought on delivery on 29 October 2007. It acquired MOL’s LPG tanker business in 2011 and held half of the LPG Global Transport pool, formed on 15 August that year. With MOL and Maersk Tankers it established a VLCC pool operated by Nova Tankers, beginning on 6 February 2012 with offices in Singapore, Copenhagen and New York.

Singapore.

Samuel Mather, Jay Morse and Col. James Pickands formed a pig-iron and coal partnership in 1883, initially holding two small mines and a wooden steamer. It expanded into Great Lakes docks and shipping, consolidating its vessel companies as Interlake Steamship in 1913. Rosanoski rejects the website’s 1966 end date for the parent because later registers continue to list it.

One account dates incorporation to 1960, acquisition by Moore McCormack Resources to 1973 and sale to Cleveland-Cliffs to 31 December 1986. Another records Delaware incorporation on 30 March 1973; FOTW places the Cleveland-Cliffs merger in the 1990s. Interlake was sold in 1987 to former chairman James Barker, described as becoming Mormac Marine Group. A management-led acquisition of coal-sales and lake-forwarding businesses in 1992 established companies continuing as the Pickands Mather Group.

USA, Cleveland OH; Duluth Min.

The firm was established before 1800 and lasted until 1898.

USA.

Other source references describe P367 on an unnamed vessel and P368/P369 on White Point, North Point and Black Point. Their logo combines “P” and “B”: the “P” appears in narrow black outline, with the lower curved front of the “B” added in darker blue. A poor-quality P369 flag photograph in the STX publication instead suggests equal blue shades and a blue “P”.

The Barbaro family’s shipping group, represented by brothers Alfredo and Gianni, worked in oil transport and logistics. Its account describes more than 150 years of activity, later two centuries, while Lloyds dates Pietro Barbaro SpA to 1992. The brothers left Finaval in 2001 to set up Piertro Barbaro Shipping according to the website, but later Lloyds entries still identify them as Finaval’s president and chairman and place PB Tankers under Finaval.

Their ventures included Somocar and Bulkitalia with Coe & Clerici, Novamar International with Marnavi, Seachem with Livanos, Petrotank with Premuda and D’Amico, and Nord Est with D’Alesio interests. A Rome-based Kingship venture with London’s Kingfish Services was announced in July 2003. Pietro Barbaro River Shipping was formed with a majority holding in 2005 for Russian river oil transport.

Prime Shipping, based in Samara, operated in the Volga–Don sea-river tanker market from 2006. A Russian account dates its emergence from Burren Energy to June 2005, while Lloyds gives formation in 2006. PB Tankers was formed in 2005 and appears alongside Prime Shipping under Pietro Barbaro in the later registers.

Ítaly, Rome & Palermo.

A 2005 photograph shows Tarway with a light sky-blue funnel, but Rosanoski did not retain it, presuming the colours had changed after 1987.

George Perkins Ward and Thomas Pike established the shipbroking and agency partnership in 1876. George’s son Pike Ward joined in 1881 and became founding director of Teignmouth Quay Company in 1886. Later partners included Captain Toby from 1925 and William H. Jackson from 1946; Cyril Boyne and David Copeland continued after Jackson’s death in 1966. Stephen Boyne joined after Copeland retired in 1988.

Bartlett Brothers (Hauliers) was acquired in the 1970s for dredging work for the Harbour Authority, beginning with Tarway in 1980. The website calls this a continuation of vessel ownership, apparently originating with the partnership’s Three Brothers. Associated British Ports bought Teignmouth Quay Company and took over the docks in 1987.

UK, Teignmouth.

Registered on 21 August 1974, Pilbara provided services including tug operations until around the late 1990s and subsequently became Pilbara Bus Services. The source names CRA Group and Hamersley Iron as owners in different accounts. Liquidation was proposed in 1995, although register references continue in 1996–97.

Australia, Dampier; Perth.

Papua New Guinea.

The company is recorded in 1966–67 with World-Wide Shipping as agent.

Hong Kong.

Registered on 3 July 1900 as Wm. Collins & Sons Ltd., the company became Wm. Collins & Sons Pty. Ltd. and subsequently Pioneer Gravels (Qld). It belonged to Pioneer International, which the source records as delisted on 29 December 1989 and acquired by Hanson Pty Ltd., a Hanson plc subsidiary, on 24 May 2000.

Australia, Toowong.

The Log dates purchase of the tug John Anderson for Lyttelton ferry and excursion work to 1902. The Compendium of Australasian Merchant Ships instead gives ownership in 1907–10.

New Zealand, Christchurch.

Under George Pittas the five-pointed star symbolised the union of brothers George, Ioannis, Fraggoulis, Dimitrios and Aristides. It later formed the basis of Eurobulk’s emblem on managed ships.

The family history begins with Nokolaos F. Pittas of Chios and the first fully owned vessel, believed to be Ypapanti, built in 1873. He commanded and managed her, with brothers and relatives as crew. Around the turn of the century he separated from his brothers and adopted Nikolaos F. Pittas & Sons; the first steamship followed in 1906. After his death in 1913 the company was renamed for his eldest son George. Aristides opened a shore office in Romania in 1926. Most of the fleet was lost in the Second World War, after which Dimitrios and Aristides led the return to management.

Nikos, son of Aristides, led the next generation through London’s Lusi and Carras Shipping offices in 1948–60. In 1960 Nikolaos A. and John (Ioannis A.) Pittas joined Isidore C. and Dimitrios C. Caroussis in founding Chios Navigation, managing bulkers and tankers. The source suggests operations had shifted to Piraeus by 1985 while London remained owners’ representative, although Lloyd’s dates Chios Navigation (Hellas) to 1989. From 1978 the fleet increasingly used Doric-prefixed names.

In 1991 John’s sons Aristides and Nicos, with cousin Aristides, joined Petros Pappas of Oceanbulk and moved family interests towards Piraeus. An amicable split in late 1994 led to Eurobulk at Athens; Lloyd’s dates formation to 1995. The website’s later account names three founders, Aristides, Nikos and Manolis, all John’s sons. Euroseas was formed in the Marshall Islands on 5 May 2005 to consolidate family shipowning, with Eurobulk managing vessels on spot and period charters and in pools.

During the reorganisations of the 1960s, the long-used red-white-blue swallowtail with a large white P gave way, according to the Boatnerd account, to light blue with a central white USS-in-a-circle emblem.

Incorporated as Pittsburg Steamship Co. on 10 November 1899, the fleet became part of United States Steel in February 1901 and was popularly called the Steel Trust Fleet. The historical account credits Andrew Carnegie with founding it to carry Mesabi iron ore to mills on Lakes Michigan and Erie. One source dates its conversion to a US Steel division to 1 July 1951, lasting until 1 July 1967; FOTW gives renaming in 1953 and consolidation with other Great Lakes fleets in 1981. Lloyd’s uses Pittsburgh Fleet by 1966–67 before placing the ships under Great Lakes Fleet.

USA, Cleveland OH.

The business name was registered in New South Wales on 7 September 1988 and was recorded as removed in July 2009. The Log records Stockton operating north of Sydney in 1992, presumably the vessel listed as owned by G. Davey from 1978.

Australia, Sydney (assumed).

PKL began towing operations on 1 May 1992 with vessels chartered from the Port of Tallinn. A Latvian joint venture begun in 2002 merged with Ventspils operator Ostas Flote in 2008 as PKL Flote, described as Latvia’s largest tug company and listed at Riga. A 2013 photograph caption identifies PKL as part of Alfons Håkans.

Estonia, Tallinn.

PL Shipping belongs to the PL Group, with Holborn Bulk as its commercial arm. The website dates its first ship purchase to 2007. Another account describes launch by Grigoris Papadopoulos and his nephew George Lambrakis in 2011, three years after beginning shipowning, with vessels managed by Primal Shipmanagement.

Greece, Athens.

The company trades as Plantours Kreuzfahrten and is recorded as operating the cruise ship Andrey Rubev from 2011.

Germany, Bremen.

Plisson operated Compagnie des Chargeurs Française and Compagnie des Chargeurs Marocains. Société Plisson was controlled by Compagnie Générale Transatlantique by 1919; the firm and Chargeurs Française remain recorded in 1937–38.

One account makes Plisson the partner of Compagnie Générale Transatlantique in founding Compagnie Générale d’Armements Maritimes in 1916. Other sources, including Randier, instead identify Chargeurs Reunis as that partner.

France, Paris; Bayonne.

Incorporated on 13 January 1993, PMI Norteamerica was a joint-venture partner with Shell Oil at the Deer Park Refinery through Deer Park Refining Limited Partnership. It belongs to PMI Comercio Internacional, formed by Petroleos Mexicanos in the 1980s. The group conducts international crude-oil, petroleum-product and petrochemical business.

Mexico, Mexico City.

The firm is recorded in 1963–64 and 1970–71 under managers Kassos Steam Navigation.

Greece.

Formerly Pocahontas Navigation, the company was a Pocahontas Fuel subsidiary carrying coal coastwise, chiefly from Norfolk to New England. Its home port is variously given as Salem, Norfolk and New York. It operated before 1915 and after 1961, with register references continuing to 1966–67.

USA, New York; Salem MAS.

POE Shipping belongs to the Hong Hang Group, which began as a hardware company in 1973. The group also includes Hong Hang Hardware, Pioneer Offshore Enterprises, Pioneer Floating Dock and POE Marine. POE Shipping appears in the cited registers from 2001–02.

Singapore.

Baltic Merchant in April 2007 carries an unidentified blue flag with a white diamond throughout and a light-blue design. A Baltic Sailor photograph from February 2005 confirms the diamond’s white border.

Pohl Shipping was formed in 1982. Lloyd’s 2003 describes it as a chartering agent and time-charterer, not a ship manager, whereas Mitchell gives managing owners, agency freight and liner contractors. The group’s former holding company, J.P. Lange Söhne, originated as a grain mill in 1727 and had long used ships for transport. Edgar H. Kummerfeldt, owner of Pohl & Co., acquired it in 1967 and developed integrated logistics for forest products, paper and other industries.

The group included Pohl & Co., founded in 1952, Pohl Shipping and shipowner Baltic Forest Line, dated to 1997. Pohl Logistics took over the holding functions in 2000, with J.P. Lange remaining a shareholder and property owner. Baltic Forest Line collapsed in early 2004 following cessation of distributor Forestwood; its ships apparently passed on charter to Pool Carriers while retaining their funnels. By 2005 Pohl was part of the neska group. Other recorded operators included Heinz Corleis, Heinrich Mahler and Jan Nagel.

Germany, Hamburg.

Recorded in 1958–59, Point Shipping later appears under operators Grindrod, Gersigny & Co. through 1970–71.

South Africa, Durban.

Established in 2006 to build handysize dry-bulk vessels, the group took delivery of two ships and formed Pola Maris N.V. at Antwerp as its chartering arm in 2010.

Cyprus, Nicosia.

The company is recorded in Lloyd’s 1963–64.

Italy, Palermo, Sicily.

Phillips Petroleum bought the former Arco Marine in April 2000, and the company was renamed Polar Tankers. It became part of ConocoPhillips upon the merger on 30 August 2002. Polar replaced Arco as the ships’ name prefix.

USA, Long Beach CA.

Polaris Maritime was incorporated in October 2005. The source places Aurica and Pietari Bruin under Russian fruit trader Sorus, with Polaris Shipping as technical manager, but notes uncertainty about ownership. Baltic Reefer Lines, whose BRL letters appeared on hulls, is described as an agency established in 1998 and elsewhere as a Russian private company registered in 2002. Many vessels used Pietari, Finnish for Petersburg or St. Petersburg. Following the 2008 downturn, vessels were laid up and sold or scrapped, leaving the operation’s fate unclear.

UK, London.

The website dates establishment to 1987, with shipowning, management, chartering and broking activities. Lloyd’s gives 2001, which Rosanoski presumes may mark the start of shipowning.

Turkey, Istanbul.

A small group of professional shipping investors formed the privately held company on 12 July 2004. It began with Stellar Ace and Stellar Bay, remaining a small operation until 2006.

South Korea, Busan; Seoul.

The company is recorded in 1953–54 with Polarusoil, acquired in 1948.

USA, New York.

Formed in 1991, Polascamar appears as a manager and later with vessels under name companies. A 2012 reference suggests it was still operating.

Italy, Genoa.

Sleepdienst en Bergingsbedrijf L. Polderman of Hansweert bought the inland tug Bravo in March 1983, retaining her name. The source then dates transfer to J.P.T. Polderman-Albrechts to 4 April 2004, followed inconsistently by a February 2002 transfer to E. and H.G. Polderman of Schore, Leen Polderman’s son and daughter. E. Polderman may be E. Polderman Holding B.V. The earlier firm is also recorded with Roompot.

Netherlands, Schore.

The Polemis family came from Andros. Adam and Spiros are described as Greek nationals in shipping; A. Polemis is recorded as owner of Argo Shipyards, Salamis, formed in 1959. Mitchell’s S. Polemis vessels were held under separate companies. The following company accounts are therefore kept distinct.

Compañia Comercial Transatlantica was represented successively by Spiros Polemis, Sons, Windward Shipping and L. & W. Shipping Agency. L. & W. is associated with A.S. Polemis. Polembros Shipping was formed in 1974, with Adam L. Polemis recorded as proprietor and Spiros Polemis, Sons as an associate. Its Polembros Maritime operating company continued to appear in registers after being noted as no longer existing on 1 November 1999. Spiros Polemis, Sons also represented Montezuma Compañia Armadora; its ships were held under several companies.

Remi Maritime, with Leonidas Polemis recorded as a manager, represented Seacrest in Greece and was later listed as its operating company. Seacrest, directed by Spyros M. Polemis, represented shipping interests from London with offices through Remi in Greece and Belmar Agencies in New York. Its formation is given as both 1961 and 1973. The source mentions L. Polemis and Anna Polemis without specifying their corporate roles.

L. & W. Shipping Agency and Remi Maritime are recorded at Piraeus, Greece.

The company is recorded from 1963–64 through 1985–86. Brown names Lauro Line as owner; Lloyd’s 1985–86 gives Achille Lauro as agent. Brown 1978 misspells the name Polinia.

Italy, Palermo, Sicily.

The company was formed in 1919 and ceased in 1922.

USA, New York.

A black-and-white photograph shows Warszawa with an Ellerman funnel.

Formed in 1929 as Polsko Brytyjskie Towarzystwo Okretowe S.A., the company adopted the English name in 1938 and later became part of Gdynia-Amerika Linje Zeglugowe Spólka Akcyjna. The source describes Polish Government ownership through Zegluga Pólska, but elsewhere gives only part ownership, possibly reflecting joint management with Ellerman’s Wilson Line.

Poland, Gdynia.

Franz Jozwiak and Georg Heribert Pohl began boatbuilding as Pohl & Jozwiak on 15 April 1900, assisted financially and with work by salvager Theo Beckedorf. The firm became an OHG in 1910 and acquired a 51% involvement in Gebr. Beckedorf’s salvage operation in 1931. Reconstruction in 1950 preceded formation of Poljo Reederei with two vessels completed in 1952 after launch in 1944. Shipowning lasted until 1962; a third vessel, bought in 1956, had been sold in 1961.

Ernst Wernicke became an equal co-owner in 1965 and managing director in 1966. Following the deaths of Hans-Herbert Pohl in 1974 and Herbert Jozwiak in 1979, he became sole owner. Bankruptcy proceedings began in March 1988; operations continued under administration until another petition in December 1995 apparently ended them.

Germany, Hamburg.

USA, San Francisco.

Polish Baltic Shipping is recorded from 1978–79, under Polish Government control and operating through its own and name companies. It managed a vessel for Polska Zegluga Morska in 1992–93.

Poland, Kolobrzeg.

Known as Polish Steamship Co. or Polsteam, the Government-controlled concern was formed in 1951 following the merger of Zegluga Polska and GAL, taking part of the former’s fleet. The Grupa PZM structure introduced in 1992 created operating companies, but most were eliminated by the late 1990s after the arrangement proved unsuccessful. The group remained, returning to profit in 2000 after five years.

Recorded operators included Euroafrica, Polsteam-Zegluga Szczecinska and Zegluga Pólska. Oceantramp, Shortramp and Tankers are separately dated to 1993 as joint ventures with Zegluga Polska, rather than the history’s 1992 restructuring. Unity Line was formed with Euroafrica in May 1994 for ferry services.

Poland, Szczecin.

Jane’s defines the funnel colour as deep cream.

Polish Ocean Lines was formed in 1951, taking part of the post-war fleet of Gdynia-Amerika Linje Zeglugowe Spólka Akcyjna. It remained under Polish Government control and operated through its own and subsidiary companies.

Pol-America began in 1982 as Polskie Towarzystwo Okretowe, adopted its later name in 1993 and subsequently went bankrupt, the source printing the year as 19999. Pol-Levant dates to 1994 and Pol-Asia to 1999. Baltafrica was formed in April 1967 with Deutsche Seereeederei. Euroafrica managed part of the fleet.

Poland, Gydnia.

Polish Transatlantic Shipping Co. was formed in 1930 and had become Gdynia-Amerika Linje Zeglugowe Spólka Akcyjna by 1936.

Poland, Gdynia.

Formed in 1993, Polyar commercially managed tankers controlled by Polys Haji-Ioannou, whose Norwegian tanker management began that year. The family had owned ships since the 1950s and acquired its first tanker in 1969. An earlier website account also mentioned a controlling interest in Stelmar Tankers, deleted in the update. Polyar Shipping, formed at Piraeus in 2006, appears as an operating company.

Norway, Oslo.

Brazil, Piauí.

The company began with Pontoporos, bought in 1953, and may have ended with Telemon. Agents were N.J. Pateras & Sons in 1963–64 and Alcyone Navigation Agency (Hellas), also referenced as Alnav Naftiliaki, in 1978–79.

UK, London; later Greece, Piraeus.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

The ships apparently retained their owners’ funnels while flying the charterer’s flag. Rosanoski’s drawing is a guess from the logo and apparent flags on Baltic Sailor and Baltic Carrier. The first photograph’s letters do not seem slightly slanted as in the second and the logo.

Founded in January 2004, Pool Carriers specialised in operating, contracting and time-chartering modern coasters in European trade. Its vessels apparently were all chartered, including Baltic Forest Line ships and Bente. For Bente, the source distinguishes Team Shipmanagement as ISM manager from the registered owner Erste Marlink Massenguttrans and ship manager Marlink Schiffahrtskontor, despite a photograph caption naming Team as owner.

Germany, Hamburg.

Loughran relates the design to McCormick Steamship, attributing the foundation of both businesses to C.R. McCormick.

Pope & Talbot appears as a lumber-company operator in 1939 and took over C.R. McCormick’s companies in 1946. It managed McCormick Steamship, Pacific, Argentine & Brazil Line, Portland Steamship and Silverado Steamship. Pacific, Argentine & Brazil is later listed as a same-address subsidiary using the same vessel-naming system and livery.

USA, San Francisco CA.

The company is recorded in 1966–67 through 1973–74 with Stathatos & Co. as agent.

U.K., London; Mitchell gives Monrovia.

Established by the Port Authority Act in 1972, the statutory corporation regulated and developed Jamaica’s ports and shipping as an agency of the Ministry of Transport and Works. Its first vessel appears to have been the tug Montengo Bay, built in 1979. Lloyd’s initially had separate Government/harbour-authority and Port Authority entries at the same address, combined by 2001–02.

Jamaica, Kingston.

The private company was incorporated on 31 May 1991 and registered on 5 June. It entered liquidation on 9 July 1996, completed on 21 December 1999, although a register reference continues to 2001–02.

New Zealand, Auckland.

The earlier Port Line name originated with Anglo-Australasian Steam Navigation. On 23 January 1914 the interests of James P. Corry, Thos. B. Royden, G.D. Tyser and Wm. Milburn combined as Commonwealth & Dominion Line, also known as C & D Line. Cunard acquired it in June 1916 through an initiative associated with Thomas Royden, who was a director of both concerns. Tyser and Milburn became major Cunard shareholders, but the acquired company retained operational autonomy.

Initially styled Cunard Line Australasian Service, Commonwealth & Dominion Line, it unofficially adopted Port Line in 1936. The main account dates the official name to 18 November 1937; Jordan gives 11 November, while Lloyd’s gives 1935. In September 1978 Australian activities passed to Associated Container Transportation (Australia), removing the Port Line name there; separate ship identity also disappeared that year.

The name nevertheless remained in later registers as a P&O Nedlloyd name company, disappearing in August 2005 when its last vessel, P&O Nedlloyd Kobe, transferred to SG Equipment Finance (September) of Société General.

Port Line joined the ACT consortium in 1966 and, with Blue Star, established Blue Star Port Line (Management), or Blueport, in March 1968. Actanz followed in March 1969 to manage the remaining conventional Port, Blue Star and Ellerman cargo fleets; joint conventional services and Blueport ceased in 1974. Other ventures included Compass Line with Blue Star in 1969, Crusader from 1958 until September 1972, and the Montreal-Australian-New Zeland consortium, whose formation dates vary from 1932 to 1936. Milburn’s Port-prefixed naming system spread to all ships in 1916, with Australasian port names following it.

UK, London.

The Nelson Harbour Board was formed under an Act of 20 October 1900. Port Nelson Limited was registered on 29 September 1988, with shares held equally by Nelson City Council and Tasman District Council.

New Zealand, Nelson.

Also called Havenbedrijf Antwerpen, the authority became an independent municipally owned company in 1997 according to its website, having previously been managed by the city’s mayor, aldermen and council. Antwerp remained sole shareholder. Lloyd’s instead gives formation in 1995, with earlier authority references extending to 1973–74.

Belgium, Antwerp.

Queensland’s Government assumed responsibility for Brisbane’s port in 1859. The Harbours & Marine Department was divided in 1971, and the Brisbane division became the Port of Brisbane Authority in 1976. It was corporatised as Port of Brisbane Corporation in 1994 under the 1993 Government Owned Corporation Act. On 1 July 2007 it changed from a statutory to a company government-owned corporation. The Government announced its intended sale in 2009.

Australia, Brisbane.

The source heading dates Geelong Harbour Trust to 1905, while The Log gives operations from 1903, which Rosanoski marks with sic. Towage passed to Howard Smith in September 1979 as Geelong Port Services. The trust became Port of Geelong Authority in 1981 and was privatised on 1 July 1996, sold to TNT and Infrastructure Investment Corp.; Toll later bought TNT’s interest. The residual shell authority was abolished on 10 December 1997, its remaining assets and liabilities passing to the SECV.

A joint stevedoring company with the Waterside Workers’ Federation was confirmed in 1988.

Australia, Geelong.

Port of Napier was incorporated on 30 September 1988, with the website dating its formation from Hawkes Bay Harbour Board under port reforms to 1989. Hawke’s Bay Regional Council held 92% and horizons.mw, formerly Manawatu Wanganui Regional Council, 8%.

New Zealand, Napier.

Port origins are traced to pilot Captain T.S. Carmichael in the 1860s. Tauranga Harbour Board was formed in 1912 and became Bay of Plenty Harbour Board on 24 August 1970. Port of Tauranga Ltd. was incorporated on 25 July 1988. Its first vessel was apparently Mount Maunganui of 1960.

The 1999–2000 accounts give the regional council 55% through Quayside Holdings and Infratil 24.6%. Northport, equally owned with Northland Port Corporation, began trading in July 2002.

New Zealand, Tauranga; Mt. Maunganui.

The former Board’s flag, last flown in the early to mid-1980s according to James Dignan, has OHB initials shaped into an anchor on a plain field.

Two of three photographed vessels have raking funnels with the base of the top at the same angle. Otago has exhaust uptakes rather than a funnel.

Otago Harbour Board was constituted by the provincial council and gazetted on 30 June 1874. It became Port Otago Ltd. from 1989 when the harbour boards were abolished under the Port Companies Act.

New Zealand, Dunedin.

Captain George Tobin received the first pilotage licence on 17 June 1839. Independence from the Victorian Government in 1854 led to three one-vessel pilot companies; their number rose to seven, fell to three by 1857 and to two in 1861. Steam pilotage began on 1 January 1901 with a single company. Sea and harbour pilots amalgamated in 1957. Following Wyuna’s sale in 1979, only launches were used.

The partnership dissolved on 1 July 1989 and a private company began trading, with shares restricted to pilots. A separate register account dates incorporation to 20 May 1985 and records a change to Seasafe and back to Port Philip Sea Pilots.

Australia, Williamstown.

Formed in 1946 to revive pre-war excursions between Melbourne, Queenscliffe and Sorento, the company was in receivership by 1949. Registered as Port Phillip Ferries Pty. Ltd., it was deregistered on 31 July 1951.

Australia, Melbourne (assumed).

The original New Plymouth Harbour Board was formed in 1875 and lasted until 1954. Westgate Transport Ltd. was incorporated on 30 November 1988 and changed its name to Port Taranaki Ltd. on 30 September 2005. It was owned by Taranaki Regional Council.

New Zealand, New Plymouth.

Portland & Asiatic was a subsidiary of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, itself owned by the Oregon Short Line Railroad, which belonged to the Union Pacific Railroad. Its route ran from Portland to San Francisco and onwards to the Far East.

USA, San Francisco.

Recorded in Lloyds for 1963–64, the company had Syros Shipping Co. as its agents.

U.K., London.

Portline was formed in 1985 to replace the state lines C.T.M. and C.N.N., both in liquidation. Originally owned equally by the Portuguese Government and private funds, it was fully privatised in June 1991. Its fleet operated in its own name and through shipowning subsidiaries.

These included Portline European S.A. and Portline Universe S.A., both formed in 1988, Equisteer Marine S.A., formed in 1989, and Steer Shipmanagement Services Ltd. and shipowning companies. Sociedad de Construcoes Soares da Coasta managed the vessel owned by Equisteer Marine.

Portugal.

Ports of Auckland was formed from Auckland Harbour Board in 1988 and began business that October. By the website account consulted in 2009, it was wholly owned by Auckland Regional Holdings. It operated North Tugz, described as commencing on 1 October 1999 to provide pilotage and tug services at Marsden Point and marine services at Auckland.

Another account dates North Tugz Ltd., a joint venture with Northport Ltd., to 2005. Ports of Auckland held 27.5% of United Containers and 19.9% of Northland Port Corporation, which partly owned Northport. Infratil had held 1.4% of Ports of Auckland in the earlier newspaper account.

New Zealand, Auckland.

Formed on 27 February 2013, Portuscale bought four vessels from the defunct Classic International Cruises, identified as Arcalia Shipping Co. Ltd. It is also recorded as SCMA/Portuscale Cruises.

Portugal, Lisbon.

The earlier flag is described as white with a blue wing-like emblem bearing a white decrescent and star. Mitchell gives the corresponding P34 funnel a lighter blue shade.

Mitchell’s funnels represent vessels of one-ship companies managed by Poseidon: Merak of Coastal Sky Shipping Ltd., Kim of Fairstar Shipping Ltd. and Hoop of Hoop Navigation Ltd., respectively. The same passage also records Tell of Tell Shipping Ltd., referenced separately as T668.

The company website dates its formation by T. Sleeboom to 1954. Lloyds instead gives 1960 for B.V. Scheepvaartbedrijf “Poseidon”, although the company appears in the 1958–59 register as N.V. Scheepvaartbedrijf “Poseidon”. It became Poseidon Chartering B.V. in 1996. Rosanoski believed it still operated, although its activity was unclear and its website appeared to have been dismantled after April 2004.

Netherlands, Delfzijl.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

The later flag replaces the diamond with a white shield spanning all four black-white-red-black stripes. It bears crossed black mining tools beneath the black name POSEIDON. Brown 1995 attributes it to Veba Poseidon Schiffahrt GmbH. Mitchell labels the funnel Poseidon Schiffahrt O.H.G. and omits the lettering, probably because the illustration is small.

FOTW presented this as a possible variant alongside P9 for Poseidon Schiffahrt A.G.; the source records its subsequent deletion. Rosanoski does not establish which flag the A.G. actually flew.

Definite company remains unknown.

Jordan’s 1939 account gives the Stinnes funnel, separately referenced as S62, for Kohlen-Import und Poseidon and the Stinnes companies it operated.

The separately referenced P332 funnel derives from a verbal description of a wide band, attributed simply to “Pot”. Rosanoski assumes this covers both P. Pot and H. & P. Pot & Zn.

Daniël Pot founded the business in 1918. His grandson Peter Pot was director in the account consulted by Rosanoski; Wagenborg supplied crews and chartering, and most ships were named after sandbanks. Lloyds separately dates Pot Scheepvaart B.V. to 1973, with a change to Pot Scheepvaartbedrijf C.V. in 1986 and an undated return to the B.V. name.

Register entries distinguish several Pot owners and businesses, including Daniël, Hendrik & Pieter Pot, D. Pot & Zn., P. Pot, Pot Scheepvaart Bedrijf and Rederij Pot. Wagenborg and later Amasus appear as operators or managers.

Netherlands, Delfzijl.

Poul Christensen founded the family shipbroking business in Nakskov on Lolland in 1918. Its activities included towage. It became a limited company in 1982, initially owned by the founder’s family; the 2004 website records managing director Borys Krejniuk holding 90% through BFK Holding, with senior brokers holding the remainder.

Denmark, Nakskov; Copenhagen (Holte) from 1988.

Formed in 1913 by the merger of John Bacon Ltd., F.H. Powell & Co. and Samuel Hough Ltd., the company became Coast Lines Ltd. in 1917. It is also named Bacon, Powell & Hough Lines Ltd.

U.K., Liverpool.

Merchant Ships 1942 records James Power & Co. as operators. Rosanoski could not establish whether this was the same company managed after the Second World War by O. Gross & Sons Ltd.

U.K., London.

Powergen was formed in 1990. Its ship managers were Jebsens Ship Management (London) Ltd. of the Jebsens S.A. Group in the earlier accounts, and Lothian Shipping Services (London) Ltd. in July 2000, operating from the Jebsen address.

U.K., London.

Pratibha Shipping was formed in 1995.

India, Mumbai.

Precious Shipping, also known as PSL, was formed in December 1989, began operations in March 1991 and was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand on 16 September 1993. Ships use Naree as the second part of their names. Its wholly owned technical-management subsidiary, Great Circle Shipping Agency, is described as established and beginning operations in 1988; Lloyds instead gives 1989 for its establishment.

Thailand, Bangkok.

Also called Overseas Navigation Co. Ltd., the company traces its steamship ownership to 1899 in Sušak, the Croatian-governed part of Rijeka. Croatian owners from Rijeka, the coast and Zagreb established Ugarsko-hrvatsko dionièarsko društvo za slobodnu plovidbu, given by Lloyds as Società in Azioni Ungaro-Croata per la Navigazione Libera. It had six ships in 1914. The change to Prekomorska Plovidba apparently occurred around 1923; FOTW places it after the First World War, a detail not confirmed by Merchant Ships.

Yugoslavia, Sušak; FOTW places the company under Croatia.

Controlled by the Yugoslav Government, the company appears in registers from 1963–64. Liquidation was announced in May 1992, but Rosanoski notes that it evidently continued operating. The fleet was recorded under single-ship companies and at times in its own name.

Yugoslavia, Bar in 1963–64; Serbia & Montenegro, Bar in December 2003.

Lloyds dates the company to 1988 as ProFish International Inc., renamed Premier Pacific Seafoods in 1993. Its website instead describes a 1993 formation as marketing and management company for Ocean Phoenix. Rosanoski notes that this omits the earlier company, whose contact details it took over.

On 6 January 2010 Supreme Alaska Seafoods, operator of Excellence, and Phoenix Processor Ltd. Partnership, owner and operator of Ocean Phoenix, announced a merger. Supreme Alaska took 50% of Phoenix Processor; Premier Pacific was to manage both vessels and market their product. Rosanoski considers Lloyds’ 2008 omission of Phoenix Processor as owner incorrect in light of the other sources.

USA, Seattle, WA.

Premuda’s history is traced to Giov. L. Premuda, recorded at Trieste by 1904, and Navigazione a Vapore G.L. Premuda, founded in 1907 and managed by the Tripcovich family. Listed at Trieste in 1918 and later Milan, it is described as Italy’s first publicly listed shipping company. The fleet was completely destroyed during the Second World War and reconstruction began only in 1957. Lloyds separately gives a 1975 formation as Premuda Società di Navigazione per Azioni, renamed Premuda S.p.A. in 1996.

Control passed to Nai Genova of the Lolli-Ghetti Group in 1973 through an operation by Gefina which brought Generali into the shareholding. A Rosina-family-coordinated group took control in 1980, followed by the Montanari group through Cispa in 1988. In 1990 control passed to Navigazione Italiana, with a syndicate involving Assicurazioni Generali and Duferco Italia Holding. Its agreement was extended to the end of 2007; an earlier account had given 2001. In August 2008 Investimenti Marittimi held 75.47%, its own partners being Navigazione Italiana (60%), Generali (30%) and Duferco (10%).

International expansion began with Premuda International in 1991 and the purchase of Fermar’s tanker branch in 1995, followed by reorganisation in 1996. Premuda Tankers handled ship management and Premuda (Monaco), formed in 1996, the fleet’s commercial activity; the earlier website account gives Navigazione Italiana a 27% holding. Navale Spartivento, formed in 1982, was an operating company for which Premuda also acted as agent. The group had an interest in the Petrotank consortium.

Accounts of Premuda Tankers differ. The website says Almare di Navigazione was bought in October 2000, renamed Premuda Tankers and incorporated into Premuda in 2004. Lloyds still lists Almare in 2003–04 and instead identifies Premuda Gestioni, formed in 1996, as renamed Premuda Tankers in 2002. Sider Navi was a joint venture with the Romeo Group and Duferco Italia Holding, with IUD selling its share in May 2007. Its formation is variously placed in 2005 and 2006.

Italy, Genova.

Thomas Prentice and Mr. Clapperton formed Prentice, Clapperton & Co. in 1882. It became Caw, Prentice & Clapperton in 1886 and, after A.C. Henderson joined in 1900, Prentice, Service & Henderson. It operated the Direct Line of Steamers to the West Indies and subsequently the Crown Steamship Co. Ltd. Thos & Jas. Harrison acquired it for the Crown Line in 1920.

UK, Glasgow.

Compagnie Rouennaise used a similar white-band flag with an upright star between upright blue C and R. Lloyds also shows a similar flag with S and B for Société Bretonne de Navigation of Nantes, but gives no evidence of a relationship with the Rouen companies.

Henri Victor Prentout (1850–1915) used his wife’s name in business as Prentout-Leblond. In 1890 he and M. Bonniface formed H. Prentout-Leblond et E. Bonniface. Leroux replaced Bonniface in 1900, and the company became H. Prentout-Leblond E. Leroux & Cie. in 1904. It acquired Société Bayonnaise de Navigation in 1911 and transformed it into Société Anonyme des Voiliers Normands. Prentout-Leblond also created Société Anonyme des Navires Mixtes in 1913.

When Prentout-Leblond retired in 1914, Heuzey replaced him in Leroux et Heuzey, which mainly operated steamships after the war. Heuzey et Chastellain apparently succeeded in 1925, operating Compagnie des Transports Maritimes et Fluviaux, and became J. Chastellain & Cie. in 1950. The earlier business also operated as Compagnie Rouennaise de Transports Maritimes. Chastellain retained the flag in a slightly different form.

France, Rouen; Paris in the 1937–38 register.

Leif Grönqvist and his son Christian founded the family-operated logistics, shipping and chartering business in 1987. The family’s maritime history goes back to Runar Grönqvist’s first vessel in 1947. Rederi A.B. Grönqvist of Voolahti, owned by Leif and Christian, is variously dated 1994 and 1988 in Lloyds. Prima Shipping A.B. is similarly dated 2001 and later 1987. Prima took over Grönqvist’s last vessel, Casandra. In 2011 it became sole owner of Port of Tolkkinen Oy, originally acquired jointly with the Meriaura Group.

Finland, Porvoo.

Sider Pink, registered to Shine Navigation, had a different pink funnel with a blue S. Rosanoski suggests a possible link to the registered owner but does not regard it as established.

Formed in 2000, Primal is recorded first as an agent and later as a ship manager. Managing director Nicholas Papalios was possibly related to the Papalios family that may have been connected with Aegis Shipping; Rosanoski leaves both links uncertain.

Greece, Athens; Piraeus in December 2006.

PrimeBulk is described as an independent shipmanagement company, relatively new in the 2009 report cited by Rosanoski.

Greece, Athens.

Primlaks was formed in 1979, with its fleet held through a named subsidiary. Univan Ship Management Ltd. is recorded as manager in the 1998 and 2000 accounts.

Netherlands, ‘s Gravenhage; Rotterdam in 1985–86.

PRISCO originated in the Oil Tanker Division of the Far Eastern Shipping Company, reorganised as the Nakhodka-based Oil-Tanker Fleet Department on 1 October 1969. It became the independent Primorsk Shipping Company on 1 January 1972, although the registers initially show control by the Far-Eastern Shipping State Corporation. On 24 September 1992 PRISCO became the first public corporation in the Russian shipping industry. Shipping within the later group was conducted through JSC Primorsk Shipping Corporation.

Sinchart Shipping became PRISCO (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. in 2002. Primorsk and John Swire & Sons formed PRISCO Swire Offshore Pte. Ltd. jointly in 2005.

Russia, Nakhdko.

In the 2008 observations, one of four ships carried Eastern Car Liner colours and another NYK colours.

Formed in 1963 as Prince Kaiun K.K., the company became Nissan Prince Kaiun K.K. in 1977 and Prince Kaiun Co. Ltd. in 2001. Eastern Car Liner Ltd. was a major operating company.

Japan, Kobe in Lloyds; Tokyo in Mitchell.

Accounts differ on the early chronology. The FOTW history gives foundation in 1884 and incorporation as Prince Lines in 1885; Merchant Ships describes origins as Jas. Knott & Co. with sailing ships, and dates steamships and Prince Line to 1882. Furness, Withy bought the company in 1916. The cited FOTW account connects the sale with the wartime deaths of Sir James Knott’s three sons.

Furness, Withy formed Rio-Cape Line in 1917 from the four remaining ships of James Gardiner & Co.; it merged back into Prince Line in 1954. By the 1960s Prince was leasing ships as needed. Container shipping followed in the 1970s before amalgamation with Manchester Liners.

Furness, Withy formed a General Shipping Division in June 1977 to manage its subsidiaries. Register accounts also show Shaw Savill & Albion operating part and later all of Prince’s fleet. British Prince, operated by Houlder Bros. and listed under Renfrew Navigation, is nevertheless recorded as a Prince Line war loss. Ships generally had Prince as the second name, though other names appear by 1963.

U.K., Newcastle; London from 1919.

The association was formed on 9 January 1931 and its flag was used aboard members’ boats. A merger with North Island Trollers’ Co-operative Association, investigated in 1937, was completed on 1 December 1939. Operations were suspended in 1991 and J.S. McMillan took over the assets in 1994; Rosanoski infers that the association was absorbed.

Canada, Prince Rupert.

The first vessel, Princess Patricia, retained Canadian Pacific colours on her forward funnel; the after funnel was plain buff with a black top. Italia, traded as Princess Italia from 1967 without changing her registered name, initially retained Crociere d’Oltremar colours. The Princess logo appeared in 1968, first on Carla C, traded as Princess Carla.

Stanley MacDonald founded Princess Cruises in 1965 as a charterer. P&O acquired it in 1974 and operated it as a division under P&O Lines. Sitmar was acquired in 1988, becoming Princess Cruises Liberia Inc.; Lloyds dates the separate Princess company to 1994. The main accounts place the demerger of P&O’s cruise business into P&O Princess in October 2000, followed by its merger with Carnival on 17 April 2003 as Carnival Corporation & plc. Rosanoski’s sources also give 2001 for P&O Princess’s formation, while one passage places the demerger in October 2003, contradicting that sequence. P&O Cruises continued as a licensed brand in Britain and Australia.

P&O Princess acquired a majority in AIDA Cruises in 1999 and the remainder in 2000. It launched A’ROSA in Germany in 2002, later a brand of Arkona, and Ocean Village in Britain, scheduled to start in May 2003 and continued under Carnival. The later Princess Cruises Lines Ltd., formed in 2000, is recorded in Hamilton, Bermuda, and Santa Clarita, with Valencia, California, given in 2011–12.

Operating companies included Astramar of Genova, founded by V. Ships in 1985 and sold in 1989, whose fleet later passed to other subsidiaries; COROT Shipping Corporation of Madeira, formed in 1998; and FPP of Tahiti, formed in 2002.

USA, Los Angeles, California; later Santa Clarita, California.

Apollo Management established Principal Maritime in 2010 to manage vessels owned by Veritable Maritime Holdings. Both were Apollo portfolio companies. The ships had names beginning Princimar and participated in a pool operated by Stena Bulk.

USA, Southport, Connecticut.

Documentary material — company attribution not established

The second flag is blue with a very broad yellow horizontal band bearing the stylised P.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a narrow black top and a stylised P whose wavy lower horizontal stroke is separate from its vertical stem. Brown 1982 gives the funnel a paler yellow than the flag.

Pritipaul Singh Investments, abbreviated PSI, was operating by at least 2007.

Guyana, Demerara.

Formed in 1969, Prodromos acted as ship manager and agent, including through Shipping Agencies Prodromos Ltd. That subsidiary was formed in 1969 as Prodromos Shipping Co. S.A. and renamed in 1988. Management interests included Lebanesa Limitida S.A.

E. Carapiperas and S. Marinakis are given as owners in 1976; by April 2001 E. Tsoukalas was chairman and Spyridon Marinakis managing director. Brown apparently identifies the B in the livery with G. Bodassakis, whom Rosanoski presumes to be the ultimate owner, but the Greek B/English V correspondence adds uncertainty.

Greece, Piraeus.

The former Omega funnels were initially retained. Most had ONE painted out in white, leaving red funnels with white bands; Juniper 1 and Juniper 4 instead had black panels over the letters. Rosanoski presumed these were different responses to removing the former logo. These red funnels could belong to the Woodstreet period, Product Shipping’s interim period, or both. Website fleet pictures and Ariel’s photograph suggested eventual adoption of blue funnels with white PST, possibly as refits occurred.

The eight ships became, respectively, Meliora Cogito, Morgane, La Boheme, Lorelei, Ariel, Elan Vital, Res Cogitans and Okyroe from Juniper 1 through Juniper 8. This cross-reference identifies the vessels in the livery discussion.

Incorporated in 2013 as part of the Oceanbulk Group, the company focused on oil and chemical tankers, while also being certified for bulk carriers and container ships.

Rosanoski traces eight former Omega Navigation vessels through an apparent sale in March–April 2013 to Juniper-named owning companies under Woodstreet management. Woodstreet belonged to Clearwater Marine Investments. In late August the vessels were renamed again, with PST Energy 1–8 Shipping LLC owning companies and Product Shipping as manager. Whether the second change was a sale or charter was unclear; Rosanoski explicitly calls the reconstruction circumstantial.

Greece, Athens.

The family business traces its origins to Rebel Enterprises in 1974, with Doris Boffone as majority owner. Liberty Towing followed in 1977 under Doris Buffone Jr. and Blanche Buffone, buying its first vessel. Progressive Barge Line followed under the same majority owners; the account connects 1996 with purchase of its first barge. Warren and Terry Buffone became owners in 2007. The business specialised in bunkering and line-haul movements from Corpus Christi to Mobile from 1977.

USA, Westwego, LA.

Hong Kong.

Taiwan Chung Hsing S.S. Co. Ltd. acted as agent.

Taiwan, Taipei.

Agents were Niarchos (London) Ltd. in the earlier registers and International Operations S.A. of the Niarchos Group from 1973–74.

U.K., London in 1970–71; Greece, Athens in 1973–74.

Mitchell records Providence for Commodore Charles H. Smith, although Rosanoski did not locate it in Lloyds. Grängesberg-Oxelösund Trafik A/B, later Gränges A/B, held 50%, selling to the other shareholders after deciding in June 1978 to withdraw from shipowning.

Liberia, Monrovia.

The company is recorded in Lloyds for 1970–71, with a Great Lakes connection noted by NJK.

Bahamas, Nassau.

The company website dates Provmar to 1984 as a joint venture between Upper Lakes Shipping and Canada Steamship Lines. Lloyds gives 1985.

Canada: Hamilton, Toronto and St. Catherines, Ontario, in successive register entries; Hamilton again in 2008.

The Prudential-Grace version, separately referenced as P307, adds a yellow-outlined four-pointed star radiating from the P to the flag’s edges. Brown 1978 instead describes a white P and does not record the earlier 1968 change. Only some ships had black funnel tops; a black-and-white photograph of Santa Magdalena apparently shows none.

Stephan Stephanidis founded Prudential in 1933 as a tramp company with one old freighter. Its services centred on the United States and Mediterranean, and during the Second World War it operated ships as a War Shipping Administration general agent. Spyros P. Skouras joined in 1954; Skouras Lines is subsequently recorded as owner and as an agency connection. Prudential also operated Postal Steamship Corporation and marketed cruises as Prudential Cruises.

The Grace Line combination is variously dated 1969 and September 1970. Rosanoski distinguishes the 1969 Skouras takeover from the later merger as Prudential-Grace Lines. The Prudential name returned in September 1974. One account gives Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1986 and scrapping of the remaining fleet in 1988.

The end of operations is not consistently described. Another account places recurring financial difficulties from the mid-1950s into the late 1990s and cites a precarious position in 1998. Rosanoski’s later fleet account instead records a barge carrier sold in 1989 and two cargo ships arriving at breakers in 1991, by then owned by Vessels Charters Inc.; an earlier sale and possible charter-back are suggested.

Early ship names began Eastern; later ships used Victory, probably reflecting the class, while new ships adopted Prudential names.

USA, New York.

The Polish Government-owned enterprise appears as PPIUR “Odra” in 1958–59 and PPDIUR “Odra” in later registers, before the full name is given.

Poland, Swinoujscie.

Also called Deep Sea Services & Fish Handling Co. and Transocean Fishing Enterprise, the enterprise was controlled by the Polish Government. Its fleet operated in its own name and through subsidiaries. Termofrachrt Sp.Z.O.O., formed in 1994 at Szczecin, operated through Powisle Transocean Co. Ltd., likewise formed there in 1994.

Poland, Gdynia; later Szczecin.

This Polish Government-owned harbour-craft operator appears in registers from 1953–54. By 1992–93 it was divided into the Gdansk enterprise and Przedsiebiorstwo Robot Czerpalnych i Podwodnych “Dragmar” at Szczecin. The later records cited here follow the Gdansk company, styled Spólka z.o.o. by July 2000.

Poland, Gdansk.

Also recorded as Port-Service and P.U.M., the enterprise was owned by the Polish Government and appears in the cited registers from 1980–81.

Poland, Gdynia.

An affiliate of The Great Lakes Group, identified with The Great Lakes Towing Co., the company began operations in 1997.

Puerto Rico, San Juan.

Puget Sound Freight Lines was operating by 1929, when it issued bonds, and is identified as owned by Crowley Maritime in Loughran. Its later businesses were Puget Sound Truck Lines, Nickel Plate Express and the consolidated freight operation Pacific Terminals. By the accounts consulted in 2013 only Pacific Terminals remained, the first two having been sold to Haney Truck Line.

USA, Seattle, Washington.

Another account says Joshua Green’s wife designed a blue flag with a red star on a white diamond, later used by the Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society. Green had opposed the Black Ball flag, leaving Alaska Steamship vessels to fly it; Rosanoski identifies the other design as the separately referenced Inland Navigation flag I102. The Black Ball flag returned to Puget Sound vessels in 1928, and Black Ball Transport adopted a new flag in 1952.

Puget Sound Navigation, also PSN or the Black Ball Fleet/Line, was formed in 1898 as an inland-water subsidiary of Alaska Steamship. Alaska acquired control of La Conner Trading & Transportation on 2 May 1903, consolidating its operations with PSN while La Conner retained its identity. Charles Peabody became president of the enlarged operation; Joshua Green’s La Conner holding brought him an interest in PSN. Reorganisation followed in 1908, and PSN acquired control of Inland Navigation in 1923.

After Charles Peabody’s death on 12 August 1926, Green sold his holding to the Peabody family and resigned as president in 1927. Alexander Peabody became president and general manager in 1928, restoring the Black Ball trade name. The last major competitor was forced out after a strike in 1935. Traffic manager R.J. Acheson bought the road-transport subsidiary Black Ball Transport Service in 1936.

Washington State Ferries took over the ferry system on 1 June 1951. The accounts differ on the purchase announcement or offer, dating it 30 December 1949 and 30 December 1950. Before the transfer, Alexander Peabody formed the Canadian subsidiary Black Ball Ferries, which continued until BC Ferries took it over in 1961. Mitchell separately describes PSN as ending bankrupt.

The later Black Ball Transport relationship is disputed within the source. One history describes Black Ball Freight Service forming Black Ball Transport in 1952 and being sold to ROCOR International in 1973. Ken Bennett presents Black Ball Transport as the continuation of the surviving Port Angeles service and records its transfer to the University of Oregon Foundation in 2004. Rosanoski rejects legal continuity with PSN, describing inspiration rather than a legal connection. He also rejects a 1913 formation in that account in favour of 1898.

USA, Seattle, Washington.

Pullmantur is dated to 1971 in Lloyds. Cruise operations began in the late 1990s as an offshoot of the Madrid travel agency, with its own cruises from 2000. Royal Caribbean acquired it through the parent company in 2006. Pullmantur Ship Management, formed in 2004, appears as an operating company in the later registers.

Spain, Madrid.

Purple Gem was built for the company in 2009. The 2011–12 register lists it under Besiktas Shipping Group’s management.

Malta, Valetta.

Purvis Marine was formed in 1967.

Canada, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario.

The registers first show Noel W. Purvis as operator in 1953–54 and Purvis Shipping Co. Ltd. by 1958–59. It operated for The Aviation & Shipping Co., Ascot Shipping and Tavistock Shipping. Compañia de Navegacion Meridional and Compañia de Navegacion Candra used its address, indicating associations in the source.

U.K., London.

Mitchell’s differing funnel is apparently associated with Blue Flame 1, originally held by Britannia-Putford Enterprises, which may explain its difference from P31. The narrative calls it P138 while the bibliography identifies the Mitchell illustration as P338.

Formed in 1957, Putford later used names beginning Putford for most ships. Its relationships included Warbler Shipping and ventures with Looker Fishing and Boston Deep Sea Fisheries. Boston-Putford Offshore Safety is dated 1987 in partnership with Britannia Marine, but a later account gives 1984, possibly relating to the Boston venture. Britannia-Putford Enterprises later appears as Linegift Ltd. & Putford Enterprises Ltd., dated 1989.

Boston-Putford managed part of the fleet and was sold to Seacor Smit in April 2000. Most of Putford’s fleet apparently passed to Seacor Marine by December 2003, with the last vessel following by April 2004. Tees & Hartlepool Port Authority had earlier operated part of the fleet.

U.K., Paignton; Lowestoft in 1973–74.

The business began as a George Pyman branch opened by employee Thomas Bell, distinct from the Liverpool Thomas Bell. Bell and James Pyman became partners in 1873, when it adopted the Pyman, Bell name; it operated independently from about 1885. The first vessel is given as Douglas, with the source recording an 1833 build for G. Pyman. Its last vessel, Sweethope, was sold in 1929 according to British Ocean Tramps, or 1930 according to Miramar.

UK, Newcastle.

George Pyman and Thomas Edward Watson formed this branch of the Pyman businesses in 1874. The colliery proprietors became shipowners and sold out to Reardon Smith early in 1917. Their first ship, Spray of 1872, is attributed by Miramar to Middleton & Watson but by The Steam Collier Fleets to Pyman, Watson.

UK, Cardiff; London & Cardiff in Lloyds 1917–18.

Unknown.

Pyrsos Shipping was formed in 1962. Michael M. Xylas became managing director after holding that position at Faros Shipping. Ships initially had names beginning A. Pyrsos acted as agent for Aegaleo Shipping, later replaced in that role by Astron Maritime at the same address. The group website consulted in 2010 concerned land transport and forklift activities.

Pyrsos Managing Co. apparently began in 1989 at a different Piraeus address. Its operating companies later included Ariston Navigation, formed in 2002 and owned by John Xylas, and Melissa Naftiki Eteria, formed in 2003. Melissa took over the remains of Hercules Shipping, the former Greek state-controlled cement-shipping subsidiary that had come under Lafarge. The later registers follow Melissa and, separately, Ariston as manager.

Greece, Piraeus.

Founded in May 2007 to manage and operate tanker and chemical vessels, Pyxis was incorporated in the Marshall Islands with technical operations in Athens. Its vessels were chartered out.

Greece, Athens.

Angel Bernardo Pérez founded the business in 1853 with a Santander ship agency and the brigs Teresa and Tersicore trading to Cuba. It passed from father to son; Jaime Pérez-Maura developed the later group, with his widow Elena García Botín becoming chairwoman after his death in 1994. Coastal shipping operated from 1917 to 1966. The group also undertook stevedoring, chartering, insurance, storage and freight logistics, with later headquarters in Madrid and Barcelona. Register names include Hijos de Angel Perez y Cia., Pérez y Cia. Soc. en C. and Hijos de Angel B. Pérez y Cia.

Spain, Bilbao; later Santander.

Recorded in the 1963–64 shipowners’ register, Polena is listed as associated with S.A. di Navigazione Corrado in Merchant Ships 1942.

Italy, Genoa.