C

C-BED FLOATING HOTELS.

The funnel follows a portside photograph of Wind Solution dated 20 April 2008.

The Wind Ambition version follows a starboard photograph dated 2 October 2012. Small “FLOATING HOTELS” lettering beneath “bed” replaces the straight line, and the orange is brighter, more like air-sea rescue orange.

C. ANDERSEN.

The livery varies markedly across publications in stripe count and width, diamond size and star form. Griffin 1895’s A1175 has five red and five white stripes, the white half the width of the red, and five-pointed stars.

Reed 1901’s A1179 has two red and two white stripes, with the diamond at the hoist touching the top, hoist and bottom. Rosanoski’s detailed note sees three four-pointed stars and a fourth possibly with five points; his later comparison calls the stars four-pointed.

Lloyds 1904 and 1912 give A1178 three red and two white stripes with six-pointed stars. The apparent funnel band may instead be a boundary above which the funnel should have been painted black.

Reed 1912 centres the diamond, touching the upper and lower edges. Rosanoski finds the star points unclear, with five seeming likely. The funnel carries a blue flag with white “CA”.

Brown 1926–43 uses five red-and-white stripes, a blue diamond and white “CA” surrounded by four white stars. Early versions have eight points; in later small drawings they become nearly circular. The funnel band is more definite in this version. Jarig Bakker’s FOTW image follows Brown 1926.

The eight-equal-stripe group includes differing stars: Enoch 1927 gives five points, while Massary 1930 and Lloyds Reedereiflaggen 1933 use diamonds. Mathies shows five-pointed stars directed inwards: the top inverted, bottom upright and side stars angled towards the centre. Rosanoski notes that Klaus-Michael Schneider’s FOTW version instead has eight-pointed stars. He had not seen the cited 1897 chart and could not find the company in his Carly copy, leaving possible edition differences unresolved.

The Flaggenbuch examples have eight stripes with red somewhat wider than white and indistinct star points. The discussion cites 1928 and 1931, while the individual Sources entries identify A1181 with 1928 and A1182 with 1934; those references are retained separately.

Esso 1958 gives eight equal stripes and four-pointed stars.

The funnel sources also differ. Flaggenbuch 1928, Enoch and Massary show a black funnel with a blue flag on a pole bearing white “CA”. Talbot-Booth 1942 and 1944 give two alternatives: the eight-striped flag as a funnel band, or that flag on a pole but with an empty diamond. Rosanoski suggests that size might explain the missing charge, while noting that the similarly small band version still includes it.

C. BORNHOLDT.

The flag is red with white initials “C” and “B”, documented in the summer 1897 supplement to Deicken und Behrmann’s Neuen Monatsheften.

C. BREINHOLT A/S.

Mitchell shows a black letter on the funnel panel of Karin Kitt. Rosanoski assumes it should be white to agree with the flag.

C. CAMUZZI E CIE.

Brown shows a white funnel, but Rosanoski treats this as a printing error because the entry is in the all-black funnel section.

C. CLAUSEN D/S A/S.

Brown 1951 outlines the diamond in black. Talbot-Booth shows a smaller diamond.

C. CRAWLEY LTD.

The 1975 source indicates use of the managers’ funnel, while Sea Breezes 1976 supplies no funnel. Coastal Ships & Ferries 1999 describes it as green and black.

C. MACKPRANG JR.

M289 is celestial blue with a white diamond bearing red M. Schneider observed the flag at the Hamburg building on 15 October 2008. The Esso/Schornsteine sources support a lighter blue, though perhaps not as pale as the FOTW rendering.

M691 is the darker-blue version based on a photograph of Bühne’s table flag. The website’s flag logo and Mackprang Holding banner also support darker blue, while another logo uses two shades.

C.E. STALLYBRASS.

C.G. SMITH & CO. LTD.

Gamtoos’s monochrome photograph confirms the funnel. A cap badge shows the flag without dots after the letters, and the FOTW rendering also omits the dot after S.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Same surname cannot disambiguate person/company.

C.H. CHURCH & SON STAR LINE.

C.H. SÖRENSEN & SÖNNER A/S.

S285 sources give equal red and white flag bands; S282 sources make the white narrower. All show equal funnel bands.

The yellow funnel shade follows a Magnitude photograph, apparently a charter. Acina confirms an S shape differing from the published sources. Applying the same shape to the flag is Rosanoski’s conjecture, not separate flag evidence.

C.H. Sörensen & Sönner

Formation is dated to 1877 by Lloyds and 1881 in the FOTW account, which names founder Carl Herlofsen Sørensen. The C.H. Sörensen & Sönner name dates from 1931. In April 2000 the company joined Orient Ship Holding to form Arendal Ship Management, with C.H. Sorensen Management specialising in technical and economic management.

Interests included K/S Acina and a 26% holding in The OSM Group. Managed vessels included K/S VLCC Invest 1 and part of Bona Shipholding’s fleet.

Norway, Arendal.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

C.H. Sörensen Management

C.H. Sörensen Management was formed with Tschudi & Eitzen in 1998 and amalgamated into OSM Ship Management on 27 October 2003; the fleet later reappeared beneath C.H. Sörensen & Sönner. Operating records include Vilja and part of Bona’s fleet. The section also lists a November 2007 K Line Offshore joint venture, later than the stated amalgamation, without clarifying that chronology.

Norway, Arendal.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

C.J. RIEDEL.

C.L. ENDRESEN.

C.M. LOS (LONDON) LTD.

Costis was recorded in September 1967 with a black funnel, a broad white band edged blue above and below, and a red Greek lambda. The blue flag has a broad white horizontal band bearing a red lambda.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Maria L in August 1965 is recorded with the same funnel arrangement but a blue lambda. Rosanoski notes that this latter attribution was not confirmed in Lloyds.

Exact operating company unconfirmed.

C.R. BRADFORD & E.E. FOAD.

C.T. BOWRING & CO. LTD.

Merchant Ships 1942 confirms that this funnel existed.

The saltire is generally narrow, but Brown 1978 and 1982 draw it wider.

Brown 1951 and 1958 and Loughran show a very broad funnel band, while other versions compress it; Talbot-Booth enlarged the band area from 1937. A monochrome Regent Lion photograph confirms B114. Merchant Ships 1942 describes the funnel saltire as dark red, which Rosanoski assumes also applies to the flag. The livery was used by the operated companies, with Lobitos Oil Fields excepted in the 1942 account.

C.T. DRENT BEHEER B.V.

Mitchell gives D254 for Morgenstond, annotated “[1964]” and sold in 1988, and D255 for “Morgensond II [1987]”.

A photograph dated 9 July 2003, naming the vessel “Morgenstand II”, shows a panel occupying nearly the full width of a narrow funnel.

Morgenstond II on 21 April 2007 carries the panel on its superstructure, with its exhausts enclosed by modern latticework. Rosanoski conjectures how that panel would appear on a conventional funnel and possibly on a flag; both uses, particularly the flag, are unconfirmed.

C.V. "FLARDINGA" SCHEEPVAARTBEDRIJF DOORDUIN B.V.

C.W. KELLOCK & CO.

Lloyds 1882 shows only two red triangles on the funnel band. Griffin 1893 and 1895 assign the flag to G. W. Kellock & Co. for sailing vessels, whereas the 1885 Liverpool sheet lists it for both sailing and steamship ownership.

Reed 1891, 1901 and 1912 show a long pennant.

CABLE & WIRELESS PLC.

The flag, officially unfurled on Empire Day, 24 May 1939, was common to the operated companies. It has a yellow-fimbriated red cross on dark blue, a Tudor crown in the canton and yellow C & W in the lower fly. Most illustrations centre the cross, but the actual flag has its intersection towards the hoist. A light-yellow funnel is assumed from earlier company practice.

The 1987 design has nine vertical blue bands and an arrow circling a globe. The National Maritime Museum flag, dated 1987, measures 1219.2 × 1854.2 mm. The funnel reverses the arrow colours but outlines the globe blue instead of reversing it. The darker funnel ground is assumed, based on later confirmation in C907.

A small photograph of Pacific Guardian, dated 1985, appears to show a white globe with dark-blue lines on the dexter side and light-blue lines on the sinister. The number of vertical lines, if any, is unclear; the curved arrow appears brown. The funnel ground is dark buff yellow/gold.

The later flag is blue with a white “digital” globe. Funnel and flag were observed on Pacific Guardian at Wellington on 11 November 1998. The blue was confirmed broadly as illustrated, perhaps more sky blue; the photographed flag appears lighter because it was backlit.

Cable & Wireless adopted that name in 1934. The company-history account describes a merger, but Cableships & Submarine Cables regards it as a renaming of Imperial & International Communications, formed in 1929. The accounts name Indo-European Telegraph interests, West Indies & Panama Telegraph, Direct Spanish Telegraph, Direct West India Telegraph, Halifax & Bermuda Telegraph or Cable, and Cuba Submarine Telegraph among the combined interests. Eastern Telegraph, West Coast of America Telegraph and Western Telegraph were controlled companies. The marine division’s sale in July 1999 ended shipowning.

The constituent histories include Indo-European Telegraph’s formation in Germany in 1868 and subsequent liquidation; Direct Spanish’s entry into the Eastern Group in 1885; and Halifax & Bermuda’s 1889 foundation, with assets passing to West India & Panama in 1935. West Indies & Panama became part of Cable & Wireless (West Indies) in 1938.

David Prothero traces the former General Post Office cable ships through the 1969 Posts/Telecoms separation, dates Telecoms privatisation as British Telecoms to 1981, and records sale of the ships to Cable & Wireless in 1994.

UK, London.

Cable & Wireless (Marine) Ltd.

Cable & Wireless (Marine) was bought by Global Crossing Inc. in July 1999 and renamed Global Marine Systems Ltd.

U.K., Chelmsford.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Imperial & International Communications Ltd.

No flag is listed for Imperial & International Communications in the cited account; yellow funnels are presumed.

Following the 1928 Imperial Wireless & Cable Conference, Imperial & International Communications was formed on 19 September 1929, combining 22 cable companies and four radio-operating authorities. The source names Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph, Pacific Cable Board systems, Imperial Atlantic Cables, Post Office Overseas Beam Services and Eastern & Associated Telegraph interests. Marconi’s business had begun in 1897 as The Wireless, Telegraph & Signal Co., renamed in 1900. Prothero’s account specifies Eastern Telegraph, its Extensions and Associated Companies, and Pacific Cable Board. Western Telegraph was taken over in 1929.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CABOTAGEM NACIONAL ANGOLANA.

The funnel is described as white with a black top and a red band separated from the top by a narrow strip of funnel. A yellow bird flies aft with wings spanning the funnel, above red “CABOTANG U.E.E.”. The intervening wording about the band’s lower edge and an omitted lower black area is incomplete; no additional geometry is inferred.

CACILDA DE SOUZA HENRIQUES.

CACIQUE NAVIERA S.A.

Recorded for Helene in February 1967, the funnel is yellow with a narrow black top and a broad intervening gold band bearing a black C. No flag is noted.

CAFIERO MATTIOLI.

The Cafiero family business is traced to Meta di Sorrento and to Pietro Antoniuo Cafiero’s 1629 charitable fund to release sailors captured by pirates. Family shipping interests entered Lloyd’s in 1850. Salvatore Cafiero began tug operations at Augusta in 1955, expanded to other Italian ports and developed a deep-sea cargo fleet before his death in 1982. Later generations consolidated and expanded the group. Cafiero Mattioli Finanziaria [CA.FI.MA] holds Italian supply-vessel, towage and salvage interests and controls CA.FI.MA (UK), the holding company for deep-sea interests through Blenhein Shipping UK. Subsidiaries include Scinicariello, Capieci, Synergas, Augusta Offshore and Augusta Maritime Services; Synergas is described as a Julia Finance–CAFIMA joint venture.

Italy.

AUGUSTEA GROUP SRL.

The funnel follows Augusteo on 28 June 2006. It may be an earlier version dating to Augustea Imprese Marittime, but that is not established.

The funnel and flag follow Carlo Magno on 5 July 2006. The flapping flag may not be depicted entirely correctly. A Letojanni photograph supplies a starboard view.

Cape’s portside and Pina Cafiero’s starboard photographs show mirrored markings: the straighter side of A slopes with the funnel and faces forward on both sides, unlike versions with one vertical side. A later Apostolos starboard photograph supports this.

Augustea’s harbour towage began at Augusta in 1955; Augustea Group Srl. is dated to 1988. Earlier Augustea companies were reorganised, with the Augustea SpA fleet absorbed by Imprese Marittime in 1985–86 and divided in 1992 between Augusta Offshore and Augustea Imprese Marittime e di Salvataggio. The source contains a 1970–71 listing beside an asserted 1973 formation. Augustea Ship Management was formed in 1996. The group acquired a controlling interest in Marifran Internacional through Augustea Finance on 7 July 2000 and bought Anchor Marine Transportation in May 2004. The latter, formed in January 1994 at Farnham, operated deep-sea barges with AMT names.

Italy, Napoli.

BLENHEIM SHIPPING UK LTD.

Ocean Lady carries A in the funnel circle. Rosanoski offers alternatives: it might relate to the unknown Greek buyer on delivery and subsequent bareboat charter, or be an original fleet mark reflecting one-ship company names beginning A, including Ark Shipping UK. Neither explanation is established.

Young Lady displays the website logo in photographs from May 2005 and August 2007; it is also recorded on Sky Lady at Sydney on 4 April 2010.

Blenheim Shipping UK’s formation date was revised from 2003 to 2002. Initially recorded under Blenheim Shipping Services, it later appears independently. The 2007 register says Services had closed but nevertheless lists it again for newbuildings; this inconsistency is unresolved.

UK, London.

SCINICARIELLO SHIP MANAGEMENT SPA.

The funnel follows Asso, under associate ownership but managed by Augusta Offshore.

Augustea Quattro’s November 2004 funnel is described as possibly old colours. The next paragraph again labels its illustration A624, although the source list includes A625: it describes Asso Diciannove with the company logo and horizontal lines appearing black but assumed blue from the logo. Asso Ventotto shows the full-colour logo on white superstructure beneath short dummy funnels. The repeated identifier is retained without assigning the second description more precisely.

Scinicariello Ship Management was formed in June 1988 by amalgamating Sogimar, F. Scinicariello Agenzia Maritima and Tecnonavi-Consulenze Tecniche Navali. F. Scinicariello had acted for Saint Paul Marine Transport. Operating companies included Augustea Offshore, formed in 1986 from the Imprese Marittima fleet; Augustea Ship Management, formed in 1996; and Scinicariello Augustea Ship Management, formed in 1989 and later described as dormant despite a newbuilding listing.

Italy, Napoli.

Augustea / Augusta Offshore SpA

Exact shades and older colours remain qualified.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Which company the A represents is unconfirmed.

CAIRNS, NOBLE & CO.

The FOTW account gives a red flag with a white delta triangle bearing intertwined black CY, the triangle symbolising a cairn. C791 does not appear in Wallace’s company history.

Wallace’s history gives C140 for the original partnership in 1883–89, followed by C316 from 1889. Another account links the latter to the 1892 company change. The later flag retained the cairn but omitted the letters. Lloyds 1912 identifies C316 with cargo steamers.

Also known as Cairn-Thomson Line, the business has conflicting early chronologies. British Ocean Tramps traces it to Stark[s] & Cairns, shipbrokers in 1876 and shipowners in 1883, with Cairns & Young formed in 1885 and the firms combined as Cairns, Young & Noble in 1889. Another account dates Cairns & Young to 1883 and the later name to 1892, which Rosanoski questions; his 2004 FOTW text instead gives 1833. Young retired in 1904. William Thomson & Sons was acquired in 1907, though another source describes absorption around 1891. Listed subsidiaries include Cairn Line of Steamships, Cairnglen Steamship and Gaelic Steamship.

U.K., Newcastle.

CAIRN LINE OF STEAMSHIPS LTD.

Thomson’s funnel was adopted in 1907 or, according to Wallace, 1908. Cairns’s flag, C141, and Thomson’s, C317, were used interchangeably for a time. Lloyds 1912 and Reed assign C317 to the Canadian service.

The source dates a combined Cairns–Thomson funnel to 1928, calling it “C139/140”. Loughran says Thomson’s quartered flag superseded the cairn flag, whereas Brown’s later notes say both continued. A Cairndhu photograph confirms the combined funnel.

Cairn Line is dated to 1892 in British Ocean Tramps. Furness Withy acquired 15% in 1928 and offered for the remainder in 1967, contrasting with the earlier account of full takeover in 1928. Cairns, Noble operated the ships, followed in later listings by Shaw Savill & Albion and Kaye Tanker Management. Furness Withy formed a General Shipping Division in June 1977. Names included Cairn and Black, Manchester for ships chartered to Manchester Liners, and an -ic ending under Shaw Savill, changing again under Kaye.

U.K., Newcastle.

Thomas Cairns, in his own right

Thomas Cairns

Styring gives this funnel for Thomas Cairns’s own vessels in the 1890s, distinct from the partnership. No flag is known.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CALCUTTA STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

Recorded for Barun, the funnel is black with a broad red band edged yellow at top and bottom, bearing white CSN.

CALEDONIA STEAMSHIP CO. LTD.

MacNaughtan & Co. / original MacNaughton spelling

CALEDONIAN MACBRAYNE LTD.

The first combined flag moved the saltires towards the fly and placed a yellow disc with the Scottish lion at the hoist. The lion’s waving tail was brought close to its back to fit the disc. The funnel is confirmed in a photograph of Isle of Arran. Rosanoski tentatively dates the next flag change to the early 1990s and notes uncertainty over whether earlier flags were long, narrow pennants rather than the more triangular published forms.

Haws’s 1994 version lacks upper black edging and shows the lion guardant, including on the funnel. Rosanoski considers this inconsistent with photographs and suggests it might represent a proposal; C39 could alternatively be a subsequent change.

The flag is triangular red with black edging along the top and a yellow disc bearing the red Scottish lion rampant. The earlier FOTW image used dark red and yellow, contradicted by a Caledonian Isles photograph showing ordinary red and golden yellow. The photographed flag does not appear particularly narrow. Isle of Lewis confirms the funnel. Rosanoski suggests the black upper edge might echo the red, black-topped funnel, but does not establish that explanation.

NorthLink Orkney & Shetland Ferries Ltd.

The funnel follows a projected image of a new vessel.

Hrossey photographs show that the apparently black logo colour is actually dark blue, matching the funnel top; portside and starboard views are recorded.

The Hildasay portside photograph of 8 January 2014 makes the dark colour look black. With the funnel positioned to port, its starboard side carries no image.

NorthLink Orkney & Shetland Ferries was formed with the Royal Bank of Scotland in 2000 for the Northern Isles services from 2002. Although initially described as a provisional project name, NorthLink became the trading name. The bank withdrew in 2006 and the company became wholly owned by DML.

CALEDONIAN STEAM PACKET CO. LTD.

The original funnel is described as “navy yellow”, assumed by Rosanoski to mean Admiralty Pattern T820. The lion rampant is based on the Scottish Royal Standard.

Haws shows a rampant guardant lion, considered incorrect according to Langmuir.

The dark-buff LM&S funnel was adopted in 1923. Its band narrowed in 1924 and was removed in May 1925, when yellow was adopted as C318, with a black top. The flag image uses the upright Scottish Standard lion rather than Lloyds’ C668 form; the cited MN account does not show the flag. Haws’s statement of a 1951 reversion is unclear in the source, which again refers to C318. Maid of the Loch retained a plain yellow funnel in 1965, presumed still to have its black top.

The flag is a navy-yellow pennant bearing the red lion rampant. The funnel emblem first appeared on Caledonian Princess in 1961 and on Glen Sannox in summer 1964, with adoption across the fleet apparently following the 1965 changes. Opposition to British Rail’s new livery led to retention of the red funnel and lion emblem, except for Maid of the Loch’s plain yellow funnel. Continued flag use is presumed, not stated by the cited account.

CALIFORNIA & OREGON COAST STEAMSHIP CO.

CALIFORNIA MARITIME ACADEMY.

The second Golden Bear, serving in 1971–95, has a sky-blue funnel with two gold bands and a gold bear. The starboard photograph shows the bear walking forward; a mirrored portside arrangement is assumed but unconfirmed. The design resembles Pacific Far East Line’s apart from its darker blue, but Rosanoski presumes no connection because the periods overlap.

Golden Bear III, identified in the source as formerly USS Maury, apparently first lost the yellow part of Maury’s blue-over-yellow funnel and gained a forward-walking gold bear, C1248. The later C1249 funnel is dark blue with one gold band and a forward-facing gold bear on both sides. The change date is unknown but the later version was present by 25 July 2005; a starboard Sydney photograph is dated 7 June 2011.

CALIFORNIA NAVIGATION & IMPROVEMENT CO.

CALIFORNIA STEAM NAVIGATION CO.

Peter Callen & Sons Ltd.

Peter Callen & Sons flew a vertical white-red bicolour with “PC&S” counterchanged.

CALMAR STEAMSHIP CORPORATION.

Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 give the funnels as alternatives. A black-and-white photograph of Flomar confirms C506’s narrow white bands. No flag is separately given for C636; Rosanoski assumes the same flag applies.

CALMEDIA S.P.A. DI NAVIGAZIONE.

The funnel, observed by Mitchell at Liverpool in January 1974, appears to have provided the basis for Costa Container Lines’ later colours.

CALTEX CORPORATION.

The 1936 logo used the star present in Texaco’s trademark since 1903. C583 is attributed to Australian Oil Refining by The Log and to the UK, French and Dutch tanker companies by Brown and Wyt’s. Mitchell’s unlettered funnel is considered likely a consequence of the small image rather than proof that lettering was absent.

Constituent companies used the Star of Texas in a different colour scheme, often unchanged. Both Overseas Tankship companies are recorded using it; Balbao Transport used the funnel but its own flag. A Caltex Greenwich photograph confirms the funnel without distinguishing the version. Marinart edges black star lettering white and attributes the funnel to Balboa Transport, Caltex Oil (Australia) and Caltex Oil (SA). Op de Lange Deining gives O151 for Nederlandsche Pacific Tankvaart.

A china-pattern photograph appears to show the emblem on green, but lighting or fading may explain the difference. The Dutch flag-chart and Wyt’s versions show a black outline around the circle. Rosanoski disputes that edging, considering it a draughting convention separating colours rather than part of the flag.

Caltex began in 1936 as a Standard Oil of California–Texaco joint venture for Persian Gulf exploration, production and refining. California Texas Oil Co. became California Texas Corporation in 1946, California Texas Oil Corporation in 1959, Caltex Petroleum Corporation in 1968 and Caltex Corporation in 1999. Chevron and Texaco’s 2001 merger made it a Chevrontexaco subsidiary; the parent later reverted to Chevron Corporation.

In the early 1950s the fleet was divided among Overseas Tankship Corporation under Panama flag, Overseas Tankship (UK), Nederlandsche Pacific Tankvaart and Outremer de Navigation Petrolière under British, Dutch and French flags respectively. In 1967 Texaco took over the European interests, renaming the UK company Texaco Overseas Tankship. Caltex ship-name prefixes changed to Texaco or Chevron; Overseas Tankship Corporation adopted Chevron names.

Shipping interests extended through Australian Oil Refining, Balbao Transport and Caltex companies in Ceylon, Egypt, New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, Zambia, Indonesia, the Netherlands, the Phillipines and Hong Kong. Australian Tankships was sold to Teekay effective 15 June 1998. Caltex New Zealand participated in the New Zealand Oil Consortium and jointly owned Coastal Tankers. The Zambia business had Zambesi River Transport Services as a subsidiary. Ceylon Petroleum’s subsidiary status is assumed in the source, which lists it as manager for Caltex Shipping.

Joint ventures included Tokyo Tankers with Nippon Sekiyu from 1951 and LG-Caltex Oil at Seoul from 1966. The latter’s split is written “505/50”; LG transferred its holding to GS Holdings in July 2004. Caltex’s H.C. Sleigh holding reached 31.3% before falling to about 23% by 1972.

USA, Irving TX.

CALTEX OIL (AUSTRALIA) PTY. LTD.

William Dampier had a yellow funnel; its crew unofficially added a dark-green kangaroo for overseas voyages.

Caltex Oil (Australia) took over tanker management from H.C. Sleigh Services in August 1987. Its merger with Ampol under Australian Petroleum was approved in March 1995; Caltex later bought Pioneer International’s share, with Pioneer becoming a major shareholder. Australian Tanker Co. moved from joint ownership with Sleighs to full ownership in 1982; the registration history records several names, ending with Caltex Petroleum Services. Botany Bay Tanker Co., initially a 65/35 venture with Sleigh, became wholly owned in 1982 and was renamed Caltex Tanker Co. in July 1983, or 1985 according to Lloyd’s. It merged into Australian Tankships in 1996. Caltex also held 40% of the original 1946 Bitumen & oil Refineries capital, later Boral, declining to about 11% by 1977.

Australia, Melbourne.

Documentary OTC flag / assumed funnel composite

Early photographs show the Caltex star or OTC letters on a white circle. Rosanoski tentatively associates this funnel with Overseas Tankship Corporation after purchases without ship-name changes. The flag follows a Collectors Corner cap badge no longer available when downloaded in 2007.

The OTC flag is documented; the funnel identification is expressly assumed in the original. Show the unchanged composite as documentary evidence, not as proof of the combined livery aboard a vessel.

Early funnel photograph allocation remains assumed; the flag/company target is direct.

CAM & SONS PTY. LTD.

CAMEROON SHIPPING LINES S.A.

CAMMELL LAIRD SHIPBUILDERS LTD,

The earlier flag is white with the red outline of a camel facing the fly and red “CL&Co” beneath, a punning device. Observer, World and FOTW omit a dot below the o. The flag formed the basis of the accommodation ship Cammell Laird’s funnel mark around 1968. The white circle initially crossed the black and red areas, then moved wholly onto red in 1969.

Mitchell also attributes this funnel to the accommodation ship used as a workers’ hostel, but differs from Loughran by showing the camel facing forward and the letters CLC.

The document records adoption of a new flag with the September 1972 company-name change and credits a separate FOTW illustration, C41; no additional verbal design description is supplied.

CAMPANIA REGIONALE MARITTIMA S.P.A.

The funnel is white with a blue top and, lower down, a narrow blue band. Between them is a squarish blue C, slightly angled in the manner described as “Pbds”, with a forked upper end. The blue flag has a very broad horizontal white stripe bearing the same C.

CAMPBELL SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The CS Salina funnel is recorded from portside and starboard photographs, with the crest mirrored to face aft on both sides. The vessel is considered apparently a charter.

CS Caroline likewise has an aft-facing crest on both sides. The white crest and scroll were initially suspected to result from poor maintenance, but CS Soraya photographs confirm them, together with blue scroll lettering. Rosanoski considers this presumably the normal funnel.

CS Vanguard has a forward-facing crest on both sides, mirrored in direction while the shield and scroll remain the same. The funnel looks whitish in one photograph, but others confirm light buff; the lighter photograph appears to have been altered.

The next paragraph again says C1406, while the source list also gives C1418. It describes a CS Calla starboard photograph of 31 December 2013, apparently showing an emblem on an attached two-part panel. No portside view was available. The repeated identifier is not resolved here.

CAMPBELTOWN & GLASGOW STEAM PACKET CO. LTD.

The funnel is black with a very broad red band, described in the early account as extending from the stay-ring below the top halfway towards deck level; its choice may have been the builder’s. One flag arrangement combines a white Royal Mail pennant with red words and a red crown between them, above a red-white-blue pennant with a broader white stripe, the bands meeting at the point. The illustrated Royal Mail form predates the 1902 addition of a bugle below the crown. Haws’s black letters and natural-coloured crown are considered incorrect.

The later white flag bears a red Calvary cross on three degrees, the Campbeltown cross, adopted shortly before the First World War according to Loughran. Another account describes an Iona cross on a white pennant, representing the cross in Campbeltown’s Main Street, above the tricolour pennant, with a separate white ship-name pennant. It says “Royal” and “Mail” were added beside that cross on award of the mail contract. These differing accounts are retained.

CAMPO TANKERS S.A.

Recorded for Euros in November 1966, the black funnel has a broad white band bearing an old-fashioned grey oil lamp, with a red flame pointing aft. No flag is noted.

CANADA MARITIME LTD.

Ship photographs confirm the funnel’s flying-flag-and-pole logo, drawn the same way on both sides so the pole slants forwards to starboard and backwards to port. No flag is visible in those photographs. The FOTW flag is a possibility derived from the moving-flag logo, not an observed design. Jorge Candeias suggests either the depicted flag itself or a white flag bearing the logo; Rosanoski considers flag use likely but the actual design uncertain.

CANADA SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The flag is white with a blue border and a landscape of a beaver building a dam. One funnel form is black with two white bands separated by an equal black width; LJC shows wider separation. The other is plain black. LJC and Corson also show a blue pennant above the flag, as Haws does for the later company. Loughran says the reconstituted company retained the livery.

CANADA-ASIATIC LINE LTD.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top and a broad intervening blue band bearing a white star. The flag is a blue pennant with white ACL and an assumed white maple leaf between the letters, plus a white star in the canton.

CANADIAN FISHING CO. LTD.

Phil Nelson’s FOTW image measures 170 × 70, but its proportions have no cited source and Rosanoski considers their accuracy uncertain.

CANADIAN NATIONAL STEAMSHIPS CO. LTD.

The original Canadian Government Merchant Marine funnel, C320, was later replaced by C201. A Lady Rodney photograph confirms C201’s band proportions. Cross proportions vary: US Navy places the intersection nearer the hoist, while Stewart gives a square rather than a circle at the centre and a diminishing horizontal arm. Brown 1929 and 1934 show a large gold maple leaf across the intersection; later sources put an apparently yellow-and-green leaf inside a white disc.

Lloyd Reedereiflaggen simplifies the central emblem to a yellow circle within a yellow ring, copied in the FOTW depiction. Rosanoski identifies the intended emblem as a maple leaf.

The National Maritime Museum flag has a green, yellow and red maple leaf on a central white disc. Dated about 1951, it measures 609.6 × 1422.4 mm. No funnel accompanies that evidence; the funnel shown is assumed to apply.

CANADIAN NATIONAL (WEST INDIES) STEAMSHIPS LTD.

Canadian National (West Indies) appears as a service in the 1942 and 1944 accounts and separately at the same address in the 1950s. Ships used Canadian as the first name, with the second ending in r.

CANADIAN OFFSHORE MARINE LTD.

The design derives from associate Offshore Marine’s oil drop rising from an undersea gusher. Here the upper O is an oval bearing a white maple leaf.

CANADIAN PACIFIC NAVIGATION CO.

This funnel is recorded for Amur, bought in 1899.

The funnel is confirmed by Yosimite in 1890.

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO.

The plain-black funnel was used on former Ellerman and Beaver vessels in 1903–06 and is given for Great Lakes ferries Michigan and Ontario in 1890–1925, possibly also Skuzzy in 1887–91.

The black funnel with red top continued for a time on several former Columbia & Kootenay vessels after the 1897 takeover.

This funnel was adopted by British Columbia vessels between 1955 and 1963, supported by a Trailer Princess drawing and an Empress of England photograph.

Canadian Pacific Railway was provisionally formed in 1873. The source gives letters patent on 1 or 16 February 1881 and incorporation on 2 May 1881, but Rosanoski’s later comment gives 2 May 1882. Capital came from Canada, the United States and Europe. Steamship ownership is dated to 1883 or 1884. Coastal ships commonly used Princess names. Canadian Pacific Steamships managed the fleet, with BCP Ship Management appearing in 1990. The shipping trade name CP Ships was adopted in 1968. A later withdrawal from ownership was virtually complete by 1990, followed by renewed involvement through acquired companies.

Expansion included Columbia & Kootenay Steam Navigation in 1897, Canadian Pacific Navigation’s assets in 1901, Beaver Line in 1903 and Allan Line in 1909, integrated in 1916. Dominion Atlantic Railway was leased for 999 years from 1912. Canadian Pacific (Bermuda), formed on 11 November 1964, operated bulkers and tankers; Bulkship Services and Canadian Pacific Tankers were other shipping subsidiaries. The original Canadian Australasian service of 1893 ultimately passed wholly to Union Steam Ship in 1910. A new 50/50 Canadian-Australasian venture with Union was formed in July 1931, or announced on 4 August. Canadian Pacific also held 40% of Incan Marine, formed with Inchcape in 1973.

Canada, Montreal.

The document combines the Canadian railway parent, UK steamship entity and Bermuda shipping subsidiaries. A single Canada label cannot resolve all those legal identities. The entire subsidiary succession and original 1873/1881 dates are not independently settled.

CANADIAN PACIFIC STEAMSHIPS LTD.

The deep-sea funnel was used from 1946 to 1968. Liverpool Shipping depicts its panel as a band, but an Empress of Canada photograph contradicts that rendering.

This was the commodore’s flag.

Government permission to separate shipping from railway activity was granted on 16 March 1915. Canadian Pacific Ocean Services was formed on 1 October to manage the North Atlantic fleet, including Allan interests from January 1916, and was incorporated in London on 16 July 1916. Merchant Ships instead describes it as a renaming of CPS. It became Canadian Pacific Steamships on 8 September 1921, based at Liverpool. Fleet names included Beavers, Duchesses, Empresses and Monts.

U.K., London and Liverpool; Montreal is also recorded.

The document combines the Canadian railway parent, UK steamship entity and Bermuda shipping subsidiaries. A single Canada label cannot resolve all those legal identities. The entire subsidiary succession and original 1873/1881 dates are not independently settled.

CP SHIPS INC.

The chequered symbol returned in the 2002 annual report. The 2005 rebranding gave ships a deep-blue funnel with the 1946 red-and-white chequer-board panel, applied at routine dockings into 2006. CP Venture was thought to be the first in August 2005; a Canmar Endurance photograph dated 30 August confirms the new livery.

CP Ships’ own account dates shipping from the charter of W.B. Flint in 1886 and transatlantic entry to 1903. The later container group co-founded Canada Maritime in 1984 and bought CMB’s remaining 43% in 1993. Acquisitions included Cast in 1995, Lykes and Contship in 1997, Ivarans and ANZDL in 1998, CCAL and TMM interests around 2000, and Italia in 2002. The TMM accounts vary between purchase and joint venture and give differing 1998–2001 dates; Americana Ships was a 1998 venture whose remaining share is dated to 1999 or 2001 in different websites. Other recorded interests include Maple Shipping’s 1972 reactivation, one third of Dart Container Line in 1981, and CP Air in 1997.

On 28 April 2005 CP Ships announced retirement of seven surviving brands—ANZDL, Canada Maritime, Cast, Contship, Italia, Lykes and TMM—and a common CP ship-name prefix. In October TUI announced acceptance of 89.1% of its offer through Ship Acquisition Inc., aiming for full ownership. Lykes became CP Ships USA in 2005 and Hapag-Lloyd USA in 2007.

Canada, Montreal.

The document combines the Canadian railway parent, UK steamship entity and Bermuda shipping subsidiaries. A single Canada label cannot resolve all those legal identities. The entire subsidiary succession and original 1873/1881 dates are not independently settled.

CANADIAN PACIFIC LTD.

The change from Canadian Pacific Railway to Canadian Pacific Ltd. is dated to 3 July 1971 in this section but to 3 July 1991 elsewhere in the document. Later listings shift the shipping interests between Canadian Pacific Ltd. and CP Ships; the conflicting rename dates are not reconciled.

Canada, Montreal.

The document combines the Canadian railway parent, UK steamship entity and Bermuda shipping subsidiaries. A single Canada label cannot resolve all those legal identities. The entire subsidiary succession and original 1873/1881 dates are not independently settled.

Later name and logo rights

Sean Conroy of Eyecon states that after the 2005 TUI sale the Canadian Pacific Steamships name was listed as abandoned in Canada from 2011. Eyecon, a clothing and apparel company, subsequently re-registered Canadian Pacific Steamships Limited in Ontario and registered the name and red-and-white “three squares” flag logo. This is presented as his 2013 account, not continuity of the former shipping operation.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Earlier Canadian Pacific liveries

The red-and-white chequered flag reflects railway land maps, where alternate blocks went to the railway and government. A smaller version served as a jack. Its introduction is variously dated to 1882, 1883 or 1891, with use continuing to 1968. The National Maritime Museum specimen, about 1955, measures 2932 × 3948 mm. Accounts of the associated plain-yellow and black-topped yellow or buff funnels differ: the text gives coastal black-topped yellow for 1883–1968 and deep-sea black-topped buff-yellow for 1906–21, while other references extend plain yellow to 1946 or date its transpacific use to 1890 or 1903–06 and again after 1921. These descriptions are retained collectively rather than forced into a single chronology. Mersey Towing’s use is also recorded, but owner-versus-manager roles are unclear.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CANADIAN TRANSPORT CO. LTD.

Loughran’s tree is smaller and thinner, with fewer branches and a brown lower trunk. Nüsse’s table flag has proportions 5:3. The livery is considered apparently no longer used.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Mitchell associates this earlier funnel with H.R. MacMillan and Terminal Steamship Co. His Roland drawing suggests a charter from Haldor Virik, but that relationship is presumed.

Exact company use and charter status remain unknown.

CANADIAN-AUSTRALASIAN LINE LTD.

C65 appears to be the 1931 company’s livery, with Union’s funnel and a new flag, though Merchant Ships 1942 gives only Union’s livery. Letter colours differ: Merchant Ships 1949 and Stewart show black. The National Maritime Museum C715 flag is dated 1942–47 and measures 1397 × 1828.8 mm.

Canadian-Australian Steamship Co. — Griffin 1895

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

Canadian-Australian Royal Mail Line — early historical context

Precise early name and cross details remain qualified.

Canadian-Australian Royal Mail — 1912/1926 historical livery

This combines Union Steam Ship’s funnel with the predecessor’s flag. Rosanoski considers it more likely to belong to Union’s 1901 or 1910–31 operation than the later joint company. The older flag has blue “SCACo” in the respective white compartments, starting at the chief.

Later retained use and original disputed chronology remain open.

New Zealand & Australasian Steamship Co.

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

CANAL BARGE CO. INC.

The funnel follows a portside photograph of Joseph Merrick Jones dated 18 May 2013 and a starboard photograph of Choctaw dated 12 March 2010.

CANATLANTIC LTD.

The funnel is green with a black top and an intervening white band. The flag is green with a broad horizontal white band.

CANFORNAV INC.

The striped tree portions point forward in Apollon’s portside and Milo’s mirrored starboard views. Woody instead shows the regular starboard image with stripes aft, which Rosanoski considers normal. Eider has a reversed portside image and a normal starboard one. Some ships, including Orna in an unretained photograph, may have a black funnel top.

Nüsse’s table flag is placed under Anglo-Eastern Ship Management on the Asian page; Rosanoski explicitly regards that attribution as incorrect.

CANNA COMPAÑIA NAVIERA.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a narrow black top and a blue shield. The first form has a white T, recorded for Tanagra; the second has a white C, following a letter change for all Carellas ships. No flag is noted.

CANOPUS SHIPPING S.A.

The subsidiary used this livery, with the pale-cream funnel colour supplied by JLL. K stands for Andreas and George Kyrtatas, although a ship’s pamphlet showed a different flag.

This flag serves as a stem jack and sometimes replaces the house flag at the stem or a yardarm.

Cycladic Cruises S.A.

The flag came from a City of Rhodos cruise programme dated 23 August 1989. Its different K design was initially regarded with suspicion by JLL, but NJK later confirmed the livery from travelling on the vessel.

Cycladic Cruises was formed in 1982 and marketed small Greek ferries with “City of” names, operating in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean through one-ship companies. Andreas and George Kyrtatas were the managing directors behind the operation. City of Mykonos, acquired in 1977, is shown as still in service in 2009 by Miramar, but other sources say it was laid up around 1996 and had sunk at its moorings by September 2007.

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Exact vessel and operator allocation of this variant remains tentative.

CANTERBURY STEAM SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The flag is white with a red saltire and CSSC. The black funnel remained in use until Holm’s involvement, presumed to mean 1969.

Merchant Ships 1949 notes that the funnel “is now black”. NJK later rejected the other illustrated version as entirely incorrect, stating that the funnel had been black from inception until assimilation into Holm.

CANUK LINE.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top separated by a blue band. The flag is blue with a white leaf, assumed to be maple.

CAPE EXPLOSIVE WORKS LTD.

The company operated South Africa, 1981/1909, on the Australian coast from 1910 before transfer to South African registry. The flag’s stars are believed to represent the Southern Cross, which would require viewing the flag from the reverse.

CAPELLE CHARTERING EN TRADING B.V.

The flag is white with two central blue blocks, each cut out with a white C, together forming S. Mitchell gives rounded C shapes on the funnel. A Wijmers photograph confirms the design but makes it look black rather than blue; the poor enlargement prevents colour confirmation.

Capital Ship Management Corporation

This funnel follows Assos in December 2006. Amorito is recorded with a narrow black top.

The illustration follows Ken Smith’s Apostolis II photograph of 30 September 2007. Funnel shades varied: Ayrton II had bright yellow in May 2006; Miltiadis Junior had a similar ground without a black top and a yellow C.

Attikos in November 2005 appears to combine the versions: an orange C as in C1178, rounded as in C1177, with a narrow black top.

The changed funnel was present on Anikitos by September 2008. The illustration is based on Apostolos II and Amore Mio II, the latter photographed at Botany Bay on 16 April 2010.

CAPOVERDE COMPAÑIA NAVIERA S.A.

CAPRICORN TUG & BARGE PTY. LTD.

Lydia carries this funnel in a January 2008 starboard photograph, before Equasis’s acquisition date as quoted here. It remained in a May 2009 portside view. The panel, or possibly an attached box, was removed during the Brisbane survey described as occurring in 2010.

The later panel is a yellow frame enclosing the logo and “CAPRICORN TUG & BARGE”, with small red “07 3367 0344” and smaller black “captug.com.au” below. Portside and starboard photographs confirm the design. The source dates the change to the May 2010 survey but also says the earlier panel disappeared in May 2009. Acquisition dates of 12 January and 21 February 2009 and several photograph/reference dates differ within the account.

CAPSTAN TRANSPORT CORPORATION.

Spray Cap’s funnel was observed as buff at New York on 28 October 1971.

The archive places the company in Hamilton, Bermuda. The Japanese passage’s jurisdictional meaning and whether it denotes owner domicile or vessel registry could not be checked because retrievals failed. No country is inferred from vessel flag, and the unrelated modern trucking business is excluded.

CAPTAIN ALEXANDER F. WATCHLIN.

The funnel is verbally described as yellow with a red W. The Log illustrates a blue flag with a white diamond bearing a red W.

CAPTAIN COOK CRUISES PTY. LTD.

The original flag was red with white “CAPTAIN COOK CRUISES” on three successive lines. Rosanoski gives no exact replacement date but records the later flag in The Log of November 1990. The passage does not individually identify each illustrated intermediate form.

Reef Endeavour confirms the funnel design. The flag emblem has a white outline and white pole, lost against the white funnel and not shown by The Log. The photograph and The Log differ in the pennant’s overlap with the blue bands: the latter places it wholly on the white, slightly overlapping the lower band.

CAPTAIN COOK CRUISES.

The funnel bears a navy-blue cocked hat with gold trim, encircled by blue “CAPTAIN COOK SCENIC TOURS”. The Log’s flag is blue with a navy border and stylised CC. As the source is black-and-white hatching, only the navy shade is explicit; the field is evidently lighter blue and Rosanoski assumes the uncertain letters to be white. Captain Cook Scenic Cruises also appeared on the vessel’s bow. A later small bow-jack image looks more like a white-bordered pennant, suggesting a subsequent change; the later fleet lacks conventional funnels.

CAPTAIN H.J. HELME.

Helme’s first vessel Manava is recorded without a funnel in July 1963. H430 is associated with Tamata in 1964–65.

Captain H.J. Helme, also listed as J. Helme, appears in registers from 1963–64 to 1992–93. His operating subsidiaries included Compagnie des Chargeurs Calédoniens and Compagnie Maritime Hebredais. The latter was associated with a joint venture with S. Carli Giovan.

New Caledonia, Noumea.

COMPAGNIE DES CHARGEURS CALÉDONIENS.

C887 is given as the 1971 livery of Port de France.

C888 is said to have been used by Ile de Lumiere, but the corporate connection is unclear. One account gives Société Française de Navigation ownership for thirteen years ending in 1986, which Rosanoski relates by date to Sofrana-Unilines. The Compendium instead names Cia de Nav. Hebrido-Caledonienne, while Lloyds 1978–79 places Compagnie de Navigation Hebrido-Caledonienne under Compagnie de Chargeurs as agent.

Compagnie des Chargeurs Calédoniens, also C.C.C., appears in the 1970–71 and 1973–74 registers.

New Caledonia, Noumea.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME HEBREDAIS.

Compagnie Maritime Hebredais operated Erakor in the early 1970s; the cited account identifies Helme as owner.

New Caledonia, Noumea.

CAPTAIN LINE.

The flag is blue with diagonal yellow stripes, interpreted by Jan Mertens as captain’s rank stripes. He records the stripes and flag painted on boats’ hulls and the flag itself flown above, confirming that it was not merely a proposed design.

CAPTAIN'S CRUISES.

The funnel is confirmed by a photograph captioned Lady Joan, dated October 1990.

CARDIFF MARINE INC.

Pink Sands appears to have a dark-blue band, while other photographs show deep sky blue; its depth varies with funnel height. Fujioshi’s funnel base looks dark blue in one photograph. In response to Rosanoski’s query, Jadran identifies the marks as yellow-blue-yellow stripes on black, attributing the blue cast to AGFA colour film.

Documented shared associations — DryShips flag / Cardiff Marine funnel — documented composite

Lacerta’s portside photograph supplies a Cardiff Marine funnel beside the DryShips website flag. Lloyd’s lists Cardiff as manager of the rest of DryShips’ fleet but not Lacerta, a qualification retained by Rosanoski.

CARDIGAN SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The flag follows a cap badge and resembles Odd Godager & Co.’s.

CARE OFFSHORE S.A.

Care Offshore, also Compagnie d’Armement pour la Recherche et l’Exploitation, is dated to 1987 but appears in the 1985–86 register. Dutch and Italian Care Offshore companies are also listed. It belonged to the privately owned, Channel Islands-based Care Group. Lloyd’s records acquisition with Sosema by Seabulk International in December 1997, though Rosanoski found no mention on Seabulk’s website in November 2006. Many ships had Red names.

France, Paris; later Switzerland, Bursinel.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Exact Sosema/parent use remains uncertain.

Sosemar S.A.

The separate section headed Sosemar S.A. lists Sosema S.A., also Société de Services Maritimes, formed in 1983. It operated as manager and agent, later holding fleets through name companies, and is recorded under Care Offshore at the same Bursinel address.

Switzerland, Nyon; later Bursinel.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Care Offshore / Sosema

The funnel follows Red Pelican in photographs dated 1990–93.

The funnel follows Red Wing on 24 July 2006. Both photographed vessels are listed under Sosema, but the logo is Care Group’s, so Rosanoski assumes use of the parent’s livery.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CARGILL CORPORATION.

W.W. Cargill began as a grain merchant in 1865, expanding in the United States and Canada. Cargill Carriers was formed in 1930 and entered shipowning in 1935.

USA, Minneapolis MN.

CARGILL GRAIN CO. LTD.

Cargill Grain operated tugs, later managed by Eastern Canada Towing. It became a founding member of St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation on privatisation.

Canada, Winnipeg.

CARRGILL MARINE & TERMINAL INC.

This company is recorded in Lloyd’s 1996–97.

USA, Wilmington DE.

CARGILL PERUANA S.A.

Recorded in 1973–74, Cargill Peruana used Calepa ship names followed by Roman numerals.

Peru, Lima.

EXCOMM LTD.

Excomm is recorded in 1978–79 and 1980–81, but its connection with Cargill is not clear in the source.

Bermuda, Hamilton.

NAVOCEAN LTD.

Mitchell attributes this funnel to Navocean. A black-and-white Cheyenne photograph confirms the design, but the ship was found only under Tradax Export, whose name Rosanoski considers more appropriate to the letter shown.

Navocean’s Cargill connection is also unclear. Most of its fleet had been listed under Tradex Export in 1978–79. Ocean Fleets acted as agent, Silver Line operated part of the fleet, and Shipping Management S.A.M. managed its sole ship in 1985–86.

U.K., Liverpool.

TRADAX INTERNACIONAL S.A.

The separately referenced Tradax livery uses a wheat-germ symbol for the ships’ trade. Roy Fenton attributes it to Cargill Inc.; Loughran gives both Cargill and Tradax.

Tradax Belgique was formed at Antwerp in 1953 to represent Cargill’s international interests, followed by Tradax Internacional’s Geneva headquarters in 1956. The source also uses Tradax Export, Tradax N.V. and later Tradax Ocean Transportation. Shipping was placed under the Ocean Transportation business unit, chartering as required. Recorded agents include Tradax, Geneve, H.V. Tradax and Tradax Gestion.

Switzerland, Geneva.

TRADAX NAVIGATION CORPORATION.

Tradax Navigation is recorded in Lloyd’s 1985–86.

Panama, Panama City.

VICTORIA MARINE CO.

Victoria Marine appears in 1970–71 and 1973–74, with Handelsveriging Tradax N.V. as agent.

Netherlands, Amsterdam.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Navocean versus Tradax use unresolved; prior QA2 document decisions preserved.

Cargill International S.A.

The Hong Kong company is recorded under Vaneast Ship Management in 1988–89 and Orient Ship Management in 1992–93.

Hong Kong.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Excomm Ltd. / Tradax

Several Tradax Internacional vessels used Excomm’s funnel in the later 1970s, without an explanation for the connection.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CARGO LINES.

CARGO SHIPS & TANKERS INC.

Recorded for Oceanic, the funnel is black with a broad red band edged white above and below, bearing combined white CST. The initial note associated it with all companies represented by Tramp Freighter Corporation, but the attribution was amended to Cargo Ships & Tankers. No flag is noted.

CARGO SHIPS EL-YAM LTD.

The seven-branched candelabrum is a menorah. On Har Gilead its bottom two bars were recorded as linked; the Har Ramon observation of April 1966 instead gives each a raised step that stops short of the bar above, with pointed tips. The livery differs slightly from that of “El Yam” Bulk Carriers.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Mitchell gives C984 as the principal funnel and C982 without further explanation. His January 1974 Liverpool date probably relates to Har Tabor, for which he supplies a drawing, although by then the vessel belonged under “El Yam” Bulk Carriers.

Exact vessel, company period and retained use remain unsettled.

CARIB MARINE CO.

Carma Zulia’s funnel was noted as khaki. The description gives green or khaki with two widely separated, very narrow black bands and black CM between them, arranged “Pbd”. No flag is noted.

CARIBBEAN LAND & SHIPPING CORPORATION.

Mitchell shows a lighter funnel shade than the flag and appears to associate it with Seven Seas. NJK records similar colours without the letter after charter to Europa-Canada Linie. Bonsor gives the 1955 funnel as blue before the charter was finalised in summer 1956, while a photograph also shows a top. His blue flag with white C is presumed to be C216, although no swallowtail is mentioned.

CARIBBEAN TRAILER EXPRESSS LTD.

Brown shows a square C, whereas Loughran gives an ordinary letter.

CARISBROOKE SHIPPING LTD.

The company used several funnels. Rosanoski rejects Brown’s separated-letter C300 design against website and funnel evidence showing C joined to the top of S, rather than its middle. C620 follows the company logo and its colours: blue R062 G000 B252 and yellow R250 G250 B000. A slight division between the letters in the FOTW C1250 rendering is attributed to the website background grid, not the design. The Dutch affiliate used the parent’s flag.

The funnel follows Vectis Falcon on 17 August 1996.

The funnel follows Sian C on 7 July 2007.

Lijun C at Sydney on 20 August 2011 appears to show a darker blue band and letters matching the funnel ground; Steffi C provides further support.

Mitchell gives no explanation of the different funnels; his line drawings indicate only yellow.

Carins BV

Carins B.V.

The Carins flag was constructed from its website logo. White triangular dashes point inward, with red CARINS at the base and a light-blue wavy line beneath.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CARL BORM-REEDEREI.

The flag is a horizontal black–white–red tricolour with black “CB” centred in the white stripe. A white hoist triangle contains a red Hanseatic cross or cross patty. Rosanoski notes that the FOTW letters are smaller and thicker than those in the source.

The original country section places it in Hamburg and the fleet entries are under Stinnes operators. Exact legal identity, office chronology and the Seewanderer/Seeclipper ownership chain remain unresolved; the 1958 PDF exposed no readable text.

CARL BÜTTNER GMBH & CO. K.G.

The flag is red with white “C.B.” and a white five-pointed star in each corner. Rosanoski identifies Brown’s omission of dots as an error. Al Fisher’s initially pink image was changed to red. The website drawing makes the stars look silver, considered unintentional by Jan Mertens; a real flag on a related mineral-oil firm’s barge has white stars and serifed initials. A flag is also photographed on Biene. Funnel photographs of Admiral and Apatura show the pole angled forward and the starboard lettering readable as if double-sided. The actual flag is not double-sided, as Avalon’s reverse-side photograph demonstrates.

The derivative red pennant has white CB between four five-pointed stars arranged in a rectangle. The initials are serifed and the stars broad-angled. The cited eBay example measured 33 × 85 cm and was stated to be at least forty years old.

CARL F. PETERS (GMBH & CO).

A photograph of Eberhard, Leth’s last vessel, shows the manager’s colours with E replacing L. The registered owner was Reederei tms Eberhard GmbH & Co. Rosanoski could not reconcile the E, suggesting a possible connection with Eberhardt Tankers or similarly named investors associated with the fleets. He does not establish that explanation.

The funnel follows portside and starboard photographs of Heinrich, attributed to Eberhardt Tankers of Hamburg; Eberhard Tankers GmbH is recorded at the same address. Frank shows a more yellowish funnel and the flag flying in January 2005. Funnel shades vary between photographed ships.

CARL FOLKE & CO. A/B.

The cap-badge flag is diagonally quartered white and red with an overall blue F. The red may be darker than the illustration.

CARL H. WITT.

The funnel is recorded by Merchant Ships, the US Navy collection and Mitchell; no verbal design is supplied.

CARL MEENTZEN SCHIFFAHRT & HANDEL GMBH.

M664 follows Esso 1956 and Flaggen & Schornsteine 1957.

M663 follows Esso 1958, US Navy 1961 and Mitchell’s collection.

Partenreederei D.Hastedt

Schneider’s H583 follows the 1956 reference but has small scanning-related differences; Rosanoski states that it should be as H584.

CARL W. HANSSEN TANKSCHIFFAHRT.

Schneider describes the flag as a light-blue–white–light-blue vertical tricolour with a light-blue H in the white stripe. Rosanoski notes that the cited source actually looks greyish blue, leaving the intended shade unclear.

CARLINE S.A.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a broad white band carrying three touching angled oblongs, red, blue and black, arranged “Pbd”. The yellow flag carries a very broad band of the funnel design. Brown shows wider yellow bands and smaller, squatter panels.

CARLISLE & CO.

LJC 1885 attributes this livery to Blue Star Line and its London and Liverpool agents, predating Carlisle’s stated entry into shipowning.

Griffin 1895 gives this version without mentioning Blue Star Line.

Lloyds 1904 also identifies this livery with Blue Star Line.

CARLO PORZIO.

Camelia was observed in October 1965 with a red funnel and black top separated by a narrow white band. No flag was noted.

CARLOS A. GOTHONG LINES INC.

Gothong Southern Shipping Lines

Don Alfredo Sr’s funnel carries the charge on both sides and on the rear, but not the front. The design, without the logo lettering, faces the same way on both sides. Its straight-sided panel spans the full width at the top, then reveals white funnel at the edges as the funnel widens downwards; it could therefore be described as a band at the top. The evidence includes a port-side photograph of 3 June 2009 and a starboard website photograph.

CARLOS WILDBERG.

W170’s funnel and flag come from the Brazilian website’s series covering liveries about 1950. No separate company history or verbal design is supplied.

CARMET TUG CO. LTD.

CARNARVON CRUISES.

The Log shows a white pennant with a horizontal blue band, a white circle bearing Tasmania’s red lion passant guardant, and a yellow C on either side. Photographs differ: one shows a dark, probably blue flag with narrow white upper and lower edges and a white emblem, possibly from a previous owner; a close black-and-white view appears to show a white C. A colour photograph confirms a yellow funnel with a very narrow black top.

CARNEIRO INDUSTRIAL LTDA.

CARNIVAL CORPORATION.

The flag is red with a blue O outlined white. Loughran renders the white as a circle with the blue compressed into an oval and gives narrow white funnel edging. Photographs show the edging widening centrally on Carnival Spirit, Carnival Conquest and Carnival Elation, but remaining even on Carnival Glory, apparently varying with funnel shape. Brown makes the funnel emblem fill most of its width and gives a circular blue area with correspondingly wider white on the flag.

Joe McMillan’s C1328, observed aboard Carnival Miracle in 2005, is red with a white O filled blue. He also cites the corporate website, but Rosanoski notes that the website actually shows the differing C631 version.

Carnival Cruise Lines began early in 1972 as an American International Travel Services subsidiary managed by Ted Arison. Near bankruptcy in 1974, it was bought by Arison for $1 with responsibility for $5 million debt, through a Panamanian holding company called Carnival Corporation. By the end of 1975 it was secure from bankruptcy. Lloyd’s separately dates the operating company’s change from Carnival Cruise Lines Inc. to Carnival Corporation to 1994. The Arison family remained major shareholders. Technical Marine Planning of London was acquired in 1995; a connection with Miami’s Technical Management Planning is only suggested.

Expansion included Holland America in November 1988, a 50% Seabourn interest and 49% Epirotiki interest in 1995, Airtours and Costa interests in 1996, Costa’s joint acquisition with Airtours in 1997 followed by purchase of Airtours’ share, and Cunard in April 1998. The group also held Bolton Steam Shipping through Nosira in 1982–87. Seetours’ A’ROSA brand was sold to Arkona in December 2003; Windstar was sold in February 2007. Iberocruceros was a venture handled through Costa. The later source names All Leisure Group as Swan Hellenic’s owner.

USA, Miami [Doral] FL; UK, London is recorded in 1973–74.

CARNIVAL PLC.

Carnival plc’s early operating companies included P&O Cruises (UK), Princess and Swan Hellenic. Swan Hellenic originated in 1954 when the Hellenic Society approached Swan’s Travel Bureau to organise a Greek Islands cruise. Initially a charterer, it merged into P&O Princess in 1986 and continued as a brand.

UK, London.

Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc.

On 17 April 2003 Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess Cruises combined through a dual-listed structure; P&O Princess became Carnival plc. They remained separate legal entities operating as one economic group. The contemporary portfolio comprised Carnival, Princess, Holland America, Windstar, Seabourn, Costa, Cunard, P&O Cruises, Ocean Village, Swan Hellenic, AIDA, A’ROSA and P&O Cruises Australia.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Ocean Village

Ocean Village’s funnel is purple at the front, with a white oval extending onto the side and continuing around the rear. The side has “ocean”, with gold o, red c and the remaining letters purple, above small purple VILLAGE. The recorded purple is 225-0-150. The short funnel leaves any arrangement on a taller funnel uncertain. The flag follows a photographed stem jack. Ocean Village was a brand under Carnival plc; its phase-out was announced in October 2008 for 2009–10, with ships moving to P&O Cruises Australia.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Swan Hellenic

S1008 follows Minerva in June 1999 while under P&O control. S1009 follows Minerva II in 2004; both sides show the swan facing forward, mirrored. A possible flag bearing the funnel logo is too small in the starboard photograph to identify confidently.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CARR SHIPPING & TRADING CO. PTY. LTD.

CARRAS.

Rosanoski assumes C252 originally belonged to the UK operations, perhaps later Carras Shipping Co., and probably never Carras (Hellas), despite Brown 1995. US Navy 1961 attributes it to Argobeam; Brown 1982 names J.C. Carras & Sons of London and Brown 1995 Carras (Hellas) S.A. of Piraeus. The funnel is also recorded for companies under A. Lusi, probably reflecting the 1965 takeover. Mitchell appears to use mid-blue. Jarig Bakker’s flag follows Brown 1995 under Carras (Hellas) Ltd.

C453 is white with a large red sans-serif K and two thin blue lines near, but not touching, the horizontal edges. The flag is documented by Josef Nüsse and the Cabin Class website. The funnel follows photographs of Aquabella and Aquabeauty, the latter dated 8 May 2005. Its blue bands differ substantially in shade from the Nüsse flag; Mitchell shows dark blue bands, possibly indicating a change.

The Caltex Book of Flags and Funnels (1959) gives J.M. Carras a blue flag with a white K, describing a Greek company operating under Panamanian and Liberian flags.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Mitchell gives C917 for Seacaptain of Marnica Compañia Naviera S.A.; Rosanoski could trace neither in Lloyd’s.

A surname and C cannot establish the operating company.

CARRYORE LTD.

Manse gives St. Catherines, Ontario as the domicile and shows the same funnel for Nipigon Transport. Rosanoski considers its leaf probably a maple leaf.

CASA DOMINGOS JOAQUIM DA SILVA S.A.

The Brazilian website documents this livery for 1950.

CASCADIA CONTAINER LINE.

CASSIER FISH PACKING CO.

A red flag with a black C was shown for the cannery at ICV 18 and NAVA 33 in 1999, as reported by Jan Mertens.

CAST CONTAINER LINE.

The C594 flag follows Brown 1995, which places the company in Belgium. The funnel follows Cast Porcupine on 20 June 1992, when the ship was managed by Able Ship Management Ltd.

C850 follows a photograph of Cast Progress dated 11 August 2001. Its connection with this company is assumed rather than demonstrated in the source.

CASTAÑER Y ORTIZ S.A.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top and two widely spaced narrow blue bands; a panel of the flag lies between them. The flag is a white pennant bearing a blue stylised C above an O.

CASTLE LINE STEAM FISHING CO. LTD.

The illustration derives from a black-and-white copy of Olsen’s Fisherman’s Almanac 1911. Funnel colours are not specified and were guessed. The flag’s castle lines are marked K, which Rosanoski assumes probably means khaki.

CATSKILL EVENING LINE.

CAY, HALL & CO.

The company retained M. Cay’s white flag with a red border and red saltire merging into it. The funnel is red with a black top and a broad white band, separated from the top by an equal width of funnel. Griffin shows a normal band well down the funnel; Lloyd’s shows a very deep black top.

CELAL SADIKOGLU DENIZCILIK SAN VE TICARET A/S.

The blue funnel bears a white K between two white half-rings, one above and one below. The blue pennant carries the same emblem.

CELEBRATION CRUISE LINE.

The funnel follows a photograph of Bahamas Celebration dated 12 October 2009. Its emblem derives from the company logo but differs in colour, arrangement and lettering; the colours remain uncertain because the enlarged photograph is blurred. A starboard photograph dated 18 April 2009 shows the emblems mirrored and angled aft.

CELEBRITY CRUISES INC.

The X emblem is the Greek chi inherited from Chandris. Josef Nüsse’s table flag has a white X on blue. Ivan Sache suggested that a later blue-X logo might imply the white-X flag predated the merger. Rosanoski cautions that website pages show both colour arrangements and that ship photographs still show white on blue.

Photographs of Celebrity Century on 12 May 2008 show a blue flag with an enhanced white X above two words, flown from the mast and as a stem jack. Rosanoski thinks the words likely to be Celebrity Cruises, with taller initials, but cannot read them clearly or determine the case of the remaining letters. A Celebrity Infinity stem jack photographed on 20 May 2013 appears to support lower-case letters after the initials. The C920 funnel follows portside Century on 1 August 2005 and starboard Constellation on 24 May 2005. Century’s ventilation openings can produce an apparent striped effect, like C918 but with a different base.

The actual funnels are shorter than the drawings suggest, with the X occupying nearly their full height.

Ocean Ships gives C918 as an alternative to C919. C918 is supported by Mercury and a black-and-white Century photograph. It may be the version mentioned by NJK, with a possible dark-blue/black confusion, although a genuine livery change is also possible.

Later vessels have the cross edged yellow, as in C921. Constellation photographs in 2002 and the 2003 Cruise Ship Guide support this design. The red exhaust surround is not treated as a funnel top. The structure has ventilation openings that could suggest narrow white bands, but Rosanoski renders it as blue.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The funnel is yellow or buff, with a narrow black top and a red “G”. It was noted on Gloria in September 1965, but Rosanoski warns that the sighting may not concern this company: the vessel does not appear in the cited register.

Exact Celestial entity and user of G are unknown.

CELTIC COASTERS LTD.

CELTIC PACIFIC SHIPPING LTD. (1)

Celtic Pacific (1)

Celtic Kiwi retained the Holm & Co. funnel.

The Cook Islands company acquired Holmdale in February 1991 and renamed her Celtic Kiwi. She sank on 27 October 1991. Rosanoski finds no apparent connection with the Isle of Man company of the same name.

Cook Islands, Avatiu.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Celtic Pacific (2)

The Isle of Man concern is listed as a manager in 1992–93 and 1998. Omitted from Lloyd’s in 2000, it later appears online as an employment agency.

UK, Douglas, Isle of Man.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CEMENTA A/B.

US Navy and Stewart centre the C on the flag, whereas two Collectors Corner cap badges clearly put it towards the hoist. Rosanoski suggests C rather than S may refer to the marketing company Cementa, established in 1893.

Later cap badges show a white flag with a blue design. Collectors Corner gives the emblem a narrower vertical stroke; Brown 1982 makes it the same width as the horizontal stroke. A Sunnanvik photograph confirms the funnel. FOTW displayed the flag both under Skånska Cement and under Cementa.

Mitchell’s sequence from Skånska Cement to A/B Cementa and then Euroc, with new colours and management, presumably accounts for C219 and C908.

The funnel appears to originate with Västanvik. Its general arrangement is supported by an Ostanvik photograph, though distance prevents clear identification of detail and colours.

The portside funnel follows Sunnanvik. The starboard photograph shows a partial mirror image with the panel angled forward.

Slite Cement & Kalk

Slite Cement & Kalk used a white–blue–white horizontal triband with a blue circle towards the hoist, extending across and merging with the bands, containing a white S.

Cementa

Skånska Cementaktiebolaget was founded in 1871. Skånska Cementgjuteriet became independent in 1887, and Svenska Cementförsäljningsaktiebolaget Cementa was formed in 1893 to co-ordinate marketing. The 1924 foundation of Skånska Cement A/B appears to concern shipping alone. Lloyd’s dates its change to Cementa to 1947, but Rosanoski questions this because ships remained under the former name until about 1970; other accounts give 1969.

Slite Cement & Kalk began shipping with the sailing vessel Fredrika in 1917 and apparently joined interests with Skånska Cement after the war. Ships were based first in Malmö, then Stockholm from 1976 and Slite from 1986, although Lloyd’s continued to give Stockholm. Managers recorded in the 1950s include E. Wehtje and Arendt de Jounge, each handling part of the fleet in 1958–59. Vessel names mainly ended in vik.

Cementa acquired Gullhögen in 1973, when Euroc became its parent. The accounts differ over the operating names: one gives Skånska Cement becoming Industri A/B Euroc in 1973 and Cementa in 1979. Euroc merged with Aker in 1996 as Scancem; Heidelberger Zement and Cimenteries CBR acquired a majority in 1999. Elias Granqvist reported in 2000 that Scancem apparently no longer owned ships, while Lloyd’s continued to show Cementa’s fleet. Torvald Klaveness took over on 1 September 2003. By April 2005 the fleet was listed under Klaveness Cement Logistics A/B, formed in 2003, probably reflecting the takeover.

Sweden, Målmo; Stockholm is also recorded.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Skånska Cementgjuteriet

Skånska Cementgjuteriet, originally a subsidiary and independent from 1887, is separately recorded as a shipowning concern from about 1970 to 1996, later named Skanska A/B and Skanska Dredging A/B. Its dredging activities were sold to Boskalis in the 1990s.

Sweden, Stockholm and Malmö.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CENARGO INTERNATIONAL LTD.

C42 is blue with a gold emblem towards the hoist, described by Jorge Candeias as a “3-pointed star of hooks”. Rosanoski records the gold as RGB 255, 200, 0. FOTW later replaced this drawing with C102.

The FOTW flag follows Brown 1995 but uses a bright blue, noted by Rosanoski as 255.

C103 follows Merchant Pride at Lyttelton on 19 May 1991. The Hong Kong-registered vessel had been built for Taiyan Shipping Co. of Panama. JLL confirmed the Cenargo connection but did not explain the apparent flag and funnel colour discrepancy. NJK had seen the markings on other Merchant-named ships, suggesting a possible group livery.

CENK GROUP.

The funnel follows a starboard photograph of Cenk A on 7 October 2010. Its logo faces forward as a mirror image of the portside arrangement recorded in another photograph.

CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICAN TELEGRAPH CO.

Central & South American Telegraph and its associate Mexican Telegraph shared the livery.

Central & South American Telegraph

James Scrymser founded the company in 1881. A history of Guantanamo Bay records its renaming as All America Cables, Incorporated on 15 February 1920 and All America Cables and Radio, Incorporated on 22 August 1938. That account calls the predecessor Central and South American Cable Company; Rosanoski suggests Telegraph was intended.

USA, New York.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Mexican Telegraph

Scrymser also founded Mexican Telegraph Co. in 1880. It was sold to Western Union Telegraph Co. in 1927 and later nationalised by the Mexican government.

USA, New York, assumed.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CENTRAL ASIAN STATE RIVER SHIPPING AUTHORITY.

The original pennant is white with a red border, two crossed blue anchors, a red crescent and lettering described as USSR. Victor Lomantsov dates adoption to the 1920s. Željko Heimer questioned the reported SSSR lettering, suggesting it might be a misreading of SARP; this remains unresolved.

The later version omits the crescent. Lomantsov saw this in 1970s magazines and thought it remained in use into the 1990s.

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY GENERATING BOARD.

Brown 1958’s notes amend C503 to omit funnel lettering and suggest that the flag letters may be C.E.G.B.

CENTRAL GULF LINES INC.

C507 is a red swallowtail with an eight-pointed white compass star. Loughran says the funnel predates the flag and dates the first flag to 1963, although the C507 drawing is attributed to US Navy 1961; the chronology is not reconciled.

A starboard photograph of Green Ridge on 27 May 2008 confirms the black-topped funnel. Mitchell also records its use by A/S Mosvold Shipping Co. on bareboat charters. The FOTW flag follows Brown 1995.

C509 adds black lettering to the star: a large C encloses a smaller G, which in turn encloses the start of the smaller word LINES. Rosanoski saw it ashore at Lyttelton’s Time Ball station for Greenwave on 28 January 1989. It appeared swallowtailed, but another sighting described a rectangle; it may be a shore advertising flag. The star was enlarged in the drawing to make the lettering legible.

The C803 funnel follows Green Lake and is assumed to bear only the diamond. Its flag comes from the group website and is probably the flag recorded as C509.

C965 follows a portside photograph of Green Cove on 28 February 2007.

C966 follows Green Lake on 9 January 2005. Only the upper funnel is visible, so the expected buff base remains conjectural. This appears to be a later vessel of the name; the earlier Green Lake had C803 and a dark-blue hull.

C967 follows Green Point on 17 December 2004 and a sighting reported in March 2007.

CENTRAL MARINE K.K.

Mitchell’s emblem looks like a slightly angled N made from disconnected strokes, though the letter has no apparent connection with the company. Nord Tradition on 12 February 2010 shows this funnel; the ship was recorded as owned and managed by Ocean Transit Carrier, without an apparent Yamamaru Kisen connection.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

C1070 follows Cielo Lucia on 15 April 2009. Its reddish-brown symbol resembles dried blood and looks redder from a distance. The design was attributed to manager Yamamaru Kisen, possibly as an inverted Y, but not all Yamamaru-managed ships carried it, while Anglo-Eastern-managed Mulberry Paris did. Yamamaru and Central Marine shared a telex, and an agent described Yamamaru as involved somewhere in the chain; the precise relationship remains unclear.

Central Marine/Yamamaru role and symbol ownership unresolved.

CENTRANS OCEAN SHIPPING LOGISTICS GROUP.

Sky Lucky at Brisbane on 9 December 2007 had CIF on the hull and a yellow funnel, probably bearing the company logo in blue with red letters. The angle obscures detail and the blue shade. An apparent black top in a September photograph was shown by later views to be exhaust staining.

Renamed Sky Interest 1, the ship on 26 January 2008 showed a different, large blue emblem, dilapidated on the port side and apparently painted out to starboard. This suggests C1206, also seen on Sky Apollo leaving Bluff on 17 August 2010.

Sky Apollo previously had the grey C1207 funnel at Koper on 3 May 2008.

C1208 follows a photograph of Sky Aphrodite.

C1209 follows Sky Jupiter on 9 August 2010.

CENTREPORT LTD.

The Harbour Board flag is blue with a white circle containing simplified arms: a dark-brown anchor with two vertical blue stripes near each end of the crossbar, a blue cod between two yellow stars, and a four-pointed yellow embattled crown with white mortar lines and a red base. Below is a blue scroll with white FIRME DUM FIDE. These colours and details were checked against an actual museum flag. The company described the fish as a cod, despite published descriptions calling it a dolphin. The funnel carried the crest without the flag’s added scroll.

The Board’s floating plant used the ensign, omitting the motto scroll. The Kupe model in Wellington Maritime Museum supplied the funnel version, with much of the crest bronze and the two stars blue. Rosanoski nevertheless favours W284’s colours, supported by contemporary descriptions of the actual crests.

The Harbour Board funnel continued after 1988. By 1992 Kupe had a silver-grey funnel, black top and broad charcoal-grey band carrying a movable disc and the new Port of Wellington emblem. Intended lettering was omitted because it proved physically impracticable. The emblem represented New Zealand with Wellington as the trade hub: blue except for the gold upper North Island portion. The disc covered a ventilation opening and could be moved for access. The original blue emblem clashed with the red hull and superstructure, prompting experiments.

W287, sometimes depicted as white, was actually silver in a Kupe photograph of 18 March 1993. The emblem, described as clock hands, remained on a movable disc that blended into the funnel colour.

In November 1993 Kupe retained the silver-grey funnel but gained a white-and-red biband below the black top. Toia still had a buff funnel with black top.

By 20 August 1994 Kupe’s disc had been removed: closing the fire flaps with it in place took too long.

The discs were intended to be modified after work on Toia, but the scheme had not proceeded by 2005. Both tugs reverted to cream-and-black funnels, documented on Toia in March 1993 and March 1998 and Kupe in July 1997. A possible grey top on Kupe in May 1998 apparently proved to be undercoat for black repainting.

The Port of Wellington flag was white, with the geographic logo entirely blue rather than blue and gold. W290 was the 1:2 building flag. W431 was a 3:4 storm flag for manned tugs and the pilot launch in daylight, its shorter form reducing flogging and fly droop. Its adoption date is unspecified. The company’s November 1994 letter shows all-capital lettering, but its logo and observed flags mix upper and lower case; Rosanoski regards the letter’s illustrations as erroneous.

W291 shortens the words to Port Wellington and is recorded as 2:3. The source’s photograph descriptions are inconsistent: the September 1995 flag is described both as the shorter version and as W290, while the October 1996 view is called the long version, perhaps old stock, and elsewhere cited for W291. The sequence therefore remains qualified.

The CentrePort identity announced on 28 May 1999 introduced a white flag with blue upper and gold lower symbols and black lettering, confirmed aboard Toia. The wharf-entrance logo instead had a blue ground, gold upper and white lower symbols and gold lettering. Funnel colours did not change. Rosanoski thought the long flag might have displaced the storm version, but tug flag sightings were too infrequent to establish that conclusively.

CENTROFIN MANAGEMENT INC.

The funnel was recorded on Serano at Singapore in June 2001. The illustration follows Semaru on 5 November 2004 and CE Niris on 11 July 2006. Josef Nüsse’s table flag bears CENTROFIN MANAGEMENT INC in the hoist, with taller initial letters.

CENTRUMLINJEN REDERI A/B.

The cap badge shows a white tapered swallowtail with a blue target of two rings pierced by a blue-outlined triangular dart. Yellow outlines on the badge make the dart’s colour uncertain; Rosanoski uses Marinart’s verbal funnel description to interpret it as blue. The funnel is cream with a black top, confirmed in a black-and-white Orestad photograph. Its dart apparently differs from the flag by not striking at an angle.

C960 may be an incorrect interpretation based on the starboard side.

CEPHALONIA SHIPPING (PTY) LTD.

Cephalonia Shipping registered its flag with the South African Bureau of Heraldry on 18 April 1975: a rectangular blue flag bearing a golden sun in splendour.

CERBA DENIZCILIK A.S.

The funnel follows a portside photograph of Pruva, IMO 9086928, on 26 March 2013. The vessel’s registered owner from January 2003 was Pruva Denizcilik ve Ticater A.S.; management changed to Cerba in 2011. The CerBa group logo is retained as source context.

Central Navigation Corporation

Seachem Tankers

Mitchell records S1065 for San Pedro. Initially attributed to its owner Chapel Navigation, it was identified by NJK as Seachem Tankers’ livery. It reverses Mitchell’s other Seachem design, possibly reflecting the starboard side. A very narrow black top may be present.

Mitchell’s S1066 is also attributed to Seachem and may use the logo discussed in connection with GasLog. Fratrenity at Singapore on 17 June 2001 had dark-blue bands and a pale-blue logo.

Seachem Tankers is attributed both to Peter Livanos, as founder in 1989, and to Dr. Arthur G. Robinson after Canadian Pacific’s tanker division was sold to Livanos. Its locations are variously Monte Carlo, London and Singapore. It joined with Odfjell Tankers as Odfjell Seachem; the foundation and corporate descriptions are retained without merging the accounts.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CERRAHGIL DENIZCILIK NAKLIYAT VE TICARET A.S.

CERRAHOGULLARI UMUMI NAKLIYAT-VAPURCULUK VE TICARET A.S.

C349’s funnel was recorded on M. Mehmet in July 1966. The accompanying flag was not mentioned and is assumed.

The selected ship-history pages could not be retrieved. A 1954 purchase does not itself establish incorporation in 1954, and the exact legal-name evolution remains unresolved.

CESUR-CEBI KAPTANOĞLU GEMICILIK ISLETMESI LTD. SIRKETI.

The livery follows the Kalkavan design. Mitchell associates K397 with the first Haci Arif Kaptan, 1590/1977.

K398 is based on the later Haci Arif Kaptan, 7641/1983, photographed on 17 June 2009.

CEYLON SHIPPING CORPORATION LTD.

The flag has horizontal yellow, white and blue bands with the company seal centrally. The seal is a blue disc on a larger white disc, with two white wavy lines across the blue base and yellow CSC outlined blue above; gold writing on the white disc appears to be in local script. Funnel band proportions differ: Lanka Mahapola on 15 May 2005 has a red band twice the width of the white bands, while Brown 1995 makes red very broad and white very narrow. Mitchell shows a wider red band on an unexplained D. Oltmann card, but equal bands and a darker blue on the company card.

CEYLON STEAM SHIP CO. LTD.

Coastal operations in Ceylon do not establish the legal country. The archive’s Jaffna, Colombo and London attributions remain unresolved because the selected gazette retrieval failed and no legal registration chain was established.

CHAMBER & HEISER.

The flag is a vertical blue–white–red tricolour with three swallowtails. White occupies most of the field, including the upper and lower tails; red occupies only the middle tail. No funnel is recorded.

CHAMBERLAIN & PHELPS.

CHAMBERS & HEISER.

CHAMPION TANKERS A/S.

The funnel follows starboard Champion Pacific and portside Champion Spirit, the latter photographed on 5 July 2009. The website’s flag drawing is dark blue with white sans-serif CT, the C higher than the T. Jan Mertens found no flag photograph, so actual use is not established by that illustration.

CHAN KAI KIT.

Seng Kong No. 1 had a yellow or buff funnel with a black top. No flag was noted.

CHANDRIS GROUP.

C126 appears to be the general group livery. A photograph of Vassos, sold in 1939, suggests the funnel change preceded the Second World War. It is attributed to Charlton Steam Shipping, Novor Shipping, Mrs. Evginia J. Chandris, Chandris (Hellas) and Chandris Marine Services. Stewart 1953 omits the white funnel bands, which Rosanoski regards as a printing error. Marivik in March 2000 confirms the funnel. Simsmetal used the flag on its chartered namesake in 1969–72.

Romanza in April 1988 confirms the C128/C212 funnel. Its flag appears blue with a white X, but the small photograph cannot establish white bands or even a rectangular shape. These funnels may have been confined, or later confined, to passenger vessels. Brown 1982 attributes C212 to A.J. & D.J. Chandris. Rosanoski questions Mitchell’s cargo-ship-related attribution to Chandris Maritime Services.

C923 follows Astrea and appears to be a tanker design, also seen on Aktea.

The archive combines several family, cargo, passenger and international companies. The retrieved current report does not establish the complete historical legal continuity or all entity countries. The profile page returned an internal-server error.

Pyramid Navigation

The separately catalogued P398 funnel follows port and starboard photographs of Chris in April 2007. Its yellow is uncertain, appearing cream in one view and golden in the other.

Pyramid Navigation in Egypt was a longstanding tanker associate. Its foundation is dated 1978 or 1979, and its location given as Dokki, Giza City, or Alexandra by Mitchell. J.D. Chandris chaired it, and Lloyd’s recorded operation and agency through successive Chandris companies.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHANG BAI SHAN SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The funnel appears to belong to Mawan, listed in 1985–86.

CHANG MYUNG SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The website explains the logo as an organic combination of C and M, with thick, soft curves symbolising ChangMyung’s sea route towards the world. It links the name to the blue sea and an outward-looking spirit of challenge.

C971 is supported by C. March at Newcastle on 14 April 2007 and a C. Champ photograph dated 11 February 2007. The latter’s source-access date is given as 2003, an unresolved dating inconsistency.

C1090 instead uses a conventional C, seen on C. Galaxy in September 2007 and on C. Iris and C. Journey.

C1091 follows C. Polaris.

C1092 follows C. Utopia.

C. Triumph at Newcastle on 29 May 2009 has a straight-sided C but rounded points on the M. A taller version of the logo appears white on the black hull.

C1398 follows a portside photograph of CH Bella dated 22 September 2013.

CHANG SUNG SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The ships have individually differing funnels incorporating a logo that apparently combines stylised C and S.

C1335 follows port and starboard photographs of Zenovia, the portside view dated 29 June 2008.

C1336 follows starboard Eny on 1 February 2007.

C1337 follows portside Fany on 22 November 2011 and starboard Fany on 20 February 2014.

C1338 follows starboard Ioanthi on 11 September 2006.

CHAPMAN & WILLAN LTD.

The apparent band or panel may depend on the narrow funnel: the same design can be described either way.

Reed 1912 presents a similar band/panel ambiguity. A Carlton photograph shows a panel at an angle that would resemble a band from the side. Stewart 1953 and 1957 attributes C124 to Cambay and Carlton, suggesting group livery. FOTW initially misnamed the company Chapman & Wilson before correction.

CHARGEURS DE L'OUEST.

Talbot-Booth uses Chargeurs de l’Ouest while Brown retains the earlier name. Merchant Ships places the flag under Société Navale de l’Ouest and calls it probably discontinued, an association Rosanoski considers incorrect. He also rejects Brown 1951’s attribution under that name.

CHARGEURS S.A.

The sources differ over the number of stars visible on the funnel band: two, three, or partly visible outer stars. This suggests five around the full band, as one source explicitly states, although Jordan merely describes a row. A black-and-white photograph of Kergulen shows three. Griffin gives a narrow black funnel top; a Brazilian livery illustration uses brown, possibly representing dark yellow or buff. The five stars are said to represent the five continents.

A later flag adds a red oblong at the hoist. Brown places it upright, whereas the Nüsse flag has it slanting slightly per bend sinister. The change may relate to the 1988 company name, but the earlier version continued to be quoted.

C832 is sourced to Mitchell’s collection; no separate written description or date of adoption is supplied.

CHARLES BREWER & CO.

The flag is blue with a horizontal red band. No funnel applies to the sailing fleet.

CHARLES CONNELL & CO. LTD.

The funnel is recorded for Vancouver Island.

Charles Connell’s shipowning business appears under Denholm operation from 1970–71 through 1980–81. It sold Blairdale Shipping to Thos. & Jas. Harrison in 1986.

UK, Glasgow.

CHARLES CONNELL & CO. (SHIPBUILDERS) LTD.

The shipbuilding company is recorded as a Lloyd’s subscriber from 1862 and belonged to the CSY Group. It became a division of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders on 7 February 1968, following the November 1967 merger agreement with John Brown of Clydebank, Fairfields, Alexander Stephen & Sons and Yarrow.

UK, Scotstoun in 1862; later Glasgow.

CHARLES CRAVOS & CO.

Mitchell’s funnel has a slightly wider white band and a slightly different C.

CHARLES G. & H. COFFIN.

Nantucket Signals attributes C1122 to C.G. & H. Coffin, and C1123 both to Charles G. Coffin and to C.G. & H. Coffin.

Nantucket Signals omits stars from the canton because their number and arrangement varied.

CHARLES H. FORD.

The flag is yellow with a red border and red F. Jarig Bakker suggests Groveland retained the British house flag after transfer to Swedish hands. Lloyds 1912 lists it for both Ford and Jönsson.

CHARLES HILL & SONS.

LJC shows both H206 and H76, assigning the former to Bristol City Line. Most sources from Brown 1926 onward give Hill and Bristol City the same livery. A black-and-white photograph of Coventry City confirms the H76 funnel.

Bakker’s H207 FOTW flag represents Bristol City Line of Steamships and derives from a National Maritime Museum example dated about 1951, measuring 1371.6 by 1828.8 mm.

CHARLES M. WILLIE & CO. (SHIPPING) LTD.

W563 is apparently the original Willie funnel, associated with Rudby, though its line drawing also shows plain black.

Mitchell dates these colours to 1973. Coastal Ships & Ferries describes the panel as the Welsh flag: a red dragon on white and green bands.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag from Brown 1995 is horizontally white over green with a red dragon on the white.

Celtic Carrier’s port-side view shows a grey W shaded black. Celtic Forrester’s starboard view mirrors it, with the dragon and W shading facing forward on both sides. The Celtic Pioneer note instead calls the charge a lion and has it facing aft. Celtic Pride suggests that the shading of both letter and dragon may result from light on welded-on emblems, although the shield’s black border remains.

W565’s flag is from Celtic Fortune on 18 October 2008.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The source list numbers the Mitchell funnel B1064, while the discussion calls it B1069. Its letter suggests Bromage Shipping, presumed managed by Willie; Mitchell’s vessel drawing nevertheless has a plain black funnel.

Neither initial nor probable management proves mark user.

CHARLES PULLEN.

The flag was plain red, tapered, with a square point.

CHARLES RISCHBEITH.

CHARLES SCHOLL.

Lloyds 1904 omits dots after the letters. The flag appears as number 20 on plate CXII of the 1923 Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives, but not in the 1928 Flaggenbuch.

CHARLES STRUBIN & CO. LTD.

Jordan specifies a silver funnel band. Merchant Ships states that there was no house flag.

This livery apparently applied only to Fort Nottingham.

CHARLICK OPERATIONS PTY. LTD.

South Sea Lines

South Sea Lines used a blue flag with a stylised C, differing from the Charlick funnel design. Rosanoski found no apparent flag for Charlick’s earlier operations in its own name.

South Sea Lines, based in Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, operated Charlick-owned ships from the early 1970s to early 1980s.

CHARLTON, MCALLUM & CO.LTD.

Reed 1891 appears to show a light-blue flag border. Merchant Ships 1944 qualifies this as a feature that may once have been used.

The flag’s diamond varies in size between sources.

Charlton, McAllum & Co.

Charlton, McAllum & Co. were steamship owners from 1883 and operated Charlton Steam Shipping Co. Their general tramps had names beginning with H and ending in side.

U.K., Newcastle.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Charlton Steam Shipping

After the takeover Charlton Steam Shipping used Chandris livery, catalogued separately as C126. FOTW likewise shows the Chandris flag.

Charlton Steam Shipping is dated to 1892. Its acquisition by the Chandris family is given as 1945 in two accounts, but another says established or acquired by D. & A. Chandris in 1946. It became the group’s British-flag carrier, operated by Chandris (England), later Chandris (London).

U.K., London.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHARRINGTON, GARDNER, LOCKET (LONDON) LTD.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top, separated from the body by a white–blue–white triband with the blue broader. The flag is a blue pennant with a white pall surmounted by an unoutlined white circle bearing blue C. Talbot-Booth outlines the circle black; most sources give the pall as white, but Ships & The Sea calls it silver. US Navy attributes the livery to Charrington S.S. Co.

CHARTER CRAFT & MARINE SERVICES PTY. LTD.

KEYSTONE SHIPPING CO.

The yellow flag has blue stripes near its upper and lower edges and a central blue CK monogram, for Charles Kurz. Keystone Texas in March 2009 confirms a very narrow black funnel top, still narrower blue bands and their lower placement. A Great Lakes chart has a larger monogram and lighter blue. Rosanoski distinguishes the Key Lakes flag in Know Your Ships from the Great Lakes Fleet funnel on another page, identified as U228.

K95 is retained from Brown 1951.

Chas. Kurz & Co.

Charles Kurz began maritime business in 1909 with contracted ship services, then chartered, purchased and built vessels. Chas. Kurz was the parent of the Keystone-Kurz group, including Keystone Shipping, which he founded.

USA, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Kurz Marine

Ocean Ships 1967 indicates that Kurz Marine used Mobil livery.

Kurz Marine and the associated Kurz Tankers were listed under Socony Mobil and later Mobil management before appearing independently in the registers.

USA, Wilmington, Delaware, and later New York.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Keystone Shipping

Keystone’s Alaskan fleet was combined with BP and Overseas Shipholding Group interests in 1999 as Alaska Tanker Co. On the Great Lakes it operated through Key Lakes as manager of the fleet associated here with United States Steel; Keystone Great Lakes is dated to 1999. Ian Stevenson describes continued Kurz family ownership in 2003. Jan Mertens’s later contribution gives a 1919 foundation and a Keystone Dedicated Logistics connection, differing from the document’s 1909 career history and 1941 Keystone heading.

USA, Philadelphia and Bala-Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHAVAL-NAVEGAÇAO LTDA.

CHELLARAM SHIPPING (HONG KONG) LTD.

The D on the earlier flag is probably connected with the Darya naming system. Darya Shubh still carried K14 in April 1997. The name change brought a new flag, documented by Josef Nüsse.

C448’s colours are disputed. Darya Sur was reported with a dark-blue funnel and white band in June 2001, but website and downloaded photographs suggested black to Rosanoski; NJK reaffirmed dark blue. Darya Shakti in November 2010 shows a very pale band, while Darya Vishnu in October 2001 supports cream. Nüsse’s older table flag looks cream, the later image possibly white. The company logo and table flag support orange and dark blue, while ship photographs can make the emblem look red and the wavy lines light blue. Rosanoski retains possible very dark blue and notes that photography, lighting or actual changes may explain the differences.

A starboard Darya Sur photograph of 27 June 2008 shows a white band, including paint over the ventilation panel, unlike C1319. A November 2000 portside view appears yellowish. The source nevertheless suggests any change dates from 2009, leaving the chronology uncertain.

Darya Raag’s panel was reported as extending from the aft edge about three-quarters forward, with an angled aft edge apparently following funnel shape. Darya Taal’s November 2005 photographs show panels extending about two-thirds forward before stopping at ventilation slats, without wrapping around the back. Their colour ranges from light orange-pink to yellowish between views; the emblem’s orange appears red and its blue varies from sky blue to nearly black. These photographic colours are explicitly treated with caution.

C1360 follows Darya Dyyan on 4 April 2006, with an off-white band and red logo. Rosanoski suggests that without ventilation panels the interrupted C1319 panel would extend into a band like this one.

CHELLEW NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

C798 appears under Chellew & Co., Richard B. Chellew, successive steam-navigation names and Baden H. Roberts. Merchant Ships also indexes the funnel under F.C. Perman.

C799 is recorded for Chellew Steamship Management and Chellew Navigation. Talbot-Booth initially uses Chellew Steam Navigation, changing to Chellew Steamship Management in Merchant Ships 1944; Perman’s index entry also includes this funnel.

F.C. PERMAN.

F.C. Perman, also recorded as Perman & Co. Ltd., operated both Chellew companies. Calpean Shipping and Mackintosh & Co. (Gibraltar) were also listed under it, without ships specified.

U.K., London.

Chellew

Richard Chellew began the business in 1889, trading under his own name and as Chellew & Co. A separate corporate account starts Pengreep Shipping Co. in 1913, acquiring ten companies’ assets in 1918 and becoming R.B. Chellew Steam Navigation, then Chellew Navigation in 1919. Later sources still use Chellew Steam Navigation. The London owning company and Cardiff-based Chellew Steamship Management were operated through F.C. Perman and later Baden H. Roberts. Ships used the prefix Pen. The business joined Esk Shipping in December 1955, when its markings disappeared.

U.K., originally Truro, then Cardiff and London.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHELLSEA PTE. LTD.

The marking follows Durga Devi on 10 February 2013. There is no proper funnel: the company logo is on the superstructure.

CHEMBULK TANKERS LLC.

The funnel variants follow Chembulk Shanghai photographs, including a starboard view of 16 July 2009, and portside Chembulk Tortula on 21 February 2014. Chembulk Westport’s grey funnel was described as the second paint scheme. Chembulk Houston appears white on 7 February 2009 and grey on 21 March, helping date the change.

BLT Chembulk Group

CBL Tankers do Brasil Ltda.

CHEMGAS SHIPPING B.V.

C452 is white with blue triangles in the upper hoist and lower fly, each bearing three white waves. The central hexagon has small black circles instead of dots, three blue waves apparently flowing towards the fly, and black lower-case Chemgas beneath. Josef Nüsse labels both flags Chemtrans, but the lettering, his chemg codes and the company website logo support Chemgas. Rosanoski considers possible confusion with a separate Rotterdam Chemtrans. Trout on 1 June 2009 shows the small funnel; a flag panel on other white funnels is only a suggestion.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

C451 is blue with a white lozenge containing a black-outlined hexagon, black dots at its corners and three blue waves through it. Duwvaart supplies a black-and-white illustration under Chemgas, although the FOTW drawing was presented as Chemtrans.

Exact company attribution remains unresolved.

Chemgas Terminal, Vlissingen

P025 number conflict concerns a different funnel, not this terminal flag.

Chemgas Terminal

The Chemgas Terminal flag uses green in place of the blue areas. The lower-case chemgas name moves right into the area of the lower green triangle, with green TERMINAL below. An actual 150 × 220 cm flag appeared in a German eBay offer ending 25 June 2007. It was thought probably no longer in use.

Chemgas Terminal at Vlissingen became Vopak Terminal after takeover, possibly in connection with the 2003 shipping-company transaction. That connection is not established.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Chembulk Tankers Inc. (CTI)

C1214 follows Chembulk Rotterdam at Wellington on 6 May 2003, flying the MTM Ship Management flag.

C1215 follows Chembulk Shanghai on 30 November 2005.

CHEMIKALIEN SEETRANSPORT GMBH.

Chemtrans Em on 9 March 2010 confirms the funnel, appearing dark blue in poor light rather than the light blue originally drawn. Chemtrans Rhine on 2 July 2012, in good conditions, shows a darker sky blue.

Rosanoski considers the S incorrectly shaped in C17, whose FOTW flag follows Brown 1995.

Bavaria Schiffahrts GmbH & Co. KG

B582 is recorded for Chemtrans Vega, apparently the former Bavaria Multina. The vessel-owning company shared Chemikalien’s address, subsequently appearing under the name Bavaria Schiffahrts; the exact company-name sequence is qualified in the source.

Griffin Navigation Ltd.

G306 is recorded for Goodrich Bay under Griffin Navigation, formed in 1995 and placed in Nassau by Mitchell.

CHESAPEAKE & OHIO RAILWAY CO.

The funnel is blue with the outline of a cat against a yellow moon.

CHESAPEAKE & OHIO STEAMSHIP CO.

The funnel band has been enlarged in the illustrations to make the emblem legible. Lloyd’s C806 has a narrower band lower down the funnel.

CHESTER & HOLYHEAD RAILWAY CO.

C1366 was the original funnel. It was followed by the buff C454 design, dated 1853–59 in the source, which became London & North Western Railway’s funnel.

CHEVILLOTTE FRÈRES.

CHEVRON CORPORATION.

After the 2001 merger the combined ChevronTexaco signature used distinct lettering, but the constituent operations still showed their own logos on the website in 2004. The logo changed again by April 2007. C968’s funnel follows Aberdeen, with bands slightly narrower than the intervening white. Its flag comes from the company website; Rosanoski presumes it later changed but found no confirmation as of 18 April 2007.

The corporate history traces origins to Pacific Oil in 1879, followed by Standard Oil ownership and consolidation. Standard Oil Company of California became independent in 1911 and merged with Pacific Oil in 1926. Interests in Bahrain Petroleum and California-Arabia Standard Oil preceded the 1936 Caltex venture with Texaco. Standard Oil of Kentucky was acquired in 1961. US operations were consolidated into Chevron USA in 1977, and the Chevron Corporation name accompanied the Gulf Oil merger in 1984. Tenneco Oil was acquired in 1988.

The name Chevron began as a marketing identity; shipping appears to have adopted it from 1965. Loughran’s suggestion of a corporate change to Chevron International Oil around 1970 is not supported by the cited Lloyd’s account, and a 1932 date for Chevron USA apparently does not date that name. The Gulf and Chevron fleets were to merge in 1985. The Texaco merger produced ChevronTexaco on 9 October 2001; the parent reverted to Chevron in 2005, also acquiring Unocal that year. A separate cited account says Chevron was assimilated by Pennzoil in 1993; the source supplies no reconciliation with its continuing Chevron history.

The maritime group encompassed Caltex, Gulf and Texaco interests, Chevron Transport, tankers and regional companies. Chevron Transport originated in 1950 as California Trans Corp and changed name in 1965. ACT Operators, a 1989 Agip–Texaco–Chevron venture, later became CACT with Eni. LG-Caltex was a Korean venture, with LG’s interest transferred to GS Holdings in 2004. Chevron’s 48.9% Irving Oil holding is dated 1957–88, though later Lloyd’s records continue to list Irving as an associate. Chevron-named shipping concerns also operated from the Netherlands and the UK before and after the 1984 reorganisation.

USA, San Francisco CA; later San Ramon CA.

CHEVRON SHIPPING CO. LLC.

Chevron Shipping

Standard Oil of California adopted a three-bar chevron, red at the bottom with white and blue above, in 1931. Chevron became a product name from 1937; the plain chevron became the uniform symbol in 1955, appearing on flags and funnels. In 1969 the logo changed to two bold coloured strokes beneath black Chevron lettering and survived the 1984 reorganisation. The flag became white with the chevron and black name above. Associated firms, including Standard Oil of British Columbia and Chevron Tankship (U.K.), also used the design; Marinart attributes the funnel to Standard Oil of California.

Ata’s website rendering appears duller than expected: Rosanoski regards the funnel as white rather than grey and the blue and red as brighter. Mitchell also shows the earlier Standard Oil and California Transport markings, suggesting they initially continued.

Chevron Shipping, or CSC, was formed in 1957 as California Shipping, renamed in 1965 and later styled Chevron Shipping Co. LLC. It became ChevronTexaco Shipping in 2001 and reverted to Chevron Shipping in 2006. It operated for Chevron Transport, Standard Oil of California, Chevron Navigation and other group companies, and acted as agent for Overseas Tankship.

USA, San Francisco CA; later San Ramon CA.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHEYNES BEACH HOLDINGS PTY. LTD.

The funnels were Admiralty grey, with the lettering arranged as C1153 on Cheynes II and III and C1154 on Cheynes IV.

The eventual C1152 design adapted A/S Thor Dahl’s markings carried by the chasers later named Cheynes I and II. The colours changed, but the sperm whale shaped as a C, originally for Christensen, also suited Cheynes. Rosanoski notes that no flag-and-funnel book he had found showed two stars on the owner’s funnel.

CHIAO MAO ENTERPRISES LTD.

The original funnel was plain black.

The later funnel, noted on Yungfutary in August 1965, is black with a broad yellow band edged red above and below, bearing red C over red M. No flag was noted.

CHICAGO, DULUTH & GEORGIAN BAY LINE.

No flag is shown with C644; the accompanying company flag is assumed to apply.

Chimigas Marittima Compagnia di Navigazione — historical livery

The funnel is white with a black top separated by a broad blue band. The flag has diagonal white and blue halves, described in the source as Pbd, with blue CH in the upper fly. Stewart makes the letters larger.

Equivalence of later registry names remains unresolved; no transfer of livery to Cossira is claimed.

CHINA ALBANIA SHIPPING CO.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a red band and black CHAL overall. The horizontal strokes of A and H lie below the red band. No flag was noted.

CHINA CHANGJIANG NATIONAL SHIPPING (GROUP) CORPORATION.

C954 encloses a passenger ship and two wavy sea lines within C.

CSC Auspicious at Botany Bay on 8 May 2009 shows the dark-blue C1088 funnel.

Da Qing 456 has a passenger ship within a C-like figure over three yellow wavy lines. The undated photograph does not establish whether the letters refer to the old or current name; Rosanoski favours the former.

N516 follows Da Qing 453 in its manager’s colours.

N532 follows Feng Huang Zhou on 24 May 2007.

Original emblems apparently continued after the 2009 merger. C1288 follows the 2011-built Yangtze Eternal on 11 July 2012; an earlier February photograph was posted under Sino Asia Lines of Hong Kong.

Nanjing and associated tanker operations

The Nanjing Tanker website gives establishment on 1 October 1975, while Lloyd’s describes Nanjing Changjiang Oil Transportation as formed in 1994 and renamed in 2003. The source also places Nanjing Tanker under Nanjing Yangyang Chemical & Trade. CSC Oil Transportation (S) is dated to 2002 in one listing but to 1993 as a wholly owned Nanjing subsidiary in another; the register’s apparent identification with a Shenzhen company is also contradictory. These accounts are not combined into a single resolved succession.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHINA MERCHANTS STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

The house flag became red with a yellow disc, described as the yellow moon, in July 1873, replacing a twin dish-dragon flag. C268 appears to have changed at the 1949 division. The yellow-disc flag was no longer reported in use by the later comments.

Mario Fabretto’s account, following Aldo Ziggioto, treats the red-and-yellow-disc flag as a merchant ensign, with one or two dragons added in 1903 according to the number of shipowners. W.J. Gordon instead says the plain flag was the company’s, mistaken for a national ensign because of its name. Miles Li doubts official status or regular use of the dragon designs and calls them fantasy variants, though they appeared decoratively on calendars. He later describes the plain company flag as a de facto merchant ensign during the monarchy. The competing interpretations remain separate.

China Merchant Holdings

China Merchants Group took its name on 12 November 1985. China Merchant Holdings was partly government-owned and included China Merchants Steam Navigation; it acquired Houlder Offshore from Orient Overseas.

China.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

China Merchants Steam Navigation

China Merchants Steam Navigation was founded with imperial approval on 26 December 1872, although Lloyd’s gives 1871. It competed with foreign lines in Chinese coastal and river trades, with less success in deep-sea services. During the Sino-French War the fleet was nominally sold to an American sister company to use neutral American colours, reverting on 17 May 1885. The sale date is malformed as 297.1884 in the source. Government ownership is recorded from 1932. In 1949 the concern divided between mainland and Nationalist interests, with most ships passing to Taiwan and the mainland ocean fleet left to rebuild under embargo.

China, Shanghai; Hong Kong and later Shanghai are also recorded.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Mainland and Hong Kong succession

The mainland company became Chinese People’s Shipping Company on 1 February 1951. Hong Kong’s request to retain the old name was approved on 15 March; its shipping branch became Hong Kong Ming Wah on 8 January 1980. Later Hong Kong group records again list China Merchants Steam Navigation, operating through Ming Wah, Huawei Offshore, Shen Hua, LPG-shipping and marine-engineering subsidiaries, which appear to have their own liveries.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Taiwan succession

Stewart 1963 gives the Taiwan flag as red with four horizontal wavy yellow bars, leaving the canton clear for the yellow disc.

The Taiwan concern retained China Merchants Steam Navigation. One account calls its 1972 reconstitution Yang Ming Marine Transport, yet Lloyd’s continued to list both; a further source dates merger with Yang Ming to 1995. Rosanoski notes continued existence at least to 2005 with the tender Tar Shieh. He identifies later large-vessel listings as confusion with the Hong Kong company.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Mainland succession

The post-1951 mainland house flag is described as a white–red–white horizontal tricolour, a yellow star between yellow zigzags of three M-like layers on either side. Rosanoski notes that the cited website does not itself state the flag’s connection to the February 1951 change.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHINA NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE TRANSPORTATION CORPORATION.

Great Prize at Wellington on 17 June 1999 supplies C890, then under a Wah Tung subsidiary. Great-named vessels, many owned by Worlder, used it; Great Scenery still did in 2005. Great Creation had a variation without white outlines on the M’s outer vertical strokes. JLL suggested SM meant Sinotrans Maritime. Small photographs suggest Trade Harvest retained C890, while Trade Hallie may have had a different logo on a mid-blue top and white lower funnel, but neither view is clear enough to establish the design.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The Hong Kong management company’s website displayed another logo and a photograph of the S1287 flag in December 2009.

Chartered Sinotrans Tianjin at Port Botany on 12 October 2009 supplies S1288. The panel may have been used on only some charters, others retaining owners’ colours.

Trans Friendship II at Lyttelton on 5 January 2011 has the panel and lettering colours reversed from S1287’s flag.

Exact Shipping versus Ship Management allocation remains uncertain.

Sinotrans & CSC — combined group

Older emblems apparently survived the 2009 merger. S1687 marks a later change, recorded on portside Chang Hang Xi Wang on 26 May 2013.

S1434 follows starboard CSC Auspicious on 2 November 2013; the vessel was apparently chartered.

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING (GROUP) CO.

The group funnel introduced in the early 1990s has a yellow or gold body, black top and broad blue band with the white COSCO logo. Blue and yellow shades vary. C67 is generally supported on container and vehicle ships; C1270’s lighter blue is seen on bulkers and tankers, including Mu Lan Wai, also written Mu Lan Wan elsewhere in the source. Rosanoski suggests a type-based dark/light-blue distinction but allows that it may be a gradual colour change. Registration-based explanations are likewise tentative, with exceptions. Earlier reports described the band as mid-blue.

C936 follows chartered COSCO Damman on 3 July 2006. The visible flags were Columbia Shipmanagement’s and an obscured orange-field flag, not evidence of a COSCO house flag.

COSCO (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

COSCO (HK) Shipping Co. Ltd.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

COAG & KML (Beijing) International Ship Management Co. Ltd.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

C & I Shipholding S.A.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

COSCO Southern Asphalt Shipping Co. Ltd.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

COSCO (HK) Shipping Co. Ltd. — retained/modified Tong Ling colours

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Documented shared associations — COSCO (HK) / Ocean Tramping — documented continued design

Documented shared associations — COSCO (HK) / Yick Fung — documented continued design

COSCO Bulk Carrier Co. Ltd. — Fu An Hai variant

Fu An Hai on 2 October 2011 has no logo on the band. Rosanoski suggests a charter, or simply that the emblem had not yet been added; neither explanation is established.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Guangzhou Ocean Shipping Co.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Exact company user remains unresolved; preserve vessel context instead of assigning from registered ownership.

Nanjing Ocean Shipping Co. Ltd. (NASCO)

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Nanyuan Shipping Co. Ltd. — Chang le Men owner

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Orient Sea Highway Services Co. Ltd.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Qingdao Ocean Shipping Co.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Shanghai Ocean Shipping Co.

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

Shanghai Kinkua Ocean Shipping Co. — Mitchell attribution

Original qualifications about colour, dates, exact role or prevalence remain; no unsupported identity equivalence.

COSCO (HK)

COSCO (HK)’s blue flag has combined white CHS letters with a slight lean. Kang Hong and Kang Yu provide differing blue funnel renderings; NJK favours C937’s shade over C938. Hong Hing photographs also vary, possibly through camera or image adjustment. The CHS scheme appears chiefly on ships with Chinese or CHS-prefixed names, without a definitive rule.

Yick Zao and Yick Luk used Tong Ling’s red funnel with white T, subsequently dropping T to leave plain red. Rosanoski explicitly corrected his earlier attribution of this design to Yick Fung. Yick Zao retained the plain-red version until sale in 2010.

Ocean Tramping’s plain yellow or buff funnel persisted on Mass- and Joyous-named ships, including Mass Glory and Joyous Land. Photographs vary between yellow and buff.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COSCO Singapore

The Singapore variant adds SINGAPORE in white block lettering. NJK describes it as equal in length to CoSco above, though COS Intrepid’s photograph does not quite agree. Sightings confirm a yellow funnel, prompting Rosanoski to brighten the earlier drawing. The flag’s group-based layout with smaller SINGAPORE is reported rather than directly shown in the cited funnel photograph.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COSCO (HK) and bulk operations

The former Yick Fung funnel persisted on Yick Lee and Full-named bulkers such as Full Wealth, Full Rich, Full Strong and Full Comfort. Full Wealth was built after the Hong Kong merger, so continued use cannot simply mean old paint retained from an earlier owner. Rosanoski ultimately identifies it as one of COSCO (HK)’s bulker designs but does not know why it was retained. Bob Scott relates the predecessor Hong Kong companies to the acquisition of Western tonnage during trade embargoes; Rosanoski treats this as a possible explanation, not a proven livery rule.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

C & I Shipholding

C959 follows starboard and portside Sea Maple in July and November 2006, under C & I Shipholding, a Qingdao vessel company formed in 1997.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COAG & KML

C958 follows CK Goodfaith on 3 June 2006, under COAG & KML (Beijing) International Ship Management, formed in 2005 within COSCO Shanghai Ship Management.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COSCO Southern Asphalt

An Tai Jiang on 16 February 2008 supplies C990 for COSCO Southern Asphalt. G may refer to owner Guangzhou Ocean Shipping.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Guangzhou Ocean Shipping

G336 appears to be G with a partial red inner core and is filed on a China Ocean card; G354 is on a Guangzhou Ocean Shipping card. Guangzhou is dated 1961 in the register, but another account describes a jointly formed company beginning operations in 1995, without resolving their exact relationship.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Jimnoble

Jimnoble on 10 July 2006 supplies J198. The registered owner’s name resembles the lettering, prompting the allocation. The funnel is interpreted as weathered white, with cleaner white in the emblem possibly added later; Rosanoski expressly calls that explanation surmise.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Nanjing Ocean Shipping

Nanjing Ocean Shipping, NASCO, was formed on 28 September 1988 and restructured in 1994. N541 follows starboard Guang Hua Men in 2006 and portside Helian Cruiser, with black top, in 2012. The sides mirror each other; the website logo corresponds to starboard, not port. N542 follows Chang le Men in July 2005 under Nanyuan, a Nanjing vessel company.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Orient Sea Highway

Orient Sea Highway’s COSCO–Kawasaki Kisen venture is dated November 2003 or 2005; Rosanoski rejects the register’s naming of China Shipping Group as partner. O214 follows Dong Fang Gao Su in December 2005 and at Sydney on 31 January 2006.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Qingdao Ocean Shipping

Qingdao’s Q15 follows Sea Baisi, Sea Baisen and Sea Bailo. Sea Maple’s differing design prevents treating this as universal Qingdao livery.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Shanghai Ocean Shipping

Shanghai’s S1023 varies the earlier government C355 design; S1025 appears to be a version of the newer group livery. The Shanghai formation date here is 1979, differing from the 1964 subsidiary history above.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Shanghai Kinkua Ocean Shipping

Shanghai Kinkua’s anchor is drawn in black pencil but could be white; the company was not located in Lloyd’s.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Shekou Sea

Shekou Sea retained its emblem through ownership and management changes. Its bridge board reads She Kou Sea; the logo may combine S and K or derive from Shekou. Rosanoski suggests either unchanged former-owner markings or a ship-specific symbol. The former Top Yield later passed through Shekou Sea Shipping, First Link and reported Beatanavis ownership, with COSCO Shenzhen and COSCO (HK) management at different stages. The sources vary between Shekou, Shekau and Shenkou spellings.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Da Wei Shan

Da Wei Shan at Singapore on 8 June 2011 supplies S1673, under Sky Bright Transportation care of COSCO Southern Asphalt. WS is assumed to derive from Wei Shan in the ship’s name.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Tianjin legacy

The separately catalogued Tianjin designs T444 and T623 persisted after the 1997 bulk merger. Sea Rainbow and other Sea-named bulkers retained a yellow funnel with blue T; Rosanoski withdrew his earlier charter explanation after identifying the group connection.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Tosco Keymax vessel context

T643 on Beijun Dolphin and early Beilun Whale may be a default colour under Tosco Keymax rather than specific company livery. Beilun Whale had changed to Longsheng’s L537 by February 2010.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Shanghai Offshore Petroleum Geophysical Corporation (SOPGC)

S1808 follows an unidentified vessel photographed on 16 December 2013. Rosanoski guesses the funnel to be dirty white rather than faint cream, noting apparent adjustment of the photograph’s lighting. The source also retains the Sinopec and SOPGC logos.

CHINA QINFA GROUP LTD.

The funnel follows portside Oriental Wise on 3 November 2013. Qinfa 6 on 10 July 2008 confirms the starboard view, but with a black funnel top.

CHINA SHIPPERS MUTUAL STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

Griffin shows a plain blue pennant without letters. Lloyds 1904 adds yellow lettering and attributes it to China Mutual Steam Navigation; Lloyds 1912 instead gives Alfred Holt’s livery.

CHINA SHIPPING (GROUP) CO.

The group flag has a blue logo on white. It was documented through the Italian agency and photographed outside the Buenos Aires branch on 12 September 2011; Zoltan Horvath subsequently drew that example. C623’s funnel follows Da Qing 241 in February 2005 under Guangzhou Maritime Transport. Tian Song Feng in April 2005 shows a much broader, pale band and a relatively small emblem, illustrating variation within the group.

Xiang Jin’s band is described as dirty pale cream. The S portion of its emblem looks black in the photograph but is interpreted as shown in the illustration. Rosanoski compares it with Arafura Lily.

C712 follows Arafura Lily on 15 September 1998, reproduced on the Marine News January 1999 cover.

C746 follows Sheng Chi and An Chi. The band was described as light blue with black letters, yet photographs suggest blue letters, and direct observation suggested a very light-green band. The tanker website’s green logo and ship image support green, as does Ye Chi on 23 April 2013, represented as C1371. NJK describes C746 as normal for tankers and bulkers but with widely varying band width. Rosanoski also suspects the register reversed website connections between Development and its Tanker company.

The unidentified vessel photographed on 13 March 2012 may show C711 in brighter yellow on white superstructure rather than a conventional funnel; a door is visible and the apparent top touches the bridge.

Chaozhou Yatai Shipping Co. Ltd.

C1334 follows Ya Tai 1 in December 2012 and Ya Tai 2 at Newcastle on 5 January 2013, under Chaozhou Yatai and China Shipping management. T is presumed to come from splitting Yatai in the manner of the ship names. Initially interpreted as nearly black, the letters are clearly green in the later photograph, with a slight difference in the S shape.

China Steel Express Corporation

The funnel follows China Steel Responsibility at Singapore in October 2009.

CHINA UNION LINES LTD.

The flag is a vertical blue–white–red triband with stepped bands.

Brown 1958 shows a white funnel with black top and a narrow black band, leaving a broad white area between them. An angled flag touches both boundaries. It may fly from a pole like the later design, but Rosanoski is uncertain.

Stewart’s funnel is buff with a black top, separated by a broad white and narrow black biband. The flag flies from an angled pole across the biband.

Brown 1978 shows the white funnel, black top and separated narrow black band, with the flag flying from an angled pole. The source describes the pole angle as Pbd.

The Coast Guard PDF had no readable text and the Federal Register exceeded the retrieval size limit. These indexed primary-source leads support Taiwan, but the archival London association and complete company identity were not independently resolved from retrieved page text.

CHINA-AUSTRALIA STEAMSHIP CO. LTD.

CHINESE MARITIME TRANSPORT LTD.

C1265 may follow China Prosperity. Mitchell associates it, or the company, with C.Y. Tung and Island Navigation, which managed the ships at one stage.

C1266 follows China Fortune on 27 February 2010.

Chinese Maritime Trust Ltd. / Corporation — Tsui Yung historical context

Mitchell records C1264 for Chinese Maritime Trust Corporation on Tsui Yung, whose ownership is confirmed under Chinese Maritime Trust Ltd.

Trust/Transport succession and precise Corporation/Ltd. name form remain qualified.

CHINESE-TANZANIAN JOINT SHIPPING CO.

An angled, unclear photograph of Shun Yi at Singapore in 1984 may show C60. It looks like a red-over-green horizontal panel with yellow or white charges on the green, but the interpretation is uncertain.

Ruaha at Hong Kong in 1989 appears to show combined CT. The lower stroke of C is unclear: it may be broken or detached from the upright and could consist of lettering.

CHINESISCHE KÜSTENVAART-GESELLSCHAFT.

The C1099 FOTW drawing from Kludas has a narrower chevron intruding onto the hoist, differing slightly from C1100. Rosanoski notes that the scan is not completely clear.

CHIP HWA SHIPPING & TRADING CO. LTD.

Wing On’s funnel is yellow with a narrow black top and very broad blue band. A white ring encloses a white star bearing red CH; six white stars outlined blue overlap the ring’s outer edge, three above and three below. The outer stars may be more evenly spaced than drawn. No flag was noted.

CHIQUITA BRANDS INC.

Both funnel versions were used, U35 apparently by subsidiaries; Balboa and Empresa Hondurena also had flags of their own. The white diamond’s size varies in illustrations. Chiquita Queen at Lyttelton in April 1990 showed that on a wide funnel it touches the band’s upper and lower edges without spanning its width; a narrow funnel can make it appear to extend throughout. Chiquita Schweiz in July 2010 has the U34 arrangement with a darker body, and Mayan’s Castilla is also recorded with U34. National Geographic likewise indicates a dark funnel shade.

Flag sources differ in the blue-hoist and white-diamond geometry. LJC 1909 gives a small triangle from the hoist; most show an equal-sided diamond touching the hoist but stopping short of the fly. Talbot-Booth, US Navy, Stewart and several later sources extend it to the fly. The small website image appears to keep the diamond inside the field, but enlargement is inconclusive.

Larousse 1930 shows a tapering red swallowtail with a blue hoist triangle and white diamond forming its apex. The diamond touches neither the hoist nor the notch between the tails.

CHITTAGONG STEAMSHIP CORPORATION LTD.

Chittagong City’s funnel is black with a white–red–white triband.

CHO YANG SHIPPING CO. LTD.

Brown shows a thicker P than the FOTW drawing, supported by the company website’s funnel. The website also gives narrower white funnel bands than Brown.

Hong Kong and South Korea are both retained exactly as source alternatives; no external value replaces Rosanoski. The existing evidence does not establish the precise relationship of the separately described Cho Yang businesses for this livery.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Do not infer owner/manager equivalence or exclusive funnel use.

Chofuku (1)

The Dairen concern owned Chofuku Maru in 1922–23.

Japan (lease), Dairen.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Chofuku (2)

The later company appears with the 1962-built Seiho Maru in 1963–64. Its operations included Nagafuku Kisen and Orient Hakusan Shipping, the latter formed in 1984. Orient Hakusan appears at different stages under Chofuku agency, Navix, and Nagafuku; after Nagafuku’s removal it was placed under Chofuku.

Japan, Hakata-Cho, Ochi-gun; later Namikata.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Chofuku (2) / Orient Hakusan attribution

C1210 follows Global Aquarius, with very dark blue supported by starboard and portside photographs in 2010 and 2012. The attribution follows Chofuku’s website flag logo, but Equasis lists Orient Hakusan as owner and Misuga Kaiun as manager from May 2010, without naming Chofuku. Rosanoski therefore allows that the livery may belong to Orient Hakusan.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CHOWGULE STEAMSHIPS LTD.

Maratha Mission at Lyttelton on 19 February 1990 showed the funnel flag as waving and its letter apparently yellow, possibly through rust. Stewart shows a yellow flag under Chowgule Steamships (Bahamas); NJK describes the colour as more orange than yellow.

Brown 1995’s flag is an orange swallowtail with white C. The group and steamship company logos remain in the original source context.

Maratha Pride’s port and starboard photographs show the funnel flag mirrored so the pole points forward on each side, but C reads normally, as though the flag were double-sided.

CHR. J. REIM.

This version was used by the new Borgestad-Reim joint venture.

CHR. JENSEN A/S.

The funnel is recorded for both Danish and Latvian operations and for D/S Baltic.

Lloyds 1912 gives blue C. and J. letters, whereas the later sources and FOTW show black lettering. Rosanoski cannot establish whether this represents a real change. By the August 2004 website visit the logo omitted the letters, retaining only the cross paty, represented by J93.

CHR. M. SARLIS & CO. M.C.

The grass-green shade is taken from the company website and recorded as RGB 064, 190, 000. Brown shows only a small white area at the fly, whereas the company image gives all bands equal width. The FOTW version is a long pennant; the company version is closer to a triangular flag.

CHR. OSTBERG.

Trollegen’s yellow or buff funnel had a broad white band edged in red and a horizontally elongated blue Ø. The flag is drawn red with a very broad white horizontal band bearing the same elongated letter. It was not observed separately and is reconstructed from the funnel; US Navy instead shows a normally rounded O crossed by a diagonal line.

CHR. SALVESEN & CO. LTD.

Lloyds 1912 also attributes this livery to T.F. Andorsen of Christiana and Martin Pedersen of Mandal.

Brown 1982 names Chr. Salvesen (Shipping) Ltd. The FOTW flag is presented as South Georgia Co. Ltd., based on the National Maritime Museum flag, made about 1955–1967 and measuring 939.8 by 1371.6 mm.

CHRISHIP A/S.

The FOTW image derives from the company website. Rosanoski considers a white swallowtail with black C, as C708, more likely, but allows that the flag may be square.

CHRISIKOUM SHIPPING CORPORATION.

Lion of Mykonos had a yellow or buff funnel with a black top separated by a white–blue–white triband. No flag was noted.

CHRISTIAN F. AHRENKIEL GMBH & CO.

Stewart’s A170 and Maritime News’ A171 have larger cantons than other sources; Rosanoski uses Nüsse’s A170 version. Mobil gives a buff funnel base for A171, which correspondence dates to adoption in 1969. New Zealand Orient Lines used the livery. One Wellington sighting is written “14.5.1007” in the original; a separate passage gives a 14 May 1997 observation of NZOL Campaigner.

A172 follows the starboard funnel colour of NZOL Campaigner on 14 May 1997 and a flapping flag described as Ahrenkiel livery, with further colour confirmation from Edward’s Photo Site. Schneider records two flag portrayals: blue with the white fish-and-oak-wreath emblem, and a red canton containing a white masoned Hamburg gate. The flag seen above the company building in December 2007 has the gate bounded by lines on either side; the image seen at the door on 18 August 2008 uses curved boundaries like the city flag. The 2007 version is also illustrated in Carsten Prange’s Hamburg history.

Ahrenkiel & Clausen

The earlier Ahrenkiel & Clausen flag is celestial blue with the company emblem in the centre and a black-white-red horizontal tricolour canton like the German Empire’s merchant flag.

Rhederi M. Jebsen A/S

The uncantoned blue flag with three white fish inside white branches was initially compared with Ahrenkiel, but its unclear caption appeared to contain initials unlike the company’s. Rosanoski identifies it instead with M. Jebsen of Apenrade, and the source records its later FOTW listing as J46 for Rhederi M. Jebsen A/S. The shared town-armorial motif does not establish an Ahrenkiel–Jebsen company relationship. Rosanoski distinguishes this from Jebsen & Jessen, formed by Michael Jebsen’s son and Heinrich Jessen, and from the unrelated Hamburg M. Jebsen whose flag carried an unexplained red “E” on a white diamond. He also questions a yellow-charge portrayal and its 1898–1901 dates, suggesting they might concern passenger shipping only.

CHRISTIAN HAALAND A/S.

CHRISTIAN HINRICH BRUNCKHORST.

The flag is diagonally quartered blue-white-white-red with black “HB” overall. The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top and the flag flying straight from a pole.

The local text treats Hinrich, Christel and Christian Hinrich as changing name forms. Evidence may describe different people/partners and different same-named vessels. The German shipping context agrees, but the exact personal identity and succession need review.

CHRISTIAN KAAD.

The black funnel has a narrow white band. The red flag bears a white cross beneath an undefined white panel carrying red CK letters.

CHRISTIANI & NIELSEN A/S.

The red funnel has a black top and a very broad band of the flag design. The flag is white, with a red ring enclosing a large red C, itself enclosing red N.

CHRISTIE & CO.

The funnel is black with a white circle near the top. The flag is blue with a white circle.

CHRISTMAS ISLAND PHOSPHATE CO. LTD.

The flag is blue with a combined white CI logo. The Log attributes it to the British company of 1897–1948, whereas US Navy 1961 gives it to the succeeding Christmas Island Phosphate Commission under Australia. Merchant Ships lists a black funnel but supplies no livery illustration. The differing company/commission attributions are preserved.

CHRISTOPH SÖHL.

The flag is blue with a yellow diamond touching the top and bottom, bearing black CS letters. Colour shades follow the website image. No funnel is given.

CHRISTOPHER ANDRESEN.

CHRONOS SHIPPING CO. LTD.

C692 follows Asphalt Star on 5 January 2006 and matches the company website logo. Mitchell records the same funnel for Argonaftis, bought and renamed Asphalt Champion in 1987.

Chronos Steamship Corporation

C1173 is recorded for Noufado under Chronos Steamship Corporation of Monrovia in 1977–81, with Chronos Shipping as operator.

CHUETSU KISEN.

The flag is dated 1916 in the 1994 publication Fune To Hata.

CHUNG LIEN NAVIGATION CO. S.A.

Chung Lien II was noted in September 1966 with a yellow or buff funnel. No flag was noted.

CHURRUCA HERMANOS S.A.

Brown 1995’s flag has seven horizontal blue and white stripes. The source describes the red devices as “on all white stripes 5 red balls, distributed evenly”.

Mitchell’s funnel-flag charge is interpreted as a green wreath.

CHUYO KISEN K.K.

Mitchell’s reference to the 1975-built Angel, recorded as built for Chuyo, may be the source of C1086.

Chuyo Marina S.A.

Star Dust Line S.A.

CI NAVI SRL

C744 was produced from the company website’s logo retrieved through the Wayback archive on 13 March 2006.

CIDO SHIPPING (HK) CO. LTD.

C1225 is based on photographs of Magic Sky at Wellington on 4 February 2003 and Pacific Honor there on 29 April 2004.

C1226 comes from a starboard photograph of Atlantic Eagle dated 20 February 2011. The funnel had first been noticed on Magic Wave at Wellington on 31 January 2005. Rosanoski wondered whether this first post-merger sighting represented a new company livery or whether individual vessels continued to carry their own colours.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

C1223 is based on a photograph of the car carrier Kashima at Wellington on 23 August 1998. JLL regarded C1223 and C1224 as probably the registered owners’ colours, rather than necessarily those of Cido as manager.

C1224 comes from Morning Charm at Wellington on 30 April 2000. RGT asked whether there were narrow black edges at top and bottom. Rosanoski thought the top was not black, but the distant photograph was indistinct and the bottom could not be seen.

G500 is based on a starboard photograph of Salamanca dated 4 December 2012. Shipspotting assigned it to Sandigan Ship Services Inc., but Rosanoski notes that Sandigan was only the manager and that its vessels carried different owners’ or charterers’ colours. Salamanca had retained its name since construction in 2000, while ownership changed from Diana Enterprise [Libera Corporation] to Salamanca Shipping Co. in 2003, Girasol Maritime Ltd. in 2005 and Golden Era Industrial Ltd. in 2007. The last two were Cido name companies; Sandigan remained manager. The earliest photograph, of 12 January 2007, largely obscures the funnel, which was probably plain red. Salamanca was absent from Cido’s website fleet in December 2012. Rosanoski conjectures that the livery may belong to a charterer, but does not establish this and records it under the current registered owner.

Exact registered-owner livery not established.

Owner versus Cido use remains unresolved.

Golden Era/Girasol/charterer attribution remains open.

Cihan Denizcilik Petrol Urunleri Nakliyati ve Ticaret Ltd. Sti.

The funnel is based on a December 2005 photograph of Clipper, supported by a photograph of Condor dated 17 December 2005. Neither clearly establishes the colour of the T; on Clipper it appeared pale blue. The letters seem slightly slanted, with the bottom of the C definitely shorter than the top, apparently overlapping part of the T. Rosanoski finds the C’s reference clear but cannot explain the T.

CIMBRIA SCHIFFAHRTS & HANDELS A.G.

C363’s funnel was noted on Athene on 14 June 1963.

CINER DENIZCILIK SAN. VE TICARET S.A.

The funnel is based on a starboard photograph of Zafer dated 25 September 2012.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Ferry service versus tanker operator remains unresolved.

CIRIZA HUARTE S.A.

Untzidien Banderak uses a common funnel emblem in which C intertwines with A, passing over it at the top and under it at the bottom. On each of the three flags, however, C lies over A. No reason is given for the different flags.

The 1954 Spanish list intertwines C and A on both funnel and flag, with C above at the top and beneath at the bottom.

The 1966 list places C over A on both funnel and flag.

CITIES SERVICE TANKERS CORPORATION.

The earlier flag places a smaller black-and-white emblem within a broad annular frame. CITIES SERVICE OIL runs across the upper arc, with the motto ONCE, ALWAYS in a black-outlined oblong at the base. Merchant Ships 1949 calls the flag unknown, and Jordan does not define the funnel emblem.

C562 instead reads CITIES SERVICE OILS and ONCE ALWAYS, in black. The dexter side of the delta triangle is narrower, possibly a printing difference; Loughran shows the same difference in C563.

Loughran dates adoption of C563 to the late 1950s, assigning its funnel to ordinary tankers and C564 to super-tankers. Brown 1958 gives C563 a narrowish black top. Mitchell records C563 for Grand Bassa Tankers, together with its own version of the later design, identified in the source as G212.

The new flag adopted in 1974 is green with a triangle in three shades of red, edged white, above white CITGO lettering. Mitchell shows black letters on a white panel on the corresponding funnel.

CITY OF CORK STEAM PACKET CO. LTD.

LJC’s C1103 and Reed 1891’s C1104 also mention Wilson, Son & Co.

Reed 1901 and 1912 likewise mention Wilson, Son & Co., showing the emblem only in black and white, compressed into a circle. Griffin also uses black and white. LJC’s indistinct charge lacks a black outline and was initially read as a yellow three-towered castle. The emblem comes from Cork’s arms, which show a three-masted sailing vessel between two towers, with rocks below and an inscription on the arms. FOTW identifies the city arms, with uncertainty in its description of the vessel. A company timetable for 12 June–10 September 1961 supplies another flag image.

CLARENCE & NEW ENGLAND STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

The flag is divided diagonally from lower hoist to upper fly, blue above red, with an overall white band forming a bend sinister.

CLARENCE, RICHMOND & MACLEAY RIVERS STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

The flag was quartered blue and white.

CLARENS NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

The C is flanked by two forward-pointing arrows without fletching.

CLARKE TRANSPORT CANADA INC.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The flag is white with a blue border and blue “B”.

Legal identity with Claus/Klaus Braack remains unconfirmed.

CLAUS SIEVERS.

The flag is conjectural. The funnel image does not establish whether the saltire’s arms are straight or angled; fitting the drawing to a conventional rectangular flag exaggerated the angles.

Rosanoski says the S on the FOTW flag should follow the lettering shown in S1492.

CLAYMORE SHIPPING CO. LTD.

Loughran shows the claymore’s basket in grey, whereas LJC shows a yellow claymore. C764’s funnel was adopted after the Second World War. Loughran dates C765 to about 1950, while R.S. Fenton and Mitchell give 1955. Its colours are those of Glamorgan County Cricket Club.

Loughran and Marine News show the funnel bands close together.

Woodstreet Shipholdings AS — documented Woodstreet brand

W432 is based on Birch 2 photographed from the port side on 12 June 2010. A starboard view of Birch 3 on 23 April 2011 shows the same design with a more upright panel. Birch 4 initially retained the previous Maritime Capital funnel, but with white replacing the grey part of its band; it later appeared plain yellow in February 2011 and with the logo in February 2014. Rosanoski suggests a delay in adding the logo after acquisition. The source gives two purchase dates, 7 and 12 April 2010.

Do not equate all Woodstreet legal entities.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

W566 comes from a starboard photograph of Juniper 2 on 3 July 2013. Rosanoski traces a probable group of eight former Omega Navigation vessels through Woodstreet around March–April 2013 and to Product Shipping & Trading in August. The former ONE emblem was generally painted out in white, leaving a red funnel with a white band; Juniper 1 and Juniper 4 instead had black panels over the lettering. He conjectures that the differing treatment resulted from instructions to remove the old initials.

W567 is based on La Boheme, photographed from starboard on 11 February 2014 under Product Shipping & Trading. Rosanoski treats the red-based funnels as interim colours which could be attributed to Woodstreet, Product Shipping or both. Whether the intervening transaction was a sale or charter is unclear. He expects eventual replacement by blue funnels with white PST, as photographed on Ariel, but expressly describes the overall reconstruction as circumstantial.

Operating sequence is documented but exact emblem/company attribution remains unresolved.

CLEETHORPES STEAM TRAWLING CO. LTD.

The emblems are three owls. Lloyd’s shows them in black and white; the monochrome copy from Olsen’s Fisherman’s Almanac 1911 codes the colours R-W-R, which Rosanoski suggests may indicate red-outlined owls.

CLEEVES' WESTERN VALLEYS ANTHRACITE COLLIERS LTD.

Rosanoski explains the initials by the full name, given in his comment as Cleeves’ Western Vallies Anthracite Collieries Ltd. The FOTW image uses the shorter Cleeves Anthracite Collieries name. Brown 1929 records the livery under the successor, Amalgamated Anthracite Collieriers Ltd.

CLEVELAND & BUFFALO TRANSIT CO.

All the flag’s letters are shaded in the image based on the 1909 update to Flaggenbuch 1905.

Cleveland-Cliffs Steamship Co.

Joe McMillan notes that he had also seen the flag’s blue quarters shown in black.

CLIFFS ROBE RIVER IRON ASSOCIATES PTY. LTD.

Dampier Mining Co. Ltd. is recorded with the same tugs and funnel, cross-referenced in the original as D82.

CLIPPER GROUP (MANAGEMENT) LTD.

CLIPPER PROJECT A/S.

C810’s funnel is based on the website photograph of CEC Force; Josef Nüsse provides the table flag.

C811 records CEC Pride at Wellington on 16 November 2000. An unnamed vessel on the company website carries the corresponding logo on buff superstructure rather than a funnel.

Clipper Elite Carriers, or CEC, was formed on 1 July 1999 as a 50:50 venture between Elite Carriers and Clipper Group Management. Elite’s interest was bought out in May 2002. It became Clipper Project A/S in 2008. The source also records Clipper Project Shipping of Nassau and the 2013 merger with Thorco Shipping, continuing under the Thorco name while retaining ownership and charters under the merged management.

Denmark, Kobenhavn.

THOR REDERI A/S.

The Thor section describes Thor Falcon’s black funnel rising from white superstructure, referenced as T427. Thor Elisabeth’s later T471 version appears to have a black top rising from a buff funnel base, with the logo definitely angled as on the website; Thor Alice supports that arrangement. These remain documentary comparisons without adding images to this entry.

Thor Rederi was formed in 1994 and became part of Sydfyenske Holding Koncernen in 1997, with management and operations under its chartering division T-Red A/S. Rosanoski considers the website account outdated and interprets Lloyd’s 1998 formation date as referring to a Clipper acquisition. Previously a CEC name company, Thor is listed separately from April 2005.

Denmark, Svendborg.

Clipper Group

Mitchell gives C741 for Clipper Atria. Rosanoski could not locate the vessel in Lloyd’s and assumes a charter, with the band presumably added to the owner’s funnel.

Some funnels have a narrow black top rather than the original plain white. Blue shades are uncertain: the Nüsse flag, attributed to Clipper Denmark A/S, is darker, while photographs of vessels connected with Dockingdale show a deep sky-blue funnel letter. Coastal Ships & Ferries appears to give this funnel to Idwal Williams’ Clipper-named vessels, presumed chartered, but calls the emblem a diamond rather than a triangle. The company website logo is darker blue than several photographs.

C808 records Rosella at Wellington on 11 June 2005, under charter from Kobe Shipping.

C809 comes from a port-side photograph of Clipper Beaufort at Wellington on 9 August 2003, apparently under charter.

C1008 shows darker blue, consistent with the website logo, in photographs of Clipper Trust at Sydney on 5 March 2008 and Clipper Karen on 1 June 2007.

C1437 comes from a starboard photograph of Clipper Barolo downloaded on 1 March 2011.

C989 records Marinus Green on 23 July 2006, with GREENFLEET painted on the hull.

P500, photographed on Panam Oceanica on 27 July 2006, is assumed to represent Panamerican Tankers’ charterer colours, apparently retained after the Clipper takeover. A possible flag on Panama Atlantico is too indistinct to establish. Other charters seem to have retained owners’ colours. The logo may be based on, or include, a p.

VOC Galaxy still carried the Van Ommeren Clipper funnel in March 2006 while listed under Clipper Bulk. A February 2008 observation of VOC Daisy described a grey funnel, black top and white band with a light-green Van Ommeren emblem, where the emblem had formerly been black over blue-white-blue bands. Rosanoski questions this reading: distant photographs of Daisy and VOC Rose suggest that the blue bands and logo may have been painted out, leaving a faint, perhaps welded-on emblem mistakenly read as green.

C1278 comes from a port-side photograph of CEC Vision dated 10 May 2007.

The first Clipper company was incorporated in 1972. The group was reorganised in 1991 when Armada co-founders Jorgen Dannesboe and Torben G. Jensen divided their shipping interests. Jensen took the Clipper trading business, continuing from Houson, Texas, with commercial offices in Denmark and a corporate head office in Switzerland. Clipper Group (Management) Ltd. was established in Nassau in 1997, and the head office moved there in 1998. A 1999 venture with two Danish banks acquired troubled Elite Shipping and established Clipper Elite Carriers; Clipper later bought out the banks. It acquired an interest in Van Ommeren’s dry-cargo business in 2000 and full ownership in 2003. The US interests eventually became Clipper Bulk (USA), while Clipper Bulk (UK) was formed in 2002. The source dates the PanAm Tankers acquisition to both 2000 and 2001. Clipper increased its Copenhagen Tankers interest in 2002, bought Wonsild in 2005 and combined Copenhagen Tankers, Wonsild and Crescent Tankships as Clipper Wonsild Tankers. Full buyouts of Copenhagen Tankers and Panamerican Tankers are dated to 2005. In 2008 a single-brand reorganisation brought the activities under Clipper Projects, Clipper Tankers and Clipper Bulk.

The operating companies reflected these acquisitions. CEC Shipmanagement of Svendborg was renamed from T&C A/S on 1 July 2003; its Dutch counterpart began in January 2004 to manage five former GenChart vessels, later using the Holland Ship Service name. Clipper Americas’ fleet passed to CEC management in 2004. Lasco Shipping became Clipper Bulk (Portland) on 2 December 2003. Other operations included Clipper Denmark, formed in 1995, Clipper Bulk in Singapore, formed in 2007, and Nassau-based Clipper Bulk Shipping. The Crescent companies became Clipper Wonsild and subsequently Clipper Tankers and Clipper Marine Services. Seatruck, formed in 1996 for Irish Sea road-haulage traffic, had previously appeared under Crescent. The Dutch Van Ommeren business became wholly owned after Clipper bought out Vopak and NeSBIC, while the US name evolved separately.

Other interests included Bossclip, a 1995 venture with B.O.S.S. for Brazil–US Gulf parcel services; acquisition of Crescent with London & Wessex in 1997 and full control in June 2002; Van-Clipper with Vanship in 2004; half of Univan in 2006; PetroClipper with Petrotank in 2007; and an investment in Dockendale that year. Clipper acquired 30 per cent of Mols-Linien in December 2007 and half of International Maritime Services in June 2008, raised its DFDS holding to 15 per cent in 2009 and became Nordic Tankers’ largest shareholder in 2010. It also acquired the remaining interests described in Van Ommeren Agencies Rotterdam in December 2003.

In January 2008 Clipper and Bornholmstrafikken bought Scandlines Sydfy[e]nske. The Samsø–Hou service operated as Nordic Ferry Services from November 2008. In January 2011 Bornholmstrafikken, Sydfynske and Nordic Ferry Services were combined as Danske Færger, known as Færgen.

Bahamas, Nassau.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CLOUDESDALE SHIPPING CORPORATION.

CLOVER LEAF STEAMBOAT LINE.

Lines International Holding (S) Pte. Ltd.

Walrus is recorded as chartered to an unidentified French society in June 2006, but an earlier account places it on long-term charter to Singapore’s Lines International Holding for Southeast Asian cruises marketed as NEPTUNE. L346 is based on a November 2000 photograph.

Nouvelles-Frontieres

The Nouvelles-Frontieres charter used N525, with the logo supplied by the TUI website.

Van Gogh Cruise Line Ltd. / Van Gogh Cruises

CLUTHA DEVELOPMENT PTY. LTD.

The flag is white with two widely separated narrow black bands, and a black squarish C between them. The Log’s account suggests that the livery remained unchanged through the name changes until the ships were sold in 1980.

CLUTHA SHIPPING CO.

The flag is blue with a vertical white band and counterchanged CSCo, with the o raised. LJC omits a dot beneath the o. Griffin also assigns this flag to J. Hardie & Co., whereas LJC gives that firm a plain tricolour. No funnel is given.

CLYDE SAWMILLING & SHIPPING CO. LTD.

CLYDE SHIPPING CO. LTD. (1)

The double pennants bear a lion rampant and an Irish harp. On C5 the emblem colours are unclear: the lion appears yellow with a black outline, and the harp black.

Rosanoski considers the C664 flags probably incorrect.

Brown 1982 attributes C3 to Clyde Shipping Tugs Ltd.

Founded in 1815, the Glasgow company’s principal business was coastal shipping and towage until 1994. It took over Lawson-Batey Tugs in April 1983 as a subsidiary of Clyde Tugs. Mitchell records acquisition by Cory Ship Towage in 1995. In 1998 the name became Clyde Marine plc, principally manufacturing deck equipment and rigging for leisure boats. The source traces Clyde Shipping Tugs from a Greenock associate or subsidiary to manager of Clyde Shipping, and apparently to Clyde Tugs under Cory management. Rosanoski presumes the Cork shipping agency of the same name, which amalgamated with Ronayne Shipping in 1974, was unconnected unless it had been a branch.

The company helped establish Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering. Forth Tugs is described as an 1895 joint venture with Cory Towage, a dating Rosanoski questions because the named Cory company did not exist until 1994; a predecessor may have been intended. Shetland Towage was formed as a joint venture in 1978 and sold during 1998. Parts of the fleet were managed by Glenlight, Clyde Shipping Tugs, Lawson-Batey, Cory and Union Transport; Mediterranean Shipping managed its own vessel. Tugs commonly had Flying names, while other ships were mostly named for lighthouses or lightships.

U.K., Glasgow.

CLYDE SHIPPING CO. LTD. (2).

A separate London company of the same name is recorded in Lloyd’s 1970–71.

U.K., London.

CLYDE STEAMSHIP CO.

Early references assign the flag to New York & Havana Mail Line or W.P. Clyde & Co.; Manning also gives New York & South Carolina SS Co. Lloyd Reedereiflaggen 1933 uses the name Clyde Mallory Lines. The lettering is sometimes shown with serifs, including LJC 1885.

CLYDE-MALLORY LINES.

The star derives from Mallory and the blue bands from Clyde. Lloyd Reedereiflaggen 1933 instead shows Clyde’s earlier flag under Clyde-Mallory. Talbot-Booth records use of the Mallory flag from 1932 to 1936 before its relinquishment to the parent company. Brown 1951 attributes the combined livery to the associated New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. A tapered version was once placed under Britain on FOTW; the company was American. Rosanoski presumes that this version derives from National Geographic’s slightly tapered illustration.

CMA CGM HOLDING.

CMA CGM Holding was formed in 1999. Its operating interests included ANL, whose naming rights had been bought from the Australian government in 1998, with Australian and Singapore subsidiaries; Cheng Lie, acquired in spring 2007; Feeder Associate Systems, formed in 2002; and Maroc Phospohor Ocean. CMA CGM (UK) Shipping, formed in 2000, was restructured with manning agency Scorpio Marine as CMA Ships UK by 2008. Compagnie du Ponant was bought in 2006 and sold in 2012. The source records acquisition of a majority in Compagnie Marocaine de Navigation in 2007 and sale of that holding to Fred Olsen in 2009. A majority of Setramar was purchased on 5 September 2005. Other interests included Gazocean and Delom. An 80 per cent SNCM interest through CGM is recorded, but Rosanoski is unsure whether it was included in the sale being described.

France, Suresnes.

CMA CGM.

C468 may have been only a table flag, or may have been superseded. Its emblem is an elongated blue-and-white globe showing the continents.

A flag on the Statue of Liberty appeared on the cover of CMA CGM Magazine No. 27. Rosanoski initially thought a very light-blue globe might be present, but after the image ceased to be available he treated it as the new logo alone. He leaves open the possibility of a special shore-use flag.

C897 was recorded on CMA CGM Matisse on 16 May 2002, before a September 2005 photograph showed C896. A recheck described a red oval with a blue top, and apparently different reds in CMA and CGM, perhaps due to fading. Faded blue was considered as an alternative, though the letters looked more reddish.

C896 is based on port-side CMA CGM Matisse and starboard CMA CGM Rossini photographs from 2005, and was also noted on CMA CGM Mozart in June 2004. Matisse has a wider blue band. Rosanoski observes that the distinction from C895 can depend on where the funnel ends and white superstructure begins: Rossini fits a white-base interpretation, while Matisse is less clear. Rossini’s flag could not be read. Nüsse supplies a table flag.

CMA CGM l’Etoile, photographed from port on 14 November 2005 under charter, has a short, very squat funnel. Rosanoski regards this as clearly a blue base, red top and white band, without the funnel-versus-superstructure ambiguity.

C898 comes from chartered CMA CGM Rodin on 15 November 2005. A photograph of an unidentified vessel shows no distinct blue top, only projecting exhausts which look black but might be blue, matching the very dark oval and letters. CMA CGM Tage in December 2005 instead shows a deep-blue top.

C899 is based on starboard photographs of chartered CMA CMG Komodo and compared with reddish-brown funnels on CMA CGM Kalamata and CMA CGM Elbe in June 2004. NJK initially suspected the owner Danaos’s colours. Rosanoski disagreed, citing Danaos/Coustas examples with a black funnel and light-blue band, later white, bearing C. He proposed that the reddish-brown vessels formed CMA CGM’s contribution to the Sundex service, without extending that theory to Norasia or China Shipping vessels. NJK doubted trade-specific colours and favoured a neutral finish, also speculating that old vessels might deliberately lack branding. No explanation was established.

C1379 records a port-side view of chartered CMA CGM Iguacu in July 2006.

C1381 records chartered CMA CGM America in 2007 from starboard, with the red and blue reversed as a mirror image and the red curving down forward.

C1382 comes from an unidentified vessel photographed from starboard on 27 September 2009.

C1383 records owned CMA CGM Hudson from starboard on 4 August 2006, with the blue rising higher aft.

CMA CGM Lavender, chartered and photographed from starboard on 27 May 2010, carries the design over its full tall funnel. The wider white superstructure base is considered separate. A port view of owned CMA CGM North Africa 2 on 7 December 2009 shows a shorter funnel which could be read as merging into a white base.

C1385 comes from a port-side photograph of chartered CMA CGM Opal dated 29 June 2013.

The Tage description gives a broad blue top on a white funnel, red-and-blue letters and long comma-like arcs, red above the beginning and blue below the end. The same passage describes a flag without The French Line, replacing the oval with the arcs; a supposed light-blue globe was later judged unlikely. The narrative refers to C900 in this discussion, while the Sources section labels C900 as a funnel from the house magazine.

CMA CGM, also called The French Line, arose from Compagnie Maritime d’Affretement’s 1996 purchase of Compagnie Générale Maritime and their legal merger on 1 January 1999. MacAndrews was acquired in 2002. The company account dates acquisition of Delmas to 2005, while the OTAL account gives 2006 for OTAL, Delmas, Setramar and a half-interest in Sudcargos. A 10 per cent Atlantic Container Line interest was sold to Grimaldi in 2001, although Rosanoski is unsure which ACL entity was meant. CMA CGM held a minority interest in Delom and partnered Norasia in Sundra Express Service [Sundex], joined by China Shipping from 9 January 2005. Yilmar, of the Yildirim group, invested in 2010.

France, Marseilles.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

No company-specific identity can be assigned from paint alone.

SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DE TRANSPORT MARITIME & COMPAGNIE NATIONALE ALGÉRIENNE DE NAVIGATION MARITIME.

CNAN Nord SpA

CNAN Med SpA

CNAN Group

C976 comes from a port-side photograph of Ibn Khaldoun II dated 30 August 2008. A starboard photograph from 15 September 2011 shows a mirror image, with the bow motif facing forward on both sides. The starboard design follows the logo without lettering.

C977 records Teleghma on 14 February 2007.

The Algerian government decided to create CNAN Group on 20 October 2003 in restructuring SNTM-CNAN. The company website dates operation from 1 January 2004, while Lloyd’s gives formation in 2005. Port companies held 43.75 per cent of its capital. The existing agency and container-logistics subsidiaries NASHCO, formed in November 1991, and NASEC, formed on 5 October 2002, were joined by CNAN Med for Mediterranean cargo, CNAN Nord for northern Europe and the Americas, CNAN Bulk for tramp bulk cargo and CNAN Maintenance, all dated 2 January 2005. A passenger subsidiary was planned for July 2005; its actual creation is not established in the passage.

Algeria, Alger.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

SNTM/CNAN

Ain Oussem’s funnel, photographed on 24 July 2005, agrees with the FOTW flag, but the dark print does not clearly show the anchor head.

The state-owned Compagnie Nationale Algérienne de Navigation was operating by the mid-1960s. On 1 November 1982 it divided into the hydrocarbon and chemical transport company later known as Hyproc and Société Nationale de Transport Maritime & Compagnie Nationale Algérienne de Navigation Maritime, SNTM/CNAN. Rosanoski notes inconsistent inclusion of Maritime in Lloyd’s version of the name. SNTM/CNAN later appeared under CNAN Group.

Algeria, Algiers.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

SNTM/CNAN and continuing use

C123’s anchor is topped by what resembles the upper two points of an undefined, angled red star. A narrow-black-top version was still worn by CNAN Nord’s Djorf in a photograph dated 28 June 2012.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CNFR NAVROM S.A.

Undated company photographs of Tudor Vladimirescu show the funnel and an indistinct flag which appears to be flying; Rosanoski presumes the photographs relate to its later government-service period. Alex Danes redrew the flag from a stamp because the letters, anchor and stripes had different proportions. Jan Mertens found another possible version in the company PDF, apparently blue with a red centre and yellow anchor, but posed that reading as a question. The source also corrects a comment placed under maritime NAVROM as relating to this river company. If C1230 applies, Rosanoski regards it as continuing the earlier combined NAVROM flag shown by Michels.

C1052 is taken from Mercur in the company fleet PDF.

C1053 is taken from Mercur 301 in the same PDF.

C1054 is taken from Rovinari VII, the only one of the three Rosanoski located in Lloyd’s. The PDF also shows Mercur 203 with a plain blue funnel and TTS LINE on the superstructure or hull.

COAL & ALLIED INDUSTRIES LTD.

The Brown livery was retained initially. Conara, acquired in 1977, received the Coal & Allied logo on its funnel band in 1979, but the emblem was soon removed, apparently for lack of board approval. The slightly deepened white band remained. With Camira’s arrival in 1980 the logo returned, using one ring on the funnel and two on the new flag. That flag is yellow with a narrow green bend sinister, overlaid by a white oval with a double black ring enclosing black C&A.

The State Library of Tasmania supplies a further flag image. Jan Mertens notes the resemblance to the C&A clothing logo, while distinguishing the colours and absence of a wavy oval border.

COAL CLIFF COLLIERIES PTY. LTD.

COAL OPERATIONS AUSTRALIA LTD.

The emblem is a stylised map of Australia bearing COAL, with the full company title beneath in black lower-case letters. The 1995 source says no house flag had yet been considered. Rosanoski infers from the apparently short operation that there may never have been one.

COAST LINES LTD.

C775 was adopted in 1917. LJC 1930 places the C wholly at the saltire’s centre. On the name change, the funnel reverted to that of F.H. Powell & Co.

C776 replaced it on 1 July 1937, restoring the three founders’ colours in a flag based on International Code C with the company’s initials added. Ridley Chesterton 1967 gives black letters.

Rosanoski questions Talbot-Booth’s continued use of C777 after Ships & the Sea had reported adoption of C776. He also questions Merchant Ships 1944’s statement that the single C had been replaced by black C.L., both as to colour and punctuation.

The cruising yacht Killarney used the C778 funnel, presumably with whichever flag was current.

The constituent liveries survived the 1971 P&O takeover until formation of P&O Ferries in 1975.

COAST STEAMSHIPS PTY. LTD.

The flag is diagonally quartered blue and red with a white six-pointed star at the centre. Stewart 1953 and 1957 give an orange-toned funnel base. The Log initially shows a blue funnel band, corrected to red in November 1989. The livery did not survive the later name change.

COASTAL BULK SHIPPING LTD.

The funnel is recorded on newly bought and renamed Anatoki at Nelson on 11 March 2008. Rosanoski found no relationship between its OK markings and either the new owners or former owner Y.K. Hamaguchi Kaiun of Susaki.

COASTAL CARRIERS LTD.

The flag has diagonal white and blue quarters, with a red C on each white quarter. The funnel is red with a panel of the flag.

COASTAL CO-OPERATIVE STEAMSHIPS CO. LTD.

The funnel is described as light blue.

COASTAL EXPRESS LINE PTY. LTD

Adopted in January 1993, the funnel replaced the ANL ships’ yellow bands with red. Union apparently supplied no vessels to the service.

COASTAL SERVICES (MOTUEKA) LTD.

Taupata retained both its name and the colours of its former owner, Pearl Kasper Shipping. A black-and-white photograph confirms the livery.

COASTAL SHIPPING CO. PTY. LTD.

The funnel is recorded for Sisco, described at the time as the only general-cargo vessel. Rosanoski assumes the remaining vessels were converted landing craft from their ro-ro cargo, tanker and landing-craft descriptions.

COASTAL TUG & BARGE PTY. LTD.

The company was registered on 16 November 1966 and is also recorded at Artarmon, New South Wales. Lloyd’s lists it in 1973–74, 1978–79 and 2005–06.

Australia, Sydney.

Coastal Tug & Barge (N.G.) Pty. Ltd.

Separate N.G. and Darwin references

A separate Coastal Tug & Barge (N.G.) Pty. Ltd. originated in Papua New Guinea and is later recorded in Darwin. Lloyd’s places it under Hancock, Woodward & Neal of Port Moresby in 1970–71 and 1973–74, with Sir Garrick acquired in 1968. Other Darwin material names Adsteam Marine as agent and Chris Stannard as owner. Rosanoski considers there apparently to be no connection with the similarly named New South Wales company. He also cautions that the Adsteam website reference had not allowed for Svitzer’s acquisition.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Other joint-venture references

Another cited Coastal Tug & Barge Co. venture is described as Stannard Bros with Adsteam in 1989, and as an equal N.D. Hegarty & Son–Adsteam venture in 1997. The source does not fully resolve these similarly named records.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COASTAL TUG CO.

The source records no flag.

An index entry does not establish the exact company structure, operating dates or last-vessel loss in 1933. Modern Coastal Tug and Barge search results are different candidates and are not substituted for the archival firm.

COASTWISE LINE.

COBB MARINE.

COBELFRET N.V.

A distant starboard photograph of Lowlands Saguenay on 3 June 2005 appears to support this funnel, but the letter’s colour cannot be guaranteed.

The livery is taken from a starboard photograph of Catherine in May 2007. The visible flag confirms the shape of the C and a diamond extending throughout the field.

The funnel band varies in shade and width, while most examples retain the illustrated shape of the C. Lowlands Erica, photographed on 18 April 2007, had a tall funnel but a narrow band, with the diamond touching its upper and lower edges. Lowlands Comfort on 29 December 2006 had a broad band containing a relatively smaller diamond; Lowlands Patrauche on 13 January 2007 had a narrower band but again an inset diamond. Rosanoski suggests that funnel width, rather than band width, may limit the diamond’s size in the latter examples. Ivan Sache’s flag illustration shows the diamond wholly within the field.

COE METCALF SHIPPING LTD.

Brown’s 1982 account gives C68 for former Coe vessels and C568 for former Metcalf vessels, with the flag of Booker Line, Coe’s owner. Rosanoski bases the dark blue on Mitchell’s funnel; the letter’s shape may vary.

Brown’s 1995 edition assigns this livery to dry-cargo vessels.

Brown reports this funnel on some ships, describing company initials without defining the letters.

COECLERICI GROUP.

Mitchell records the funnel for Coe & Clerici. The flag is white, with blue horizontal stripes along the upper and lower edges and a red emblem towards the hoist: two Cs between horizontal bars. The company website also supplied a photograph of a real flag.

Coeclerici Ceres Bulk Carriers N.V.

Photographs of Red Gardenia and Red Lotus show the letters slanted “PBdS”. A Newcastle photograph of Red Lotus on 29 October 2010 appears very dark blue and red. Rosanoski questions whether lighting accounts for this, or whether the blue had changed; a photograph dated 20 March 2011 may indicate a darker sky blue, though the light was possibly murky.

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

Coeclerici Armatori SpA

This funnel comes from a photograph of the chartered Red Seto at Sydney on 1 June 2009. JB had seen the lettering in another photograph but did not establish whether its funnel colour was the same.

Broader group use and shade variations are not inferred.

COFAMA BURKINA FASO.

The illustration is based on a picture from the company website, presumed to be its house flag. António Martins identifies the design as clearly based on the national flag.

COLEMAN’S CALIFORNIA LINE.

COLLINGWOOD SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The funnel is described as silver.

COLOCOTRONIS LTD.

The livery appears to derive from that of J.J. Colocotronis. Brown’s 1978 edition states that there was no flag.

COLOMBIAN STEAMSHIP CO. INC.

Brown shows an ordinary C.

An earlier FOTW entry incorrectly labelled the illustration “Columbian Line” under unidentified flags.

COLONIAL NAVIGATION CO.

COLOR GROUP ASA

Brown’s 1995 illustration orders the lines light blue, dark blue, yellow and red, differing from the company website logo. A photograph of Prinsesse Ragnhild published in May 2000 confirms the funnel shown by FOTW and the company website. Mitchell gives the funnel a blue top, both on Color Line’s card and on the Jahre Line Ferries card. Photographs of Color Festival appear to support a blue top, while a 2010 photograph of Color Majic shows no top. A photograph of Color Viking confirms the flag.

This table flag is documented on Josef Nüsse’s old and new websites.

Seaboard International Shipping Co. Ltd.

The funnel is taken from a starboard photograph of Skaugran on 24 October 2004. Rosanoski presumes the emblem to represent a tree or flower.

COLPRO SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The apparently white funnel may instead be an uncoloured blank. A line drawing of the sole vessel, named Colpro Adventurer in this passage, appears to have been coloured blue with a black top.

COLTUGS SAS.

The funnel is a variation of the parent Ultramar/Ultratug livery and is based on photographs of RM Magdalena from both sides on 8 December 2013. The flag reference is the company logo.

COLUMBIA & KOOTENAY STEAM NAVIGATION CO.

The funnel was black with a red top. In many cases vessels retained their original funnels for several years after the merger. No flag is given.

COLUMBIA SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD.

Brown gives the main band as orange, while NJK observations and photographs suggest a redder colour. Rosanoski cautions that photography may account for the difference; COSCO Damman on 3 July 2006 appears definitely orange. The letters in C151 should be squarish, as in C1043. Cape Benat, photographed on 6 April 2004, had a reddish-orange band over a darker buff base and no top. Close photographs of Cape Fresco and Cape Fulmar confirm that the letters’ component strokes have differing widths. The base funnel colour and top vary with the owner.

This funnel is taken from a portside photograph of Mare Traveller on 19 May 2011.

Bengal Tiger Line

The company website also supplies the Bengal Tiger Line funnel.

COLUMBIA STEAMSHIP CO.

The funnel was noted on Choctaw Victory in April 1965. Lloyd’s confirms the vessel as operated for Saxis Steamship in 1966–67.

COMANDO DE TRANSPORTES NAVALES.

The indistinct illustration appears to show a blue pennant. At the hoist is the national triband with the Sun of May, arranged vertically; the main field is a darker blue. An emblem, probably a badge, is angled towards the upper hoist, but only an anchor can be distinguished. White ARA letters are arranged vertically near the hoist of the main field. Rosanoski expands these as Armada República Argentina. Towards the fly are two small horizontal black words: the first appears to be TRANSPORTES and the second is probably NAVALES. The badge does not appear to match the naval website’s logo.

A photograph of the all-grey naval ship Bahia San Blas in February 2006 supports the illustrated funnel, except that the photograph shows no black top.

COMARIT S.A.

Skipet depicts the funnel flag slightly flapping, whereas photographs show an angled panel with straight upper and lower edges. Photographs of Boughaz from both sides in 1994 and 1995 confirm that the panel points forward on each side, its hoist aligned with the funnel’s forward slope. Skipet also angles it on an upright funnel drawing. The photographs show no hull lettering. In October 2004 Boughaz wore Lineas Maritimas Europeas colours, presumably on charter.

Mitchell places this funnel beside C1300. Rosanoski suggests that ships contributed by the joint-venture partners may have used slightly modified versions of their normal markings.

The funnel comes from a starboard photograph of Banasa in June 2004. It is unclear whether the flag emblem has black outlining or is merely dark blue. The FOTW flag is yellow and rectangular, with a thin blue vertical stripe towards the hoist and a blue star in the upper fly. Its website source also led to an account placing the Moroccan company in Casablanca as a branch of Comarit España. Rosanoski questions that inference: the archived Spanish website linked to a vessel in C1300 colours under represented companies, leaving the relationship unclear. The design is noted as similar to that of Fred Olsen S.A.

Comarit España SL

The Comarit España flag is red and forked, with a thin yellow vertical stripe towards the hoist and a yellow star in the upper fly. The source compares its design with Fred Olsen’s Spanish house flag.

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

COMBEN LONGSTAFF & CO. LTD.

Brown 1951 and 1958 extend the diamond to the flag’s edges.

L211’s funnel is supported by a monochrome Leicesterbrook photograph. Stewart 1957 also attributes the livery to Williamstown Shipping.

L212 and L475 retain the earlier Ships & The Sea and Merchant Ships versions.

COMMERCIAL CABLE CO. (MARINE) LTD.

Stewart depicts the C211 funnel without a black top, matching C210.

COMMERCIAL PACIFIC CABLE CO.

COMMERCIAL S.A.

The funnel comes from a portside photograph of Faro at Singapore on 19 June 2011.

COMMERCIAL S.S. CO. LTD.

The funnel is black with a broad white band bearing a red delta triangle. Two flags are recorded: an unequal horizontal white-and-red biband, with the red forming a delta triangle rising from the base; and a white flag with a red delta triangle.

This livery was subsequently used by Lambert Brothers.

COMMERCIALE MARITTIMA PETROLI S.P.A.

Recorded for Riviera Prima, the funnel is yellow with a narrow black top and a narrow white band. An unusually shaped black panel, crossed by a white vertical band, surmounts the white band. No flag is noted.

COMMERZ REEDEREI GMBH.

COMMODORE SHIPPING CO. LTD.

A starboard photograph of Commodore Goodwill on 16 April 2003 supports the funnel; the FOTW flag illustration follows Brown 1991.

Following the 2002 buyout, the Condor Ferries logo was redesigned using the same typeface as Brittany Ferries’ 2002 logo. All ferries received Condor Ferries colours from 2004. C1339 is based on a portside photograph of Commodore Goodwill on 14 January 2006, with the new logo on the superstructure.

COMMON BROTHERS PLC.

The livery is variously attributed to Hindustan alone or jointly with Common Brothers. Ocean Ships 1967 assigns this funnel to Hindustan, Burnside and North Shipping; LJC assigns it to Burnside. A black-and-white photograph of Selvistan confirms the funnel.

Reed depicts the black funnel band wider than the white one.

For many years the management pennant flew above the house flag of the managed company. Initially it reproduced Common Brothers’ own house flag, as C175; within a few years the company logo was added at the hoist, as C174. Brown depicts Australia China Line with H277 above its flag in 1951 and C175 in 1958.

Common Brothers originated as J.W. Squance & Co., renamed in 1906 after Captain Squance retired. The register gives 1893 as its formation date, also the date assigned to Hindustan Steam Shipping. Rosanoski infers that the business traded through Hindustan. Lloyd’s states that it was known as Hindustan until 1968, but Hindustan remained separately listed as a shipowner through 1978–79.

Hindustan acquired more than 90% shareholder acceptance for its North Shipping bid in 1963–64, bought Hopemount in June 1966, and obtained 51% of Burnside from Associated Shipbuilders during 1966. Other interests included Caribbean Trailer Express and the acquired Shipcraft Agency. The later ownership chronology differs between sources: a 1985 account gives Norex a 53.8% holding, while Lloyd’s describes Kristian Siem control from 1981 to 1988 followed by Norex.

Australia China Line was formed jointly with Jardine, Matheson in 1946; Common Brothers’ share passed to Indo-China Steam Navigation in 1951. Its wider operating interests included Hindustan, Burnside, North Shipping, Kuwait Oil Tanker, Lowland Tanker, Newfoundland Refineries, Northumbrian Shipping and Vallum, as well as Caribbean Trailer Express for a period. Northumbrian dates to 1925. Common Brothers (Management) and Chimo operated parts of the fleet, and Dorchester Maritime was named as manager in 1998. Most fleet names ended in “stan”.

U.K., Newcastle and Sunderland; later London.

COMMON BROTHERS (MANAGEMENT) LTD.

Common Brothers (Management) appears from 1970–71 through 1988–89. Its recorded operations included Australia China Line, Common Brothers, Hindustan, Burnside, Hopemount, Kuwait Oil Tanker, Lowland Tanker, Newfoundland Refineries, North Shipping, Northumbrian and Vallum. Caribbean Trailer Express was a former client. Later records also include Raschid Fares Enterprises and part of Sea Containers Chartering’s fleet.

U.K., Newcastle.

CSIRO (Lloyds 1988-9).

This oatmeal-coloured funnel was adopted in 1985 when Franklin replaced Sprightly.

Southern Surveyor, purchased in 1988, used a blue circular emblem containing a vertical yellow band with undefined white edging, itself bearing a blue emblem. The blue shade is uncertain and was not described.

This funnel comes from a photograph of Southern Surveyor published on the CSIRO marine website.

The later funnel is based on a starboard photograph of Southern Surveyor on 18 January 2013.

COMNINOS ENTERPRISES S.A.

COMPAGNIA GENOVESE D’ARMAMENTO S.P.A.

Aurelia’s funnel, recorded in the NJK Collection, is white with a narrow black top. Below the top, separated by a gap of equal width, is a blue-over-red band; the blue bears three white stars side by side.

COMPAGNIA ITALIANA TRANSOCEANICA DI NAVIGAZIONE S.P.A.

The funnel recorded for Tansoceanica Silvia in April 1965 is red with a black top and a black T. No flag was noted.

COMPAGNIA ITALIANA TRANSPORTI MARITTIMI S.A.

Rosanoski assumes the flag applies to the C558 funnel, although it is not shown with that funnel in the cited material. FOTW presents the flag under Italian Transporti Maritimi, with an image by Ivan Sache based on Znamierowski. Sache suggested Genoa from its St George’s cross; Rosanoski subsequently confirmed the company’s Genoa base.

COMPAGNIA NAPOLETANA DI NAVIGAZIONE.

COMPAGNIE AFRICAINE D'ARMEMENT.

Mitchell’s two line drawings show the beginnings and ends of blue stripes on the band, indicating blue at the front and rear of the funnel.

Brown’s 1958 illustration names Compagnie Africaine d’Armement correctly, but its index names Compagnie Africaine d’Armement et de Navigation and places both in Marseilles. US Navy 1961 likewise assigns the livery to the latter company, as C1187; Rosanoski presumes that attribution erroneous.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Rosanoski considers this apparently to be the livery of the Paris Compagnie Africaine d’Armenent, C1367, attributed here in error. Brown’s 1958 image caption names Compagnie Africaine d’Armement, while its index names Compagnie Africaine d’Armeement et de Navigation and places both in Marseilles.

Exact company user remains unresolved.

COMPAGNIE ARMORICAINE DE TRANSPORT MARITIMES.

Armements Marseillais indicates light blue, whereas the FOTW image uses dark blue, described there as “probably a reference to the traditional colours of Saint-Malo”.

Mitchell’s version of C835’s funnel has no black top.

COMPAGNIE AUXILIAIRE DE NAVIGATION.

Mitchell’s line drawings show three vertical red bands and four white, apparently all of equal width.

COMPAGNIE BELGE D'AFFRETEMENTS S.A.

Ivan Sache’s FOTW image shows the diamond contained within the flag’s field.

COMPAGNIE BELGE D’ARMEMENT S.A.

The flag is red with a white diamond extending to the edges and bearing a blue C. The yellow or buff funnel has a broad band of the flag. The NJK collection records the funnel on Patagies, with additional features at the ends of the C, described only as “bits on the end”.

COMPAGNIE BELGE MARITIME DU CONGO.

The company initially used Elder Dempster livery, whose funnel Rosanoski therefore adopts. The Elder Dempster house flag appears to have provided the model for CBMC’s and subsequently CMB’s flags.

Brockhaus’ 1898 account gives a white swallowtail with a red St George’s cross and a yellow crown at the centre.

Scott’s 1959 account, under Compagnie Maritime Congolaise, describes a blue swallowtail with a red cross throughout, a central black disc with white edging containing a yellow rampant lion, and a yellow five-pointed star in the upper hoist. Larousse Commercial 1930 gives CBMC the same design but with yellow disc edging. Lloyd’s 1912 CBMC flag instead has white edging.

COMPAGNIE BRETONNE DE CARGOS FRIGORIFIQUES.

The flag is white with three black diamonds in a horizontal row. Each is surmounted by three small black diamonds arranged one above two. No funnel is given.

COMPAGNIE CHAMBON.

Armements Marseillais and FOTW attribute C2 to Compagnie Marseillaise de Remorquage et de Sauvetage J. Chambon et Cie.

The Chambon family began towing in 1861 as Marius Chambon et Cie., later Chambon Frères et Cie. In 1873 it merged with smaller companies to form Société Générale de Remorquage et de Travaux Maritimes. Armements Marseillais also gives a version of this name including Sauvetage, which Rosanoski notes is not supported by Lloyd’s. The same account dates restructuring to 1971, with the creation of Compagnie Marseillaise de Remorquage et de Sauvetage J. Chambon et Cie. This joined Nouvelle Société Provençale de Remorquage [Les Abeilles SAS] and ARPEC to form Société des Remorqueurs du Port Autonome. Compagnie Sétoise de Remorquage et Sauvetage J. Chambon et Cie. was formed at Sète. Lloyd’s instead records Compagnie Chambon as formed in 1891, renamed Compagnie Marseillaise de Remorquage et de Salvage Chambon in 1989 and apparently reformed as Compagnie Chambon in 1996. These accounts are not reconciled.

The group became part of Maritime Groupe Bourbon, later Bourbon. Its operating companies included Antilles Trans Express, SURF, l’Express des Iles and Les Abeilles. Chambon Offshore International was formed as a wholly owned subsidiary in 1981 and managed part of the fleet. Société Oceanienne de Remorquage et d’Assistance was jointly formed with Les Abeilles; Lloyd’s later names Société des Remorqueurs du Port Autonome de Marseille as the Chambon-side partner.

France, Marseilles.

This supports the French family-business association but does not resolve the archive’s 1861 precursor, 1891 formation and 1989/1996 renamings. The present company is not automatically treated as uninterrupted legal continuation.

ANTILLES TRANS EXPRESS S.A.

Antilles Trans Express was formed in 1987 and merged into S.A.S. l’Express des Iles in 2000.

Guadeloupe – France.

COMPAGNIE DES MOYENS DE SURFACE ADAPTÉS À L’EXPLOITATION DES OCÉANS.

C826’s funnel is shown on Kakulo in a photograph on the Bourbon website. Rosanoski could not determine whether it represented a change from C827’s livery or a Sonasurf-group association; the logo also appeared on the Sonasurf website.

Known as SURF, Compagnie des Moyens de Surface Adaptés à l’Exploitation des Océans was formed in February 1972 by Chambon, with minority interests held by Messageries Maritimes and Comex. As a wholly owned Bourbon subsidiary, Surf SAS joined Sociedad Nacional de Combustiveis de Angola in forming Sonasurf Internacional, Sonasurf Angola and Sonasurf Jersey. Sonasurf Angola Lda was based in Luanda.

France, Marseilles.

This supports the French family-business association but does not resolve the archive’s 1861 precursor, 1891 formation and 1989/1996 renamings. The present company is not automatically treated as uninterrupted legal continuation.

S.A.S. L'EXPRESS DES ILES.

S.A.S. l’Express des Iles was formed in 2000 through the merger of Antilles Trans Express S.A. and Caribbean Express S.A. The source also gives 1987 as its formation date, corresponding to Antilles Trans Express.

Guadeloupe.

Chambon Offshore International

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

This supports the French family-business association but does not resolve the archive’s 1861 precursor, 1891 formation and 1989/1996 renamings. The present company is not automatically treated as uninterrupted legal continuation.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Shared use versus subsidiary-specific use remains unproved.

This supports the French family-business association but does not resolve the archive’s 1861 precursor, 1891 formation and 1989/1996 renamings. The present company is not automatically treated as uninterrupted legal continuation.

COMPAGNIE CHÉRIFIENNE D’ARMAMENT.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION CYPRIEN FABRE & CIE.

COMPAGNIE FABRE, SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE DE TRANSPORTS MARITIMES.

Cyprien Fabre

Armements Marseillais dates the C156 funnel to 1868–1902.

Armements Marseillais dates C157 to 1902–1914, whereas Loughran says it had been adopted by 1900.

Armements Marseillais dates adoption of C518 to 1914; Loughran says by the 1930s, to match the blue of the flag. Rosanoski points out that Larousse Commercial Illustré establishes its use by 1930. A black-and-white photograph of Patria confirms the funnel. White and blue are the colours of Marseilles; the source images use light blue, consistent with FOTW and the shade indicated by Larousse.

Cyprien Fabre (1838–1896) founded his trading and shipping company in 1868. In 1881 it split into the trading concern Cyprien Fabre, Fabre et Compagnie and Compagnie Francaise de Navigation à Vapeur Cyprien Fabre et Compagnie for shipping. Merchant Ships dates steamship ownership from 1874. Around 1900 the shipping company became known as Fabre-Line. In 1933 its name became Compagnie Générale de Navigation à Vapeur Cyprien Fabre, followed in 1941 by Compagnie de Navigation Cyprien Farbre & Cie, as written in the source. Paul Fabre (1870–1955) succeeded his father, preserved the company from dismantling and eventually ceded it to Fraissinet, headed by his son-in-law.

The Fabre family held a majority stake in Chargeurs Reunis from 1927 to 1937; the later Fabre concern came under Chargeurs control in 1964–65. Compagnie Générale Transatlantique was a major shareholder. Merchant Ships lists Chargeurs Reunis and Compagnie Sud Atlantique as associates, records control of Compagnie des Meassageries Maritimes from 1939, and lists Fabre as operator for Compagnie Française de Navigation à Vapeur. The company also participated in the Atlantica Line consortium.

France, Marseilles.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Fraissinet et Cyprien Fabre

Compagnie de Navigation Fraissinet et Cyprien Fabre was formed by merger in 1955. It managed some vessels for the French government. In 1965 it merged into Compagnie Fabre, Société Générale de Transports Maritimes, which was ceded to Chargeurs Reunis.

France, Marseilles.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Fabre, Société Générale de Transports Maritimes

The new company retained the flag and the white and blue colours in 1965, continuing them until the 1979 absorption.

The 1965 combination joined Fraissinet et Cyprien Fabre and Société Générale de Transports Maritimes à Vapeur. The source records alternative names Compagnie Fabre-Transports Maritimes à Vapeur and Compagnie Frassinet-S.G.T.M. Compagnie Maritime des Chargeurs Reunis operated the fleet, or part of it, in the 1970s; the remaining ships were absorbed into its fleet in 1979.

France, Marseilles.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION D'ORBIGNY.

The flag is horizontally blue, red and green in proportions 1:2:1, though some sources differ in the band widths on both flag and funnel. Brown 1958’s note says there is “no lettering on flag now”; Rosanoski observes that Brown 1951 already shows it without letters. Ivan Sache’s FOTW image refers to a colour plate probably from an inter-war Larousse dictionary, but Rosanoski notes that it is absent from the 1930 edition and must therefore come from another source.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION DAHER.

The flag’s Danish colours are attributed to Daher’s Danish origins.

C857’s funnel was adopted at the beginning of 1933. Sudcargos colours replaced it at the beginning of 1972.

Rosanoski considers C858 probably derived from Bois 1980.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION DENIS FRÈRES.

The proportions of the cross vary between sources. Brown 1958 notes the change from the C232 funnel to C231.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION FRAISSINET.

The early references attribute these liveries to successive Fraissinet names. For F256, Griffin and LJC 1909 differ from other sources by placing a dot under IE.

The two house flags are based on the Dutch national flag, commemorating the family’s exile in the Netherlands after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. FOTW places the letters closer together than the Bois illustrations.

The Pavillon website also shows a long pennant with horizontal red, white and blue stripes meeting at the point, without identifying its source or use.

US Navy 1961 and the Pavillon website omit the dots after the flag’s letters.

Marc Fraissinet founded Compagnie Fraissinet in January 1836. Marc Fraissinet & Cie., formed in May 1843, was absorbed into Compagnie Marseillaise de Navigation à Vapeur in 1853. The business ceased operations during the Franco-Prussian War and resumed in 1874 as Nouvelle Société Maritime de Navigation à Vapeur (Compagnie Fraissinet). It absorbed the Corsican Morelli concern in 1892. The change to Compagnie de Navigation Fraissinet is dated to 1935 in the principal account and to 1937 in Merchant Ships. Jean Fraissinet succeeded his father Alfred in 1927 and married Mathilde Cyprien-Fabre. Fraissinet, Fabre and Chargeurs Réunis opened common agencies in 1930; Paul Cyprien-Fabre joined Fraissinet’s board in 1933. The biographical account dates control of Fabre to 1937, followed by merger in 1955. Roland Fraissinet succeeded Jean in 1958.

Compagnie Consignation Maritime was formed in 1959, and Fraissinet took control of Société de Transports Maritimes à Vapeur in 1960. Successive combinations with Fabre, Société Générale des Transports Maritimes and Chargeurs Réunis did not sustain the business. The source dates the lowering of the flag to 1968 and withdrawal from shipping to 1974.

France, Marseilles.

Fraissinet et Cyprien Fabre

F257 appears in an advertisement for Compagnie de Navigation Fraissinet et Cyprien Fabre. Its proper attribution among the Fraissinet company names is unclear, and Rosanoski considers that it may be an incorrect rendering. No funnel is shown with it; the funnel association is assumed.

Brown 1958’s index assigns C865 to the merged company. Merchant Ships 1959 instead shows vessels retaining their original funnels; Merchant Ships 1963 indicates continued separate trading routes, with Fraissinet as the African Lines. The advertisement showing F257 provides further support for continued distinct usage.

Compagnie de Navigation Fraissinet et Cyprien Fabre was formed in 1955 when Paul Fabre ceded his company to Fraissinet, then presided over by his son-in-law. It managed some vessels for the French government. In 1965 it merged into Compagnie Fabre, Société Générale de Transports Maritimes, which was ceded to Chargeurs Reunis.

France, Marseilles.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

CNM (FOTW).

The FOTW rendering follows Bois, while the comparative note emphasises differing band widths, letter shapes and punctuation.

Brown’s 1934 version is swallowtailed with blue letters.

Merchant Ships 1942 confirms this as the original funnel; Mitchell dates the livery to 1912.

A black-and-white photograph of El-Kantara confirms the funnel. Brown also attributes the livery to Compagnie Touache, while Lloyd Reedereiflaggen gives it to Société Anonyme Mazout Transports. Reed’s equal-width triband is treated as probably incorrect.

Societe Petrole-Transports

The funnel monogram appears to combine the letters CIP.

Petroleum-transport companies

Théodore Mante, also president of Compagnie Industrielle des Pétroles et des raffineries de Frontignan, formed separate tanker companies because the law limited a shipowner to one dangerous vessel. Pétrole-Transports, formed in 1909, held Radioleine in 1912–25; Naphte-Transports held Motricine in 1914–18; Mazout-Transports held CIP in 1922–53. After a change in the law following 1918, the tankers were regrouped under Mazout-Transport. Mobil-Oil bought CIP in 1954 and the company was dissolved.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION PACQUET.

NOUVELLE COMPAGNIE DE PAQUEBOTS.

Mitchell shows the inner blue in the funnel emblem as a ring around the red, with white between. Randier gives the C a squarish form.

The N442 funnels appear to belong only to the last three vessels: Mermoz, Massalia and Azur.

Mitchell shows the Compagnie des Croisieres Paquet funnel and N462, whose somewhat similar design is unclear. The line drawings do not identify the vessels.

Nouvelle Compagnie de Paquebots was formed in 1964 and was operated by Compagnie Maritime des Chargeurs Réunis in the 1970s and early 1980s. Mermoz passed to a different registered owner under the Bahamian flag in 1985, becoming a managed vessel. The company’s involvement appears to have ended in 1990, when cruise operations came under Croisiers Paquet - Compagnie Française de Croisieres. Mermoz was finally sold in 1999.

France, Marseilles.

Paquet

A poster advertising the Black Sea route, and therefore dated no earlier than 1880, shows a red stripe wider than the blue stripes. The original refers to this flag as P42.

Griffin 1895 shows Co rather than Cie. Armements Marseillais narrows the red band, makes the small letters still smaller and places IE lower. The flag was used by Nicolas Paquet’s company, Compagnie de Navigation Marocaine and Compagnie de Navigation Arménienne et Marocaine.

Later posters show a red lozenge on a blue field, with CNP for Compagnie de Navigation Paquet.

Rosanoski notes that Larousse Commercial Illustré and Armements Marseillais show the C165 version in connection with C431. Brown and Randier show white dots after the letters on the C165 flag; Brown 1943 and 1951 give black funnel letters. Merchant Ships 1949 uses the C431 flag version and a black centre to the funnel emblem. Armements Marseillais shows equal flag bands on its cover but a broader red band inside. Randier attributes the flag to Compagnie Nicolas Paquet. Al Fisher Jr.’s earlier FOTW image had a broad red band; Ivan Sache replaced it with the C431 version.

Nicolas Paquet founded Compagnie de Navigation Nicolas Paquet Aîné & Cie. in 1860. Shipping apparently operated through Compagnie de Navigation Marocaine, of which he was an equal founder in 1861. That company became Compagnie de Navigation Arménienne et Marocaine in 1874 and Compagnie de Navigation Paquet in 1913. Merchant Ships dates steamship ownership from 1879. Compagnie Française de Navigation was formed as a subsidiary in 1960, followed by Nouvelle Compagnie de Paquebots in 1964. After most ships had been sold, the remaining business was consolidated under the latter in 1969. Paquet entered cruising with Mermoz through Compagnie des Croisieres Paquet, a 1968 joint venture with Chargeurs Réunis. Another FOTW account dates the last ship sale and conversion to a travel agency to 1970.

France, Marseilles.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION SUD ATLANTIQUE.

The first flag is blue with a white diamond reaching the edges and bearing a red rooster. The second is blue with a white diamond bearing a red O. A black-and-white photograph of Massilia confirms the funnel associated with the second flag. The funnel’s written colour description is internally incomplete: “Yellow, or buff, with a black funnel.”

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION U.I.M.

Known as UIM, Compagnie de Navigation U.I.M. is recorded as manager only in 1958–59, at a different address from Union Industrielle et Maritime, Société Française d’Armament. The entries were combined under Union Industrielle et Maritime in 1966–67, then including ownership. Later listings use Union Industrielle et Maritime S.A., returning to Compagnie de Navigation U.I.M. in 1992–93 and 1996–97. UIM managed part of Compagnie Nationale de Navigation’s fleet in 1992–93.

Prance, Paris, as written in the original Country passage.

UNION INDUSTRIELLE ET MARITIME, SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE D’ARMAMENT.

The earlier references attribute the livery to Union Industrielle et Maritime, Société Française d’Armament; US Navy uses Union Industrielle et Maritime S.a.r.l.

Union Industrielle et Maritime, Société Française d’Armament was formed from Union Industrielle et Maritme, Union Miniere et Maritime and associated companies, and had been a steamship owner since 1925. Its subsidiary Union Maritime Méditerranéenne was managed by Compagnie des Messageries Maritimes. It managed Consortium Commercial de Transports Maritimes, Société Anonyme de Navigation “Les Armateurs Français”, for which no ships were shown, and part of the French government fleet. Separate register entries continued through 1963–64 before combination under Union Industrielle et Maritime.

France, Paris.

Union Industrielle et Maritime, Société Française d’Armament — historical livery

Later merged listings and exact continuation across names remain qualified.

COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION À VAPEUR CLAUDE MOUROU.

The Armateurs website attributes the livery to Mourou & Cie.

“COMPAGNIE DENS-OCEÁN S.A.

The blue flag bears a yellow lion in the canton, upright and walking towards the hoist, with the yellow inscription OCEÁN positioned and angled “Pbds” in Rosanoski’s notation. The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top, separated by a broad blue band bearing a yellow upright lion walking forward. US Navy indicates light blue. The letters appear shaded, though Rosanoski questions this; he also assumes the funnel base has the same yellow shade.

COMPAGNIE DES BATEAUX À VAPEUR DU NORD.

The flag is blue with a white diamond not reaching the edges and a red star. A company advertisement confirms this version. Larousse depicts the funnel marking as a panel; Brown’s 1926 and 1929 panels have a diamond extending throughout, as does Talbot-Booth’s later funnel band. Larousse’s 1930 flag still has an inset diamond.

Talbot-Booth’s notes state that the flag diamond had been enlarged to the field’s edges, yet the older illustration continued, and the 1944 text says the livery remained unchanged through the name changes. Rosanoski nevertheless considers a change plausible because Stewart’s 1950s editions and Brown 1982 show the larger diamond. Dominique Cureau suggests the 1927 SAGA takeover as a possible cause.

COMPAGNIE DES CROISIERES PAQUET.

The Armateur website supplies the logo, while Armements Marseillais leaves the flag panel blank but shows the corresponding funnel. The flag appears to have continued with the successor company, although the version from Josef Nüsse differs. Rosanoski cannot determine whether this represents a change or an error in Brown; Brown’s version agrees with the funnel emblem. Mitchell records the funnel under Nouvelle Compagnie de Paquuebots.

COMPAGNIE DES MESSAGERIES MARITIMES.

Loughran dates the S163 funnel to 1836–1851. Dominique Cureau distinguishes the postal-service flag from S163, showing S747 as a white lozenge on red. No funnel is given with S747; Rosanoski assumes the association.

Loughran dates M84 to 1851–1853 and records its first use by Hellespont on 8 September 1851. He stresses dots after the letters, although his illustration omits them. Cureau and the Armateurs website also omit dots. Cureau relates the maritime emblem’s horse’s head to the earlier horse-coach transport business and its move to shipping under railway competition. Rosanoski presumes that this refers to the shape of the flag’s diamond.

M85 followed in 1853–1871, without dots. Cureau gives the official name as Service Maritime des Messageries Impériales, differing from the other website account, and spaces the letters more widely.

C158 followed with one dot after the first M. Ivan Sache’s replacement FOTW drawing uses proportions 1:2, based on a menu showing a static flag. His description is white with red rectangles in the corners and black M.M at the centre. Some posters show a blue monogram, which he suggests may harmonise with their sea-and-sky background. The detailed proportions are given as (3:2:3):(6:4:6), with red, white and red in the ratio 3:2:3 vertically and 6:4:6 horizontally. The same passage calls the upper and lower red areas triangles; both original formulations remain recorded.

Brown 1951 and 1958 and Stewart 1957 assign C158 to steamships and C159 to motorships, with the distinction supported by Brown from 1934. Ships & the Sea specifies C159 for Aramis; a US Navy note assigns it to new vessels in the Polynesian trade.

Mitchell dates addition of the flag to the funnel to 1965. Rosanoski presumes the black funnel is meant. Dots are omitted.

Cureau connects this flag with a combination with Chargeurs Réunis, but Rosanoski is unsure what that connection means. Loughran shows the flag as a funnel band, while Brown 1982 shows a panel.

C436 was adopted around 1970, or in 1969 according to the Armateurs website. Some ships also used C432.

Ocean Ships assigns C435 to Louis Lumiere, Charles Tellier and Pasteur, and C434 to Cambodge, Laos and Vietnam. Rosanoski regards omission of the dot on some C434 flags, and Reed’s extra dot after the second M, as errors. Sources also differ in the amount of red in the corners.

Reed attributes C700 to Messageries Maritimes. Rosanoski considers it incorrect in comparison with the other flags, and also questions Reed’s company and location information.

COMPAGNIE DES VAPEURS DE CHARGE FRANÇAIS.

COMPAGNIE DU PONANT.

The illustration is based on a portside photograph of L’Austral on 11 September 2012. Rosanoski notes that the “funnel” is really two exhausts emerging from the superstructure. The metal logo is attached to a dark-grey base with white above it, producing the illustrated arrangement.

COMPAGNIE D’ARMEMENT MARITIME S.A.

Montmajour’s funnel is darker blue with a black top, separated by a broad lighter-blue band. Bill Black apparently associates it with M. Billaud of Paris.

The plain black funnel recorded for Citeaux and Orval is described as the normal colour scheme. No flag was noted.

COMPAGNIE D’ENTERPRISES MARITIMES S.A.

Henri G’s funnel is grey with a narrow black top and two widely separated, very narrow red bands. No flag was noted.

COMPAGNIE FRANCE NAVIGATION.

The first funnel is black with a white I superimposed on a white O. The initials stand for International Ouvrière, and the emblem resembles the Greek letter phi. Black-and-white photographs show variation in its height: it is placed high on Biscarosse and somewhat lower on Guilvinec.

The second funnel, adopted after re-establishment and first used on Owendo, is buff with a black top, separated by a red band narrower than the top. A photograph of Kerkena confirms the band’s portrayal.

COMPAGNIE FRANCO-TUNISIENNE DE NAVIGATION.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE DE L'AFRIQUE OCCIENTALE.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE DE MARINE ET DE COMMERCE S.A.

The livery was used by both the parent company and Minerais et Métaux.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE DE NAVIGATION (1).

The Armateur website and FOTW place the smaller ie at the top of the C.

The Marseilles company was formed in 1960 and owned by Compagnie de Navigation Paquet. The quoted FOTW account dates its abandonment to 1966, but Rosanoski suggests that 1969 may be intended. Its ship passed to Nouvelle Compagnie de Paquebots in 1969; Lloyd’s still lists the company in 1970–71 and cross-references it under the operator in 1973–74.

France, Marseilles.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE DE NAVIGATION (2).

A separate entry records a company of this name in Lloyd’s 1970–71, 1973–74 and 1978–79.

New Caledonia, Noumea in Lloyd’s 1970–71; France in 1978–79.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE DE NAVIGATION (3).

The Pavillon website has another version that appears to show black letters and a bluish-teal band. Its source is unstated and its colours unclear; Rosanoski did not illustrate that additional version.

The Nantes company operated sailing ships. Rosanoski suggests an association with Société Nouvelle d’Armement on the basis of the flag designs; no firmer relationship is established here.

France, Nantes.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE DES PHOSPHATES DE L'OCÉANIE.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE D’ARMEMENT MARITIME.

Saint Thierry’s funnel, noted in April 1965, is black with a white panel and blue frame enclosing a blue shield charged with a white cross paty. No flag was noted.

COMPAGNIE FRANÇAISE NAVIGATION RHÉNANE S.A.

The funnel comes from a photograph of Albert Auberger, whose bridge board reads A. Auberger. The bands run level around the front of the square funnel, then descend on the starboard side. The flag is documented by the debinnenvaart website.

The usual small inland-vessel funnel is taken from a photograph of Gilbergé at Karlsruhe on 3 March 2009.

COMPAGNIE GENERALE DE NAVIGATION SUR LE LAC LEMAN.

The company’s ships fly the rectangular Swiss civil ensign at the stern and the French civil ensign at the bow. Sometimes they also display four rectangular flags on a halyard above the passenger deck, representing the shores of Lake Leman: Vaud without its motto in the white field; Geneva without either heraldic charge; Valais without stars; and Savoy with a thicker-than-usual cross. The logo and funnel come from a company-website photograph.

COMPAGNIE GÉNÉRALE D’ARMEMENTS MARITIMES.

This is the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique funnel.

The funnel emblem appears to combine CGAM into a single symbol.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Loire was recorded with this unusual funnel as “Unidentified 70” in the NJK collection.

User of the A emblem unknown.

CGM.

Many vessels initially retained their previous funnels, including Messageries Maritimes’ black funnel. Brown 1982 reports that most subsequently wore the new colours.

Loughran shows the emblem and letters in black instead of blue. Mitchell also records this funnel for Sudcargos, without explanation.

COMPAGNIE GÉNÉRALE MAROCAINE D’ARMEMENT.

The flag is white with a green border and the red letters C.G.M.A. The funnel is red with a black top and a white shield bearing a green CGMA. letter emblem.

COMPAGNIE GÉNÉRALE TRANSATLANTIQUE.

LJC 1885 records C164 with the name of the Liverpool agent, Jas. C. Harker.

The lettering varies considerably. LJC 1885 uses capitals, dots beneath each small upper letter and a lower inscription of uniform height. LJC 1909 and Reed also use capitals, retaining the dots shown and a lower T of the same height as the other letters. Harnack writes Transatlatique in its fleet list but uses capitals in the image. Stewart 1953 and 1957 place a dash only beneath ie and enlarge the lower L both above and below the other letters. Stewart 1963 raises the upper l, keeps the dash only beneath ie and extends the initial lower T below the other letters. Flags of the World omits dots, uses capitals and gives the lower T the same height as the other letters. FOTW places dashes under both ie and le. Rosanoski’s C163 follows the Nüsse flag, with the lower letters angled slightly “Pbds”.

The livery was initially retained after the holding-company merger. Following full amalgamation in 1977 most vessels adopted Compagnie Générale Maritime’s colours. Black-and-white photographs confirm the funnel.

COMPAGNIE HAVRAISE DE NAVIGATION CORBLET.

After 1945, Compagnie Havraise de Navigation à Vapeur used the same flag with the letters CHNV. Dominique Cureau supplied this description to FOTW without an image.

Parts of this history are jointly attributed to Rosanoski. Repetition does not independently resolve the document’s 1912/1917 identity question; retain review.

COMPAGNIE HAVRAISE ET NANTAISE PÉNINSULAIRE.

COMPAGNIE LIBANAISE DE NAVIGATION COTIÈRE ET D’OUTRE-MER S.A.L.

The flag is blue with a narrow red saltire whose ends have “feet”, surmounted by a white star. The yellow or buff funnel has a broad band of the flag.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME BELGE (LLOYD ROYAL) S.A.

A black-and-white photograph of Elisabethville confirms this funnel.

These experimental funnels used the national colours in the 1930s, on Thysville and Jean Jadot respectively. Rosanoski takes this as confirmation that the funnel colour was yellow.

Rosanoski considers the diamond in the earlier FOTW image too small. He notes a possible replacement by the later “traditional flag” rendering credited to Miles Li and James Dignan. Minor source differences in diamond and crown were otherwise standardised in his artwork, apart from the different FOTW crown.

Moanda on 21 July 1966 appears to have a pinkish-buff funnel. Rosanoski questions the photograph’s colour accuracy because its background is greyish, but it does not resemble the golden yellow assumed in the other illustrations.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME CONGOLAISE SCRL.

Mitchell assigns C1188 to Compagnie Africaine de Navigation, though its CNC letters do not fit that name. Rosanoski tentatively connects it with P.E. Lumumba: the line drawing’s blue band suggests that it may have been intended as C240.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Rosanoski considers this likely to be the Société Services et Transports flag, with either the magazine version or the Josef Nüsse version upside down; he favours the magazine’s orientation. The advertisement probably concerns Club Med 2, with cruises operated by Club Mediterrannee of Paris and ship management by ACH-Soc. Nouvelles des At. Et Ch. du Havre. He considers either operator or manager more likely than the owner to fly a flag and suggests that FOTW’s designated flag owner might merely be a travel agent. The original sentence naming the vessel’s owner is incomplete, so the attribution remains unsettled.

Owner/operator/travel-agent flag attribution uncertain.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME DE TRANSPORTS DE GOUDRON.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME D'AFFRETEMENT.

Brown notes that chartered ships may vary in base funnel colour, while the band should remain consistent.

The flag is red with a white diamond touching the borders and blue CMA letters.

Josef Nüsse’s C1273 table flag has slightly different proportions and appears on both versions of his website; the second also shows C1274.

Mitchell places this funnel on Conti Reederei’s card, noting that company’s charters to operators including CMA.

The document also attributes a 1976 Compagnie Méridionale d’Armement and German-consortium episode to this company. No evidence linked that earlier identity to Saadé’s CMA, so the composite record remains under review.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

No funnel appears to be supplied, unless the source intended white; Rosanoski suggests the use of consortium vessels as an explanation. The flag’s position is unclear.

Affretement/Meridionale/consortium allocation unresolved.

The document also attributes a 1976 Compagnie Méridionale d’Armement and German-consortium episode to this company. No evidence linked that earlier identity to Saadé’s CMA, so the composite record remains under review.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME FRANCE-AFRIQUE.

Pavillon records the livery under Valoussiere.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME FRANÇAISE.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME MARFRET.

M420 was used by Cote-des-Legends in 1955–60, M421 by Ville-de-Saint-Pierre in 1956–61, and M422 by Douce-France in a period printed as “1960-9165”. M423 and M424 appear to be alternatives used from the beginning of 1965.

Mitchell shows a broad band and an M with a shallow fork, apparently based on his line drawing of Mejean III.

Brown 1982 attributes this livery to Marseille-Frêt S.A.

The FOTW image originated with a logo. Jorge Candeias describes the flag reproduced in Publico’s Carga e Transportes supplement as white with two thin blue stripes at the upper and lower edges and red MF letters in the white field.

Josef Nüsse’s table flag, also illustrated by Ivan Sache, is blue with horizontal black margins and a red MF. The letters resemble, but are not identical to, those in Candeias’s image.

This funnel belongs to the chartered Marfret Normandie, photographed on 20 September 2006. The company website logo did not confirm the contemporary shape of the M.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME MAROCO-NORVEGIENNE.

The flag is a white swallowtail with a narrow blue vertical stripe towards the hoist and a blue star in the upper fly. The yellow or buff funnel bears a panel of the flag.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME MONEGASQUE.

The illustration is based on a portside photograph of CMM Gravity on 1 March 2014. There is no funnel; the marking appears attached to the superstructure and may be silver or light grey rather than white.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME WORMS & CHARBONNIÈRE.

LJC 1885 and Griffin 1895 attribute the livery to Worms, Josse & Co. Some sources give a larger circle on the flag; Rosanoski follows the Nüsse version. Ivan Sache could not establish whether Compagnie Nationale de Navigation retained this house flag.

COMPAGNIE MARITIME ZAIROISE.

Rosanoski’s records describe a blue flag with an orange disc and yellow letters, but identify no source for that description.

COMPAGNIE MAROCAINE DE NAVIGATION.

The livery remained unchanged when the company changed its name. Atlas confirms the funnel. Mitchell depicts a solid green star, which Rosanoski presumes reflects its appearance at a distance.

The flag is white with a red border and Morocco’s national star in green. The logo-based illustration places the emblem towards the hoist. The Arabic company name is translated as Moroccan Navigation Company; Joe McMillan assumes COMANAV to be its French acronym.

COMPAGNIE MARSEILLAISE DE NAVIGATION COLONIALE.

Merchant Ships 1942 and 1944 show the Dreyfus livery.

COMPAGNIE MARSEILLAISE DE NAVIGATION GIANNONI.

Bois gives black letters on the funnel band but blue letters on the flag; the funnel is orange or yellow. Rosanoski identifies the FOTW flag’s black letters and the spelling Gianonni as errors. His note says the Armateurs website corrects the spelling, but its wording about the flag-letter colour is incomplete.

COMPAGNIE MORBIHANNAISE ET NANTAISE DE NAVIGATION.

Rosanoski could not confirm the C449 funnel through the cited research.

Mitchell supplies these funnels without dates; they appear to relate to vessels before 1987. C876 seems to have a wide panel rather than a band, although Mitchell slopes its sides to follow the funnel shape.

The company was formed in 1987 by merging Compagnie Morbihannaise de Navigation, founded in 1953, with Société Nantaise des Chargeurs de l’Ouest. One account makes the former a subsidiary of Société Francaise de Transports Maritimes, subsequently Compagnie Nationale de Navigation, whereas Pavillon places it under Société Nantaise des Chargeurs de l’Ouest in 1968. In 2001 the company divided into Société Morbihannaise de Navigation for southern Brittany island services and Compagnie Maritime Nantaise for other shipping operations.

France Shipmanagement S.A. was a joint venture with Compagnie de Navigation, Nouvelle Compagnie de Navigation and Société Française de Transports Pétrolièrs, and managed part of the fleet. The company operated for Société Française de Transports Maritimes and for the departments of Morbihan and Loire-Atlantique.

France: Nantes in Lloyd’s 1958–59 and Paris in March 1998.

SOCIÉTÉ MORBIHANNAISE ET NANTAISE DE NAVIGATION.

The General Council of Morbihan licensed the company, named in the quoted account as Société Nantaise et Morbihanaise de Navigation, to serve Belle-Ile, Groix, Hoat and Hoedic. Their proximity to the Brittany coast is offered as the explanation of its motto, “C’est déjà les îles”, translated in the source as “There are already the islands”.

France, Le Palais.

Shared flag and 2001 successors

The associated Société Morbihannaise et Nantaise de Navigation used the same flag as the Compagnie. After the 2001 split, both sister companies appear to have retained the original flag.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COMPAGNIE MÉRIDIONALE DE NAVIGATION.

C694’s yellow-orange funnel is dated 1932–1949. Ivan Sache’s FOTW image uses mid-blue and describes the Bois flag as probably an older design superseded by more modern lettering.

C695’s funnel was used from 1949. Both C694 and C695 differ in blue shade and design from the company website’s later flag.

C853 comes from Randier 1980.

A photograph of Kalliste confirms the funnel shown by Brown, though with narrower blue bands. The company website also supplied a flag reference.

Compagnie Méridionale de Navigation International S.A. / CMNI

CMNI: proposed connected freight-forwarding concern

The agent’s website supplies a slightly different flag for CMNI. Its probable freight-forwarding association is retained without treating the corporate relationship as certain.

Compagnie Méridionale de Navigation International S.A. (CMNI) appears to have been a connected freight-forwarding concern, particularly serving the Black Sea and Scandinavia by sea and air. Rosanoski considers a connection likely but does not establish its exact status; its Marseilles telephone and fax numbers differed from the shipping company’s.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

COMPAGNIE NATIONALE DE NAVIGATION (1).

The source dates C373’s use to 1879–1904 but does not identify the authority for that dating.

Armements Marseillais specifies a sky-blue funnel band, without saying that the flag’s blue is the same shade.

The original company appears to have been founded in 1879 by Marc Fraissinet. It served French Indo-China, ran New York sailings from 1886 to 1896 and an east-coast South American service in 1887–1891. It was wound up in 1904.

France, Marseilles.

COMPAGNIE NATIONALE DE NAVIGATION (2).

The funnel is recorded on Montmartre. Jordan calls its panel simply the house flag, without detailing the design.

This funnel was used by a vessel chartered to Elf Petroleum Co.

Pavillon does not provide a funnel. Rosanoski assumes a funnel corresponding to C375, except for the letter colour, to accompany the flag from Jeunes Marin, September–October 1960.

The later company, known as CNN, operated tankers. Lloyd’s gives 1870 as a formation date, but Rosanoski cannot identify which component this refers to. The source gives differing accounts of its 1986–87 reorganisation: acquisition by Compagnie Naval Worms; a 1986 merger of Compagnie Navale Worms and CNN, bought from Elf; or amalgamation with Société Française de Transports Maritimes on 1 January 1987, retaining the CNN name. An apparent 1986 change to Nouvelle Compagnie de Navigation is reflected in Lloyd’s 1988–89, with Compagnie Nationale de Navigation recorded again in 1992–93. Rosanoski could not confirm the suggested Worms subsidiary relationship from its English website.

CNN’s Isle of Man company European Navigation Company sold vessels, related companies and goodwill to Euronav Luxembourg in 1995, forming a joint venture with Compagnie Maritime Belge. Euronav’s website dates CMB’s acquisition of CNN and full ownership of Euronav Luxembourg to 1997. Other accounts differ: FOTW gives a 54.4 per cent share sale in 1998, Lloyd’s reports 90 per cent bought early in 1998, and a later Lloyd’s entry records disposal of a 92.5 per cent holding in 1999. These dates and percentages remain unreconciled.

Operating companies included Compagnie Morbihannaise et Nantaise de Navigation, Feronia International Shipping, Société Nouvelle de Transports Petroliers and Unishipping, formed in Paris in 1991. Euronav (UK) Agencies was formed jointly with Anders Wilhelmsen in 1989 following takeover of Investa, with each holding 47 per cent. France Shipmanagement was another joint venture, recorded through Nouvelle Compagnie de Navigation; it managed the whole fleet in 1988–89 and part of it later. Feronia and Compagnie de Navigation U.I.M. also managed parts of the fleet.

France, Paris.

COMPAGNIE NAVALE AFRIQUE DU NORD.

The flag is white with a blue border and a red horizontal rectangle, with the blue letters CNAN in the respective corners. The yellow or buff funnel bears a panel of the flag.

CNO.

C885 is documented by Jean Randier’s Grands Voiliers Français and appears on FOTW under Ballande & Fils of New Caledonia. Rosanoski assumes C884 likewise relates to sailing ships, although Randier lists no vessels for the company.

Ships on the European route, including Saint Andre, used C881. Those trading between Noumea, Saigon and Australia used C882.

This livery is given for Saint Francois in 1913–21. The funnel base colour is not stated, but Rosanoski reads the hatching as light red.

COMPAGNIE NAVALE DES PÉTROLES.

The funnel bears a white and red comet, identified by Marinart as the owners’ Total emblem. Ocean Ships 1967, Marinart and Talbot-Booth omit a black top, but a black-and-white photograph of Croix du Sud indicates a very narrow one. Merchant Ships 1959 confirms this as an alternative funnel.

Loughran gives C579 as an alternative without further comment.

COMPAGNIE NOUVELLE DE NAVIGATION BUSCK.

Lloyd’s 1912 assigns B581 to Société Anonyme de Transports Côtiers.

Stewart shows a blue B on both funnel and flag.

The flag is based on a bond dated 1 December 1928, reproduced on the Armateurs website and found by Jan Mertens. Rosanoski notes that the bond is essentially two-toned and cannot establish the colours used in the FOTW reconstruction; he regards those colours as presumed.

Société Anonyme de Transports Côtiers

COMPAGNIE NOUVELLE MÉDITERRANÉENNE DE NAVIGATION.

Bois uses light blue for C753. Rosanoski carries that shade over to C754 because Lloyd’s does not specify shades.

COMPAGNIE POLYNESIENNE DE TRANSPORT MARITIME.

The funnel comes from a photograph of Aranui 3 dated 17 January 2009.

COMPAGNIE POUR LA GESTION DES AFFAIRES MARITIMES ET INDUSTRIELLE S.A.M.

Earlier reports describe a blue funnel with a plain yellow band, whose depth is not specified.

The illustration is based on High Spirit at Wellington on 25 July 2000. RGT identified the company and read the circular emblem’s letters as CM, although Rosanoski considers GM also possible. A photograph of Medi Trader on 24 September 2008 shows the same marking; a later WSS Victoria report says the ship still wore the original funnel of its head charterer, COGEMA.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The funnel is taken from a photograph of St. Philip on 15 August 2003. Rosanoski leaves unclear whether the flag belongs to the principal, the registered owner, or the reported charterer Glencore.

Exact company represented remains unknown.

COMPAGNIE ROUENNAISE DE NAVIGATION.

COMPAGNIE ROUENNAISE DE TRANSPORTS MARITIMES.

COMPAGNIE SAINTOISE DE TRANSPORT.

The funnel is based on a portside photograph of La Saintoise on 10 June 2012.

COMPAGNIE TAHITIENNE MARITIME.

COMPAGNIE TUNISIENNE DE NAVIGATION S.A.

The flag is red with a white disc containing a red crescent pointing towards the fly and a red sailing ship.

The funnel comes from a starboard photograph of El Kef. A possible narrow black top may instead be fumes, although a portside photograph of Ulysse on 7 February 2006 shows a top.

Carthage photographs show this differently shaped funnel in red with narrow white lines, including a portside view on 2 November 2006.

COMPAGNIE UNIVERSELLE DU CANAL MARITIME DE SUEZ.

The flag is dark blue with the white letters C.S. The funnel is black with a broad white band.

COMPAGNIE WALLISIENNE DE NAVIGATION SARL.

This funnel is recorded for Moana II.

Moana III was seen at Lyttelton on 8 April 1992 with this portside marking. The starboard side was mirrored so that the fish-like figure faced the bow on both sides. The emblem is described as a red-and-white striped fish interrupting three blue-and-white waves. The vessel flew the French flag.

COMPANHIA BRASILEIRA DE NAVEGAÇÃO DO RIO AMAZONAS.

COMPANHIA CARBONÍFERA RIOGRANDENSE.

The Brazilian website records this livery for 1950.

COMPANHIA CESSIONÁRIO DOS PORTOS DA BAHIA.

The website documents this livery for 1950.

COMPANHIA COMÉRCIO E NAVEGAÇÂO.

Lloyds 1904 omits dots after the flag letters and gives the funnel C straight, angled strokes. Reed 1912 has a broader white funnel band and an unclear emblem resembling a large C enclosing an unidentified smaller letter. The Brazilian circa-1950 source gives a narrower white flag band.

COMPANHIA DE CABOTAGEM DE PERNAMBACO.

COMPANHIA DE CRUZEIROS FLUVIAIS LDA.

The funnel is taken from a starboard photograph of Opera on 5 October 2012.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇAO CRUZEIRO DO SUL.

The flag is quartered red and white. Five white five-pointed stars occupy the red upper-hoist quarter in a regular 2–1–2 arrangement; this is explicitly not a Southern Cross.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO ALLIANÇA LTDA.

The Brazilian website records the livery for 1950 and names the company Aliança. Rosanoski instead adopts the Alliança spelling on the flag.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO ARNT.

The Brazilian website records the company’s livery for 1950.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO BAHIANA S.A.

The Brazilian website records the livery for 1950 under the name Companhia Navegaçâo Baiana.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO BECKER LTDA.

The Brazilian website records the company’s livery for 1950.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO DA AMAZÔNIA.

The FOTW rendering is light bright green with the diamond just inside the field. Rosanoski says it was actually taken from Brown 1995, despite being credited to Loughran 1979, and that the inset diamond differs from Brown.

The flag is very dark green with a white diamond and a central red A, taken from the former grupolibra website.

This predates the archive’s stated 1959 foundation and leaves a predecessor or legal-continuity question. The selected decree pages could not be retrieved. The contradictory Libra ownership chronology also remains unresolved; do not infer continuity from name alone.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO DAS LAGOAS.

The Brazilian website records the company’s livery for 1950.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO DO NORTE.

The flag is green with a broad white horizontal band bearing a stylised, straight-sided C in orange and blue. Brown 1982 shows yellow instead of orange. The green funnel has a broad band of the flag.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO LLOYD BRASILEIRO.

Merchant Ships 1942 confirms an earlier funnel identified in the narrative as C429, followed by C284. Rosanoski notes that it does not mention an outline to C469’s band and questions the evidence for the earlier version. The C429 reference is retained as written; it does not establish an additional image association.

Pre-war sources show a larger central star in the flag’s cross. Joseph McMillan notes that standard references from 1951 onwards show the centre star the same size as the others, whereas Brown 1926 has the larger star. Rosanoski also cites C284’s sources and Brown 1929 for C114 in support of the larger centre. Stewart 1957’s C283 has black letters and a cross of 21 stars, with equal numbers vertically and horizontally. The Brazilian website’s circa-1950 chart and Josef Nüsse’s flag support this arrangement, though the Nüsse flag has blue letters. Brown 1943’s C470 is another lettered version, but Rosanoski considers its canton suspect.

The funnel adopted in 1971 was intended to combine the letters LB. Its failure to be recognised led to its replacement in 1976.

The replacement funnel has black letters. It was observed on Lloyd Brisbane at Lyttelton on 15 June 1980, although Rosanoski cautions that black and dark blue can be difficult to distinguish.

COMPANHIA DE NAVEGAÇÂO NORSUL S.A.

The flag has diagonal yellow and green quarters, with green occupying only part of the hoist and fly. A white circle bears a green N; the field divisions and circle are outlined in black. The funnel is white with a green top and a broad band of the flag, outlined black above and below. Rosanoski questions these unusual outlines, while noting that they help distinguish the colours.

COMPANHIA DE PESCA NORTE DO BRAZIL.

The livery is recorded on a Brazilian house-flag chart of about 1950. The funnel cross is the outline of a cross paty.

COMPANHIA ESTRADA DE FERRO E MINAS DE SÂO JERONYMO.

The Brazilian website records the livery for 1950.

COMPANHIA LIBRA DE NAVEGAÇÂO.

Nüsse’s old website showed L106 upside down with the cross towards the hoist. Rosanoski initially suggested that the hoist position might help a sea-going flag last longer, but the new website’s C1318 shows it upright and centred. He therefore considers the earlier rendering apparently incorrect in more than its orientation.

The funnel comes from photographs of Braztrans I, portside on 10 October 2007 and starboard on 10 April 2013.

COMPANHIA MARITIMA NACIONAL LTDA.

COMPANHIA MOCAMBICANA DE NAVEGAÇAO S.A.R.L.

Mitchell records the funnel for Pemba under Mocambicana de Navegaçao S.a.r.l. and for Porto Amelia under Companhia Mocambicana de Navegaçao. Rosanoski located Pemba in Lloyd’s but did not locate Porto Amelia.

COMPANHIA NACIONAL DE NAVEGAÇÁO COSTEIRA AUTAYQUIA FEDERAL.

Rosanoski considers C525 probably intended to match C73. For C73, Brown 1943 shows a red funnel cross, whereas Merchant Ships 1949 shows a white cross. The Brazilian website’s chart covers liveries around 1950.

The flag is not given with C552’s funnel; Rosanoski assumes that it applies.