L

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

L560 is based on C-Truc No. 5’s starboard side in July 2013. The photograph’s Cheramie Brothers attribution may be guesswork: Rosanoski notes that the letters also fit the original Cheramie Bo-Truc vessel-company names.

Exact Cheramie entity unresolved; QA2 heading retained.

L. BUREAU & FILS.

The yellow in the earlier depiction was questioned. Ivan Sache explained that his modern postcard reproduced an older house-flag poster of unidentified origin, and thought aged white paper had become yellow without subsequent users checking the original.

Lloyds 1904 and 1912 give a red flag with white “LB&F”.

The sailing-ship records use L. Bureau & fils for Léon Bureau in 1904–14, Léon Bureau et fils for Duchess Anne in 1891–1901 and Dugesclin in 1894–1905, and Bureau & fils for several Saint ships from 1899. Another account dates formation to 1897 and considers closure after the First World War very probable. Family links with Bureau Frères et Baillargeau are suggested, not established.

France, Nantes.

LOUIS BUREAU ET FILS.

Les Derniers Grand Voiliers shows black letters.

The separate Louis Bureau et Fils section dates Messieurs Louis Bureau & Fils to 1897 in Nantes. Grands Voiliers Français records Louis Bureau & fils for Beaumanoir in 1899–1911. Ivan Sache considers post-war closure very probable and a family connection with Bureau Frères et Baillergeau likely.

France, Nantes.

L. BUT.

Panta Rhei has an exhaust rather than a funnel; these markings were on the rear superstructure. B1030 is recorded in July 2009 and remains visible in a photograph of 1 April 2010. A photograph of 6 December 2010 instead shows the B1031 cartoon character, removed between 12 September 2012 and 9 July 2013. A Zeeland-flag panel is recorded throughout. The source also cites a photograph dated 2 May 2007 showing Zeeland and Wagenborg flags flying, a date earlier than the stated 2009 construction.

L. FIGUEIREDO NAVEGAÇÂO S.A.

Nüsse’s table flag has 22 slightly curved blue daubs, angled “Pbds”, in horizontal rows of 6, 4, 6 and 6. A break near the fly in the second row contains four green daubs arranged as a wheel.

This version has slightly curved blue daubs angled horizontally in rows of 4, 2 and 4. A space at the hoist in the second row contains four green daubs arranged as a cross.

L. GILL-JOHANNESSEN A/S.

L. HARBOE JENSEN & CO.

The later black funnel retained the red-edged white band but added a narrow blue diagonal, recorded as “Pbds”. The corresponding white flag has red borders at top and bottom and the same narrow blue diagonal.

A buff funnel followed, presumably, carrying the later flag as a panel. J10 omits the black top, while Brown’s source-only J7 includes it. Rosanoski questions whether this is an illustrator’s variation or a distinction connected with trades such as Gulftrade.

L. MARTIN & CIE.

The yellow funnel carries a band of the blue flag with its white circle.

The alternative yellow funnel carries the flag as a panel rather than a band.

L.A. MORIARTY.

The funnel follows The Log, May 1997, illustration 77(10).

L.G. BURNHAM & CO.

L.W. SMITH PTY. LTD.

The flag has diagonal quarters of black and red, with a white circle within a yellow rope tied in a reef knot. The circle bears what appears to be Tasmania’s red lion.

LA AUSTRAL S.A. COMERCIAL, INDUSTRIA Y MARITIMA.

The flag is a red pennant with a narrow blue border and a white A with a square top.

L357 is retained from US Navy 1961.

LA PINTADA COMPANIA DE NAVEGACION S.A.

La Pintada in January 1966 had a black funnel with a broad white band, two very narrow red stripes towards its edges, and two red stars side by side between them.

The Seattle report gives a red star point-up and a blue star point-down between the stripes, with the blue aft on the observed starboard side. Another report suggests multipointed stars, possibly eight-pointed, but Rosanoski considers the later letter to clarify the situation. No flag was noted.

LA PLATA COMPAÑIA DE VAPORES S.A.

The funnel’s NP letters presumably refer to Pateras.

LA SAMBRE.

The FOTW flag is based on a 1914 bearer bond reproduced by the Scriptophily website.

LA TUNISIENNE STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

The flag has blue and red quarters and a white, concave-sided diamond bearing a red M. L166 shows the flag as a broad band on a white funnel; Rosanoski considers the white a probable printing error, stating that the funnel was never white.

L167 shows a black funnel with the flag reversed, apparently omitting the white edging to the band.

L168 adds the white edging above and below the band and appears to be the correct version. The WSS history describes a square containing a white lozenge with a red M and alternate red and blue triangular corners. Rosanoski notes that a square would imply a panel or a very narrow funnel.

LA VELOCE NAVIGAZIONE ITALIANA À VAPORE.

L262 covers 1884–1922. The canton emblem appears to be St. George and double-sided.

M. Bruzzi & Co.

B511 is the funnel used by M. Bruzzi in 1883.

LACHMAR CORPORATION INC.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a very broad band of the flag: green with a large white circle bearing a red L.

LAEMTHONG INTERNATIONAL LINES CO. LTD.

L575 comes from a starboard photograph of Laemthong Pride dated 4 May 2011.

LAEVAÜHING G. SERGO & KO.

The funnel references show equal bands, unlike the cap-badge flag, and slightly different lettering. Ships & The Sea 1942 specifies light blue.

LAGO SHIPPING CO. LTD.

L355 is retained from Loughran’s funnel and flag illustration and the 1942 and 1944 Merchant Ships funnel entries.

LAGUNA NAVIGATION INC.

Philippine Sampaguita’s funnel was noted in April 1967. It is blue with a black top and a white diamond containing a red L enclosing smaller red N and i, both of the same size. No flag was noted.

LAIRD LINE LTD.

The colours continued through the succession. Griffin’s L3, attributed to A.A. Laird, has a narrower black funnel top and, like Loughran, a narrower lower blue pennant, as in L388. Other sources give the two pennants equal sizes. Lloyds and Reed 1912 also show L3 for the Ayr company. Wotherspoon documents A.A. Laird’s livery.

G411 is retained from Lloyds 1882; G4 from LJC 1885 and Loughran.

LAIVA O/Y.

L238 is recorded by the Collectors Corner website.

LAKE MICHIGAN CARFERRY SERVICE INC.

L520 comes from a portside photograph of Badger on 23 September 2012.

LAKES NAVIGATION CO.

L426 is noted for Tanjil [II] during 1885–1928.

LAMBERT BROTHERS LTD.

The shared livery was retained from Lambert, Barnett and used by companies under Lambert’s control; Merchant Ships also records earlier use by Commercial S.S. The flag is white with a red triangle pointing upwards. Funnels are black with the triangle on a white band. FOTW repeats the flag under Dornoch and Temple, but the illustrations differ in the triangle’s size and geometry. James Dignan’s Sampson-based version has a smaller triangle; Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg drew attention to the difference from Brown 1943.

L214 preserves Griffin’s 1895 version.

LAMNALCO LTD.

The flag is sourced to the company website.

LAMPORT & HOLT LINE LTD.

Reed 1912 makes the ampersand equal in height to the letters.

L82 is confirmed by Churchill in 1988. Reed also attributes the livery to the Liverpool, Brazil and River Plate company, and Lloyds to the Belgian subsidiary. Vessel exchanges within the Blue Star group caused ships to appear in other markings; funnel colours were interchanged with Blue Star and Booth. Phil Nelson’s FOTW flag follows Stewart 1963.

Société Anonyme de Navigation Royale Belge Sud-Americaine

LANCASHIRE & YORKSHIRE AND LONDON & NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY CO.

The joint fleet adopted the earlier North Lancashire funnel in 1870, but widened its band to half the funnel diameter, retaining its position three-quarters of a diameter down.

Reed 1901 and 1912 omit the stops beneath the letters.

Reed 1912 attributes L557 to Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway.

L556 is retained from Lloyds 1904 and 1912.

LANCASHIRE & YORKSHIRE RAILWAY CO.

The Liverpool and Drogheda livery has a black funnel with a yellow band. Its red flag bears a badge with the legend LANCASHIRE & YORKSHIRE RAILWAY between white L and Y. Haws dates the added yellow funnel band to 1905, which Rosanoski notes conflicts with Lloyds 1904.

The Fleetwood livery has a black funnel with a narrow white band and a vertically divided white and red flag, each half bearing a counterchanged rose. It continued after the 1922 merger until London & North Western itself entered London, Midland & Scottish on 1 January 1923.

The Goole livery derives from Goole Steam Shipping: a yellow or buff funnel with a black top separated by a red band. The flag is quartered blue and red with a small white cross paty at the centre and white L and Y in the blue quarters.

Lancashire & Yorkshire and North Eastern Railways joint service

L177 appears to represent a joint Hull–Zeebrugge service. It uses the third funnel type and a blue-and-red quartered flag with the white letters LYNE.

LAND & MARINE ENGINEERING LTD.

The funnel is black with the shield from the flag. The flag is a diagonal blue-and-yellow biband, its direction recorded as “Pbd”. The shield is divided vertically, essentially blue and white, with a land drilling rig in dexter and a sea drilling rig in sinister. L&M appears counterchanged in the chief.

LANE & MACANDREW LTD.

In Lloyds 1904 the swallowtail cut takes the whole of the third red band.

L305 preserves the LJC 1909 version.

LANGELAND-KIEL LINIEN I/S.

L90 is white with black L and K on either side of a short black line. Nüsse does not explain the second flag, but it fits a 1975 funnel description, suggesting that it was the original livery.

L37 appears to be the later flag, also shown by Brown 1995. Its shades follow the website image; Ivan Sache’s FOTW illustration follows Nüsse.

LANGLEY BROS LTD.

The Log shows a blue flag with a white diamond extending to the edges and bearing a red L.

LARRINAGA STEAMSHIP CO. LTD.

The white flag bears three red hands shaking. The design recalls the partners tossing a coin after the Suez Canal opened to decide between retaining sail and investing in steam, the coin favouring steam. The black funnel has yellow and red bands, with narrow red bands towards the edges, recalling the company’s Spanish origins. Several charts and photographs of Niceto de Larrinaga and Telesfora Larrinaga support these proportions; other sources make the bands equal.

LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD.

L1 has a compass star of sixteen points. Its core is outlined black and bears a black ring enclosing the black “LT” monogram.

The photographed flag discussed with L373 differs in several ways: darker blue, a smaller ratio of about 5:8, a smaller outer ring with star tips projecting beyond it, a much smaller central “LT” disc, black rather than blue inner discs, and no outer black edging around the central disc. Nüsse’s old site also assigned the table flag to Irgens Larsen A/S, an attribution Rosanoski considered apparently incorrect because of the letters.

Mitchell’s L372 funnel is simplified, apparently because the illustration is too small for fine detail. Its centre nevertheless shows “LT”, consistent with the other versions.

LARSEN REEDEREI GMBH.

Klaus-Michael Schneider’s FOTW flag follows Deutsche Reedereien und ihre Erkennungszeichen, second edition, Hamburg 1956, page 26.

LARSSONS SKEPPSMÄKLERI AKTIEBOLAG.

Mitchell instead places the funnel under Arne Larsson A/B of Göteborg, in connection with Atlantic Friend, formerly Atlanttbris, recorded operating in 1960. Arne Larsson’s account describes his departure from the family firm in 1954 after working there from 1938, followed by the growth of his shipbroking business. Rosanoski suggests a possible connection, through the funnel, with Rederiaktiebolaget Bris and its operator John Larsson; he does not establish it.

LARVIK LINE A/S.

Skipet shows L171 for Larvik Fredrikshavnfergen without a black funnel top. A photograph of Peter Wessel supplies funnel evidence, and Nüsse records a table flag.

K/S A/S Admiral Shipping

A700 is retained from the Mitchell collection.

LARVIK SHIPPING A/S.

Ivan Sache’s FOTW flag follows the company website but uses a brighter blue.

LAS MINAS COMPANIA NAVIERA PANAMENA S.A.

Bill Black noted the funnel on Las Minas in October 1965 and associated it with the Cameli group. It is black with three narrow red bands separated by gaps of equal width. No flag was noted.

LASCO SHIPPING CO.

The black funnel has a yellow band overlaid by a yellow circle outlined red and bearing a flowing black L. The white flag carries the same yellow circle, red border and black letter. Photographs of PacPrince on 17 December 1997 and PacSun on 11 November 1998 confirm the funnel.

LASER LINES A/B.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows Brown 1995.

L563 is Nüsse’s table flag.

LASKARIDIS SHIPPING CO. LTD.

Mitchell labels L437 the “official funnel” lower down his card and uses it in drawings of five Frio-named ships. Rosanoski assumes that its three batons match L438.

L438 is retained as a photographic funnel source.

L439 apparently represents an alternative, photographed on Frio Marathon on 11 April 2006.

Mitchell’s initial funnel, L440, uses the Greek lambda, linking it to the company, and may have been worn by Frio Agean and Frio Antarctic.

L441 also uses lambda and may relate to Mitchell’s Frio Adriatic drawing.

LATSIS GROUP.

L146 was noted on Gregory, a managed-company vessel. Brown assigns it to John S. Latsis (London), while Mitchell gives it under both John S. Latsis and Bilinder. Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows Brown 1995.

B337 comes from Hellas Serenity at Wellington on 20 March 2001, owned by an agency company under CMM.

C1022 is supported by Hellas Glory at Sydney on 6 July 2008 and Hellas Progress on 5 January 2014. A further Hellas Symphony photograph names Latsco London as ship manager and CMM as ISM manager. Rosanoski considers the funnel applicable to both, but more appropriately Latsco because its website displays the logo.

A644 is photographed on Alexander 5.

A645 is photographed on Ifestos I on 1 July 2007 and Alexander 1 on 15 September 2006; the latter flies the N.E. Vernicos flag.

S1809 comes from King Philippos on 25 June 2013. Contributors also reported the logo on King Gregory, Lady Malou and Lady Henrietta. An initial suggestion of Star Ships was followed by confirmation from CMM’s newbuilding details: Hyundai hull 2472 was King Philippos, registered to Breakers Holdings, treated as the vessel’s name company.

LATVIAN STATE SHIPPING BOARD.

The flag is the Latvian national and merchant flag: dark crimson with a narrow white horizontal band. The yellow or buff funnel carries a band of the flag. Brown draws equal stripes on the funnel, but Rosanoski considers proportions matching the flag more likely.

LAURANNE SHIPPING B.V.

L571 is supported by port and starboard photographs of LS Eva. LS Jamie carried a logo panel on its superstructure on 31 July 2013. Some vessels appear to be chartered out, with the full logo retained on a superstructure panel.

LAUREL NAVIGATION CO.

Laurel was noted in 1965 with a black funnel. No flag was recorded.

Mare Shipping Inc. / Prestige observed livery

M307 comes from the Dominion Post photograph of Prestige sinking in November 2002. It differs from the funnel photographed on 21 August 2002 and published in Marine News, which appears to show the owner Mare Shipping’s colours.

LAURIN MARITIME.

The website flag and funnel photograph support the livery. Corrido’s starboard funnel on 6 June 2013 appears a little lighter blue; Cavatina provides a portside view. Ivan Sache’s FOTW flag, from Dov Gutterman’s contribution, also uses a lighter, brighter blue. A photograph of Tintomara confirms the flag in use, though almost entirely obscured.

LAURITZ KLOSTER.

K26 has a buff funnel with a black top and combined black KL letters set at an angle, with the source notation Pbds. Its white flag also has angled black KL letters.

K27 follows Stewart 1963, pairing the first funnel form with a white flag carrying the unangled combined KL.

K28 uses a white funnel with black top and combined black KL, together with the unangled flag.

K25 uses a buff funnel with black top and unangled combined black KL; Brown 1982 assigns this livery to cargo vessels.

Lloyds 1963–64 and 1970–71 describes Lauritz Kloster as manager for Klosters Rederi. The March 1998 account instead says Lauritz Kloster became Klosters Rederi in 1983, which Rosanoski finds inconsistent with the earlier owner–manager distinction.

Norway, Oslo.

KLOSTERS REDERI A/B.

Norway.

KLOSTER CRUISE A/S.

Probably Norway; not clear in the original.

Later group companies

The later account says Klosters Rederi merged with Kloster Cruise in 1987 as Vard, renamed NCL Holding early in 1996. It also describes another Klosters Rederi becoming Norwegian Caribbean Lines in 1984 and Kloster Cruise in 1986. Norwegian Caribbean acquired Royal Viking in 1984, and Larvik Fredrikshavnferjen is recorded as acquired in 1988. Rosanoski explicitly leaves the repeated Klosters Rederi identities unresolved.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

LAURO & MONTELLA.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows Brown 1951, with the letters rendered as turned L–M–L.

LAVAR SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The earlier flag is quartered blue and white, with an overall white circle containing a blue L. The yellow or buff funnel has a black top and a band of this design.

LAW, LESLIE & CO.

L379 is documented in Lloyds 1912 and The Log.

LAWSON STEAM TUG-BOAT CO. LTD.

A painting of William [2] in 1873 shows the black top occupying most of the funnel, whose ground is described as light ochre. The design continued until 1920 and under the successor, though earlier use is unknown. The business was known as the Black Diamond Line of Tugs; the diamond also appeared on paddle boxes from about 1900.

LAWSON-BATEY TUGS LTD.

The company advertised as the Black Diamond & Blue Cross Line. Initially the tugs retained Lawson or Batey funnel colours. L392 is presumed to have been the flag from 1920 until after the Second World War; the source cautions that this flag is itself a presumption.

Uniformity came only after the war. Joffre in 1956 shows the disappearance of Lawson colours, while Quaysider’s 1955 delivery photograph is the first evidence of the L84 flag. Merchant Ships gives L230 as an alternative former-Lawson funnel and shows L84 without a black top. Photographs generally show no top or a very narrow one; Brown 1995 makes it deeper, while Mitchell omits it. The Maltese Cross history dates L84 after the war until 1958 and again under Tyne & Wear Tugs from 1986, with Tyne Tugs colours during the intervening charter period.

Nitrate Producers Steamship Co. Ltd.

N187’s funnel bands and star adapt the Chilean flag. Reed and Talbot-Booth assign the whole Nitrate Producers livery to its managers.

Rosanoski considers Loughran’s N601 apparently a printing error.

Seafield Shipping Co. Ltd.

Southern Steam Ship Co. Ltd.

LD CETAM S.A.S.

The flag derives from LDA’s house flag. Ivan Sache’s FOTW image follows the company website.

LEANDER TANKER CORPORATION.

Maria Isabella’s funnel, noted in October 1965, resembles Niarchos’s. Rosanoski suggests that the agency relationship might indicate a subsidiary, although the ship names do not follow Niarchos’s usual pattern.

LEANDROS SHIPPING CO. S.A.

Leandros used Diamantis Pateras’s flag, but Nüsse’s table flag has a diamond wholly within the field and the bottom of P angled parallel to its side. Rosanoski found no evidence of this table flag being used in another capacity. Mitchell sometimes places the funnel cross inside the diamond, without identifying the vessels.

Brown gives the Pateras livery under Leandros, and Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows it. Rosanoski suggests the principal flag might also have an angled P. He doubts a separate Caltex-style version on FOTW, having found no corroboration, while allowing that it might belong to another branch of the large family.

LEDUMA COMPAÑIA MARITIMA S.A.

Bill Black noted Costaflora’s funnel in July and December 1967 and associated it with Lentoudis Brothers. It is yellow or buff with a black top, a large dark-blue L superimposed on a smaller, lighter-blue B, both angled “Pbds”. No flag was noted.

LEECHO STEAMSHIP CO. S.A.

City of Victoria carried a yellow or buff funnel with a broad white band edged blue above and red below. A blue diamond frame touches both coloured edges and encloses a blue C.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Company allocation unproved; image matches original L151 despite textual L152 typo.

LEGA NAVALE ITALIANA.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW image follows the Anzio website.

L265 is sourced to the cruise timetable and Lega Navale websites.

LEIF ERICHSEN’S REDERI A/S.

The flag is white with a red saltire over a blue horizontal oval ring. Brown 1978 instead makes the ring circular on the flag while retaining an oval on the funnel flag. Loughran suggests an original black funnel with a white band.

The funnel is black with a broad band displaying the flag.

This version has a buff funnel with the flag as a panel.

The buff funnel instead displays the flag flying from a pole.

LEIF HÖEGH & CO. LTD.

Rosanoski considers the FOTW H700 flag incorrect because the H is too close to the hoist and its crossbar is raised. Both letter and crossbar should be centred, as on Josef Nüsse’s flag and on Hual Trekker when sighted on 14 November 2003.

H701 follows a National Maritime Museum flag recorded as 939.8 × 1778 mm. Rosanoski notes that the displayed image does not match those dimensions, nor does its blue match the FOTW version.

The company website’s black-and-white photograph of Alexandra Höegh shows the H13 funnel. Hual Trident’s flag, sighted on 1 June 2012, confirms H13; Josef Nüsse also supplies a table-flag reference.

The white funnel band is interrupted by blue descending from the funnel top, with a white flag on a pole angled “Pbd”. Stewart shows the pole vertical; Brown 1951 and 1958 angle it backwards, while later Brown editions again show it erect. Loughran’s angle is correct but the band too narrow: it should equal the flag. Portside Hoegh Tracer and starboard Hoegh Trooper photographs confirm a mirrored arrangement with the flag pointing forward. These photographs show a darker bright blue; the illustration uses the website’s mid-blue, confirmed by Nüsse. Jordan’s white funnel with blue-white-blue bands near the top presumably represents this version. Mitchell omits the pole and uses the upright panel. NJK dates the funnel change to 1938.

H445 comes from a starboard photograph of Hoegh Gandria, owned in a joint venture with Mitsui OSK Lines. Its blue appears different, though lighting may account for this. The band positions are probably coincidental: Norman Lady, in another joint venture with the same company, had H12. Application of the flag to H445 is assumed in the source.

H702 comes from a portside photograph of Hoegh Oslo dated 9 September 2012.

Ace Transportation Co.

Mitchell gives A861 for Ace Transportation Co., based in Monrovia, Liberia, as a free-flag Höegh subsidiary in the car-carrying trade.

Höegh-Ugland Auto Liners / HUAL / Höegh Autoliners

H343 is confirmed by Hual Trekker at Wellington on 14 November 2003 and Hual Tracer on 16 March 2005.

Mitchell does not identify the vessel or vessels using H446. H447 appears to relate to a drawing of Hual Trooper, later Hoegh Trooper.

LEMISSOLER SHIPPING GROUP PCL.

Forest Venture’s photograph on 24 March 2010 supplies the funnel, with another apparently showing the flag. Forest Costa Rica, renamed from Ingrid Gorthon in January 2012 after charter service, appeared with a plain blue funnel that October. Rosanoski presumes a return to L442 with the emblem not yet added.

LEMOS & PATERAS LTD.

Kaptanpantelis, owned by the single-ship Compañia Naviera Somelga, was observed with L140’s mourning band. The vessel was wrecked on 4 June 1963.

Mitchell places L412 at Chios, but its L rather than a Greek lambda indicates non-Greek-registered ships in Rosanoski’s account. Mitchell also gives L139 for Compañia Naviera Spalmatori vessels.

LEMOS.

This is a composite family document containing many distinct partnerships, branches and name companies. General family evidence does not establish every linked flag or subsidiary jurisdiction. Full image-by-image entity attribution remains necessary.

Family background and G. Lemos/Leon Lemos branch

The Lemos family originated in Chios and had been involved in shipping since the eighteenth century. Christos M. Lemos became part-owner of a steamer in 1905. His sons George, Michael and Leon joined Pateras relatives to form Lemos & Pateras in London in 1937. The brothers bought the Liberty ship Hellas and established an American office in 1947; G. Lemos Brothers followed in London in 1948. Captain Leon formed Efploia in 1967, with his son-in-law Spyros Patitsas entering the business in 1968. A later family account adds that fifteen of seventeen ships were sold in 1980 before the market crash and Leon returned in 1985.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Costa Lemos context

Costa Lemos, known as “Goldfinger”, began after the Second World War with three Liberty ships. The account also records his sister Maria’s marriage to John Goulandris in 1942 and the Triton Shipping & Trading connection.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Atlas Maritime

A828 is photographed on Atlas Explorer at Sydney on 15 November 2009. Atlas Valor shows a more ordinary red; the L is explained by the Lemos connection, with Valor Maritime as registered owner and Atlas Maritime as agent in the source, which queries whether owner is more appropriate.

Atlas Maritime Holding was formed in 2008 by L.C. Lemos and Efploia. Registers list Atlas Maritime Ltd., formed in 2007, as its operating company, later at Athens.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Blossom and Alert

Blossom Maritime, formed in 1999 and trading as Geomar until 2000, is described as an offspring of G. Lemos Brothers, L.C. Lemos and Efploia, managed by Captain George P. Lemos. Alert Shipmanagement, registered in the Marshall Islands with executive offices in Greece, is described as an arm of the Christos P. Lemos group and appears as manager for Blossom.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

C.M. Lemos and Nereus

L55’s yellow funnel was also used by subsidiaries. Brown’s N721 repeats the C.M. Lemos version, whereas Nüsse’s N101 for Nereus has a slanting L. An unnamed observation, possibly Liryc in April 1966, supports the slanted letter. Marine News and Mitchell also incline the funnel flagstaff, recorded as “Pbd”.

C.M. Lemos, formed in 1950 and based in London, operated through Nereus Shipping of Piraeus, formed in 1967.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Other recorded family concerns

The registers distinguish G. Ch. Lemos and Lemos S.A. at Chios, P.A. Lemos & Associates in London, John Lemos & Sons in Piraeus, and the London concerns G. Lemos Brothers and Christos Lemos & Sons. These entries are retained as distinct identities rather than combined into a single company.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Diamantis Lemos and Diamlemos

Diamantis Lemos was formed in London in 1962. Its Piraeus operation appears as Diamlemos Shipping, which changed from Shipping Co. Ltd. to Shipping Corporation in 1986. Registers reverse which of the London and Piraeus parties is principal and representative; the contemporary website merely gives both addresses.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

N.S. Lemos and Enesel

N.S. Lemos and Avra Shipmanagement were formed in 1984, in London and Piraeus respectively. Avra later became Enesel, possibly following absorption of Sealuck on 17 March 2003. Nikolas S. Lemos and his son Andonis are named as owners.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Lemos Brothers context

Mitchell places L406 at Monrovia, but Rosanoski considers this more likely the vessel registry and tentatively treats it as L404’s non-Greek-registry version for Lemos Brothers.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

L60 observations

Oinoussai and Oinoussian Hope were noted in April 1967 with an extremely narrow black funnel top. Mitchell also gives a narrow top and upright letters. Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows Brown 1995.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

G. Ch. Lemos/G. Lemos Brothers

Hellas of G. Ch. Lemos wore its London agent G. Lemos Brothers’ colours in September 1965. Mitchell separately gives Apostolos Andreas a white funnel with a black top; its register and name details are not fully reconciled.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Diamlemos

D495, photographed on Angelic Peace on 28 February 2008, is described as L236 under the Daimlemos Shipping Corporation name. The principal difference is diamond size. A 2012 view looks pinker or more orange-buff, apparently because of the camera. Jarig Bakker’s L236 flag follows Brown 1995.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

D.A. Lemos (Hellas)

Mitchell assigns L407 to D.A. Lemos (Hellas), Piraeus, with Nostos Athene, acquired in 1976 and broken up in 1978.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

M. & J. Lemos & G. Nikolos

L408 is assigned to M. & J. Lemos & G. Nikolos, Piraeus. Rosanoski identifies Mitchell’s misnamed vessel as Maritsa P. Lemos, recorded during 1972–87.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

L.C. Lemos and Efploia

Mitchell gives L409 to L.C. Lemos, with Oinoussian-prefixed ships and an Efploia association. The slanted L is drawn black. This passage dates Efploia to 1969, differing from 1967 in the family history, and separately records a Marshall Islands operating company formed in 2000.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

M.J. Lemos/Sampsa

L111 was noted on Prodromos in April 1967 under Sampsa Compañia Naviera, for which M.J. Lemos was apparently London agent. Mitchell also shows a black funnel with two red bands beside a Prodomos entry that Rosanoski could not locate.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

N.S. Lemos context

E277 is confirmed on Thalassini Avra and Antonis. Mitchell’s slightly different L405 indicates that the emblem belonged to N.S. Lemos. His Compañia Pacifica Financiera card also contains the Lemos & Pateras funnel, possibly for Maria P. Lemos, while other vessels have Thalassini-prefixed names.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Nereus

Ionic’s portside funnel on 21 January 2014 confirms the sloping staff; the L narrows towards the centre of its two limbs.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Joint-venture comparisons

T223 is recorded for ventures in which Lemos had an interest, such as Triton, possibly the Goulandris partnership formed around 1942. Mitchell also assigns it to Adamastos. T79 appears in US Navy’s Liberian section.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

A1158 observations

Sea Resolute and Sea Urchin show the same funnel despite different registered owners and common managers, which Rosanoski takes as evidence of the manager’s livery.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Blossom context

C Harmony’s portside view on 17 May 2010 shows B1016. The delta star is definitely dark blue, but the panel frame and other lines may be a darker blue or black.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Additional recorded variants

L410 is retained from Mitchell and L56 from Brown 1971; the source supplies no separate verbal design descriptions.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

LEMURA SHIPPING.

The funnel is blue with a black band and two very narrow white bands set diagonally “Pbds”, separated by an equal width of funnel and meeting the top aft. No flag was noted.

LENA GOLDFIELD LTD.

A 1926 shipping-authority decision confirmed the ships’ pennant. Victor Lomantsov describes it as resembling a quarter of the Union Jack, with a mallet and hammer crossed in the canton. His FOTW note questions whether the company was Soviet-British or British.

LENA UNITED RIVER SHIPPING CO.

Victor Lomantsov’s L223 carries Cyrillic lettering rendered LURP. He saw it in 1970s magazines and believed it remained in use until the 1990s.

L375 has light-blue Cyrillic ЛОРП, transliterated LORP, from the Riverships website.

LENNART KARLSSON.

The funnel is black with a broad blue band edged white above and below, bearing a yellow stag trippant towards the stern. The blue flag has a yellow stag trippant towards the fly. Brown 1978 reverses these directions, showing the stag forward on the funnel and towards the hoist on the flag, and indicates light blue.

LEO ABEL PARTREDERI.

The source says that the funnels are not expressly assigned to vessels, but proposes associations from the designs: A777 with Star, built in 1965; A778 with Ditta Holmø, also built in 1965; and A779 with Finlandia, built in 1967. All three vessels appear in Lloyds 1973–4. These remain Rosanoski’s suggested identifications.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

US Navy 1961 attributes the livery to LEA Schiffahrts GmbH. The FOTW flag is based on an auction photograph of a cream jug, with the oval ring in blue. Jan Mertens relates “Lea Shipping” to Leo Adams but asks whether LEA Schiffahrts GmbH and Leo Adams Reederei were distinct, related companies.

No verified legal identity boundary.

LEOND MARITIME INC.

The white flag has a blue ship’s wheel, partly overlaid at the bottom by a white diamond outlined in blue and bearing a blue L. The diamond forms part of the head of an arrow-like object. No funnel is given.

LEONHARDT & BLUMBERG.

Lotte Leonhardt’s photograph confirms that L125’s funnel band extends all the way round.

Luise Leonhardt’s photograph shows L59’s white rectangle, omitted from the accompanying verbal description. Hansa Regensburg and Hansa Riga confirm the funnel. Superstructure flag depictions vary: Hansa Riga shows a forward-leaning staff, Hansa Kristiansand an aft-leaning flag without a staff, and Hansa Commodore a forward-leaning flag and staff.

The flag is white, with a narrow red saltire beneath a black cross of the same width. A white square occupies their intersection, rather than revealing the red beneath. Nüsse supplies a table flag; Jorge Candeias’s FOTW account notes difficulty reading the original company caption.

LES ABEILLES SAS.

NOUVELLE SOCIÉTÉ PROVENÇALE DE REMORQUAGE.

S917 is documented by Lloyds 1912 and the later French livery sources.

Société Provençale originated at the end of the nineteenth century, dated 1899 by Pavillon. It helped form Venture-Weir in 1923 and Société Alegéro-Provençale de Remorquage in Algiers in 1930. A 1967 reorganisation into Progemar absorbed other towing businesses, with the parent becoming Nouvelle Société Provençale; the wider history gives Progemar’s formation as 1968. By 1996–97 the local concern was Les Abeilles Marseilles. A port-authority towing joint venture with Chambon is recorded in 1971.

France, Marseilles.

SOCIETE DE REMORQUAGE ET DE SAUVETAGE DE LA REUNION.

Les Abeilles

L239’s FOTW flag follows the company website and Hamon’s L’Abeille d’Ouessant. Abeille Gascogne’s photograph on 17 August 2005 confirms the funnel.

Abeille Risdan shows L302, which may represent a harbour-versus-seagoing tug difference.

L306 comes from Adventureux in 2004, with the flag appearing as a superstructure panel. The different funnel treatment probably reflects its short funnel.

A new logo was adopted in 2002. Website use and Abeille Bourbon photographs suggest Bourbon’s logo was adopted for newbuildings; the photograph of 13 January 2006 confirms that adoption.

Les Abeilles originated at Le Havre in 1864. The later group emerged from consolidation of towage companies as Société Provencale de Gestion Maritime, or Progemar, in 1968, becoming G7 in 1990, G7 Les Abeilles in 1991 and Les Abeilles in 1996; the SAS form appears by 2003. It belonged to Groupe Bourbon. Acquisition by Grupo Boluda was announced on 1 October 2007.

France, Le Havre; later Marseillles, Clichy and Paris.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Société de Remorquage et de Sauvetage de la Reunion

The Réunion house flag is similar to that of Les Abeilles in European France, also within Bourbon.

The Réunion towage and salvage company, also called Soresauv, was based at Le Port and belonged to Bourbon Maritime. The parent group originated in 1948 from family businesses rebuilding Réunion’s sugar industry.

Reunion, Le Port.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Group operations

The operating network included Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Calais, Dieppe, Dunkerque, La Rochelle, Le Havre, Marseilles, Nantes and St. Nazaire, often retaining former local-company identities before adopting Les Abeilles names. Overseas operations included Abidjan, Dakar, Port Gentil and Réunion. Other companies included Auxport and SRPAM, with Société Oceanienne de Remorquage et d’Assistance a joint venture whose partners differ between register accounts. Tugs commonly had Abeille followed by a number.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Les Abeilles International

Les Abeilles International, created in 1976, undertook salvage, deep-sea towage and underwater work. The source places it under Les Abeilles and describes the Compagnie Chambon/Bourbon relationship.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Earlier group liveries

S632 bore the individual tug number; Mitchell assigns it to Les Abeilles.

Ivan Sache’s S918 follows a stated Armements Marseillais source, but Rosanoski says Bois actually shows S919. Randier gives S919 a narrower flag border and records it under Progemar Les Abeilles International.

S630 is retained from Lloyds 1912 and the French company-flag website, C878 from La Marine Marchande Française and S631 from Brown 1995.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

LES PÉTROLES D’OUTRE-MER S.A.

The black funnel has a broad white band containing a red hammer and flaming torch crossed in saltire. The blue flag has a white diamond extending to the edges, with the same crossed devices above red PMO arranged in the remaining diamond points. Loughran explains the hammer and torch as the power and light obtained from oil. Aragaz’s photograph confirms the funnel; it was also noted on Ashtarak.

LES REMORQUEURS DU QUEBEC LTEE.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows Brown 1995. The source notes that Brown incorrectly uses de Quebec instead of du Quebec in the name.

LETH & CO.

The flag is white with a black diagonal band from upper hoist to lower fly and a white disc edged black containing a red L. Rosanoski’s illustration follows German sources; his commentary says Brown reverses the design and changes the letter when assigning it to Eberhardt. Schneider dates the L flag to 1939.

Stewart’s L101 has a straight L; Brown’s L100 has its spine leaning towards the fly.

Mitchell’s Portsmouth observation in March 1980 gives blue rather than black for the funnel flag markings.

L489 is retained from the marcollect sources.

Ludwig Müller, personal/operator flag

Schneider’s M723 cites Klaus-Peter Bühne’s webpage, but Rosanoski could not find it there in October 2011. Its FOTW placement under Reederei Lehmann is marked erroneous in the source.

LETOCART & CIE.

L288 comprises the funnel and flag sourced from Armements Marseillais. The flag was also reproduced on FOTW; the document contains no written colour or geometry description.

Anchor Steam Fishing Co. Ltd.

A902 has a white anchor funnel mark. Olsen’s 1911 illustrations are black and white and do not clarify the funnel colours.

Atlas Steam Fishing Co. Ltd.

A903 is retained from Lloyds 1912 and Olsen’s Almanac, with the same limitation on colours in the latter.

A website posting describes Atlas’s funnel as a white A on yellow above blue bands, bounded by white rings on black. Rosanoski considers this possibly consistent with A904.

LEVANTINE SEA TRANSPORT CO. LTD.

Doris was noted in 1965 with a black funnel and a broad white band bearing three evenly spaced, very narrow bands: blue outside and red in the middle. The company identification is assumed because Lloyds did not confirm the vessel. No flag was noted.

LEVEN SHIPPING CO. PTY. LTD.

L368 is documented in The Log, November 1985.

LEVER BROTHERS LTD.

L370 resulted from an internal design competition around 1930 and was published in the group magazine Progress. It became the basis of Palm Line’s flag, but does not appear to have been adopted and flown itself. Its funnel colours were used on some lighters until 1974, and Mitchell assigns the funnel to Unilever Merseyside.

Lever’s Pacific Plantations Ltd.

L371 preserves the earlier livery documented from Lloyds 1904 onwards.

Unilever Merseyside Ltd. / UML Ltd.

The U255 funnel apparently followed in 1974. After a few months the roundel from the new house flag was added, showing an extended hand with UML, the ML yellow. The company was also known as UML Ltd.

LEVIN & CO. LTD.

The flag is white with a red saltire and an overall small blue panel, as shown in The Log.

L429 is retained from Sea Breezes 1979.

LEWIS CLAPIER.

LEÂO E CIA.

The website documents the livery as of 1950.

LEÂO JUNIOR E CIA.

The 1950 livery’s emblem is unclear. Its annulet bears a black inscription; the green centre appears to contain two crossed yellow flags, with poles meeting at their bases and attached at the flag centres.

LIAMARE SHIPPING B.V.

L463 comes from the sole vessel Liamare’s starboard funnel on 4 March 2011. It differs from the company logo in its darker-blue Ks; lighter shades also appear around the outer porthole motif.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

NJK describes a dark-red funnel, with occasional ships having a black top. The flag is assumed to use the normal red shade from the website image. Jorge Candeias’s FOTW flag is associated with the Hong Kong agency subsidiary and assumed to apply to the Singapore shipping company.

Do not claim shared flag use by both entities without evidence.

LIAN SOON SHIPPING & TRADING CO. (PTE) LTD.

The funnel is red with a black top and yellow L.S. The flag has unequal diagonal red and blue quarters, with a white diamond containing a blue S touching its top and bottom. The red quarters are enlarged so that the diamond lies only on red, its horizontal points meeting the blue segments.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The evidence is a cap badge showing a red pennant with LIBBY in white. Michael Faul identified it as the Libby Line, but Rosanoski strongly disputed that explanation, believing it confused Libby with Liverpool’s Bibby Line. Bibby’s flag is rectangular, not a pennant. Rosanoski considered Libby, McNeil & Libby a stronger possibility because it owned ships, while allowing that the badge might instead refer to a vessel named Libby. FOTW subsequently placed it under this company.

Libby McNeil & Libby remains candidate, not established proprietor.

LIBERATION STEAMSHIP. CO. INC.

L108 is documented in Brown 1978.

LIBERIAN MARITIME CORPORATION.

Island Skipper and Island Engineer were noted with a green-blue funnel bearing three widely spaced, very narrow white bands and an undefined white diamond with a green-blue L. Bill Black associated the company with G.M. Livanos. A similar Tramp Tankers funnel used a circle; the diamond and letter may later have been removed, as with Aethalia Shipping. No flag was noted.

LIBERIAN STEAMSHIP CORPORATION RAVALA.

Lorna’s funnel is black with a broad red band containing two evenly spaced, very narrow white bands. A blue panel reaches the red band’s top and bottom and bears a white saltire. No flag was noted.

LIBERTY MARITIME CORPORATION.

L518 is photographed on Liberty Star and also recorded on Liberty Sun at Singapore on 7 June 2011.

L519 comes from Liberty Dream’s starboard side on 26 August 2012.

LIBERTY NAVIGATION & TRADING CO. INC.

The funnel is yellow or buff with a broad blue band edged white above and below, containing a straight-sided white O. The observation compares it with a Stewart design but with a lightish-buff ground instead of black. Rosanoski interprets the citation as Stewart 1957’s Ore Steamship entry, rather than the stated 1963 edition. No flag was noted.

LIBERTY SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The livery was noted on Fortune Lory. The black funnel has a very broad white band with a red L. The blue flag has a white triangle extending from the hoist across the field, bearing a red L whose lower stroke is angled “Pbds” in line with the triangle.

LIBERTY SHIPS INC.

L233 is documented in Brown 1978.

LIGNES MARITIMES DU DETROIT S.A.

L512 comes from Ibn Batouta in October 2003 and had been changed by 2 April 2006. The ship also carried Limadet in green on the hull.

LIHAI INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING CO. LTD.

L500 is based on portside photographs of Sea Success at Wellington on 21 August 2002 and Sea Glory at Sydney on 4 December 2011.

LILLBACKA POWERCO OY.

Global Freighter wore L570 in port and starboard photographs from 2004 and 2005. The funnels merge into the white superstructure, with a narrow blue base like the top portion, giving the impression of a white ground and unequal blue-white-red bands.

The change to L569 occurred shortly before Global Freighter resumed service on 6 October 2008 after docking and repainting. A portside photograph on 30 April 2011 records the later version.

LIMARKO SHIPPING COMPANY AB.

The flag is horizontally orange over blue, with a central blue disc inside a narrow white ring containing a slanted white L. Jarig Bakker’s FOTW blue was adjusted towards the photographs and website. Libra and Astra supply funnel evidence. Astra’s orange looks like air-sea-rescue orange and its blue more like dark sky blue, while the indistinct flag seems closer to the website colours. Another photograph repeats those shades, but Rosanoski allows for camera or lighting effects. A black funnel top is optional: Pluto lacks one.

L436 is retained as a photographic funnel-and-flag source.

LIMERICK STEAMSHIP CO. LTD.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag is sourced to Lloyds 1926.

The other retained variants are L497 from Lloyds 1904, L496 from Lloyds 1912 and later fleet books, and L498 from Stewart 1963.

LINEA REGULARE SURAMERIKA.

The Brazilian website records this livery as of 1950.

LINEAS AGROMAR S.A.

Mitchell shows two funnels with an apparent combined LA logo, but does not explain their use. Four of his five vessel drawings have blue funnels and one black.

L453 comes from Corain I in the mid-1980s.

LINEAS NAVIERAS BOLIVIANAS S.A.M.

Both logos appear to combine LNB, though L285 looks more like NB.

Mitchell notes Bolivia at Liverpool in January 1994 with a blue funnel and emblem, presumed to be L232.

Bass Express Ships Ltd. / Bass Reefer Pty. Ltd. observed vessel mark

A starboard photograph of Bass Reefer confirms the funnel.

The retrieved text did not expose the full legal-name definition, and the ABN lookup was inaccessible. The earlier Bass Express/Bass Reefer agency and 1981 registration are not established by the 2008 corporate context alone. Retained as review without conflating service, agent and vessel owner.

LINHA DE NAVEGAÇAO DE J. H. ANDRESEN.

Bonsor describes cobalt blue in the flag and blue lettering, whereas Lloyds shows black letters, possibly a later change. L275’s funnel appears on the first steamer Olinda in 1877; Bonsor also records A477 but does not date the change.

LINHAS MARITIMAS DE ANGOLA U.E.E.

The black funnel has four narrow light-blue wavy bands in two widely separated pairs. Over them is a red upright panel whose sinister side slopes “Pbd”, making the base wider than the top. It carries a black upright anchor surmounted by a yellow half-cogwheel and machete, taken from the national flag. The black house flag repeats the bands and devices.

LINJEBUSS INTERNATIONAL A/B.

Rosanoski could not establish the source of Bryggan’s L74 funnel, since its photographs show L320. The FOTW version was initially confused with the later SFL flag and an unrelated Donsötank description, subsequently amended.

Pendula provides the portside funnel view and Betula the starboard view; the arrow points forward on both. The Collectors Corner flag comes from a cap badge.

LINK LINE LTD.

The flag has four unequal horizontal dark-blue and light-blue bands and white stylised letters described as JL. Rosanoski reads them as a reversed L and an ordinary L, possibly suggesting an anchor. No funnel is given.

LINK LINES LTD.

The flag is based on International Code signal L: yellow and black quarters with a black L on the yellow. The funnel is black with a green-red-green chevron.

LINNHOFF SCHIFFAHRT GMBH & CO. K.G.

The green flag has a white central diamond touching the top and bottom edges. Dark-blue bold LS in the diamond are joined along their bottom line. Schneider observed the design on the company’s doorplate at Alster lake, Hamburg, on 5 April 2008.

LION FERRY A/B.

L76 is described as the original funnel and is associated with the Maine ferries; Prins Line used a similar livery. The lion flag was introduced in 1970, while the Germany–England service used a stylised P. Joint operations could wear their partners’ funnel colours. Mitchell’s Gustav Vasa drawing supports L76.

Europafarjan IV photographs from 1978–81 confirm L75, with a narrow black funnel-top cowl. FOTW initially also attributes the flag to Bonnier Rederierna. Rosanoski questions that direct connection, describing Bonnier’s founding investment and a later sale to Erik Kekonius. The same flag is retained under Lion Ferry.

Nüsse’s L128 initially appears darker blue than the Collectors Corner cap badges, with a better shade on the newer website.

Lion Princess and Lion Queen show differing degrees of flap in the painted flag. On both funnel sides it points forward, with the lion facing aft.

L323 contains two seahorses within a diamond frame on Europafarjen IV. A postcard supports its suggested use on the Helsingborg–Grenå service. It was retained after the ship became Europafarjan Syd in 1984, so may belong to Helsingborg-Grenå Linjen.

L78 is retained from Loughran and L318 from Mitchell’s website; no separate verbal design account is supplied.

Documented shared associations — A/B Billingsfors / Lion Steamship Co. A/B — US Navy 1961 funnel

US Navy assigns B632 to both A/B Billingsfors and Lion Steamship. Rosanoski did not locate the former in Lloyds but found a reference concerning Nore of 1905.

LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS (FIJI) LTD.

The original livery matched the associated Liquefied Gas Carriers operation and its L419 flag. Fiji Gas’s photograph confirms the funnel, though its narrow white bands cannot be made out. The later flag is identified as the owner’s, and the funnel bears white LGC with G larger.

LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS PTY. LTD.

L418 applied only to Guinea Gas.

The other vessels used L419, also adopted by the associated Fiji company.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

The recorded funnel is black with a white panel edged red and containing a blue cross; cross and border have equal widths. It derives from a Cape Corso observation in July 1966, but Rosanoski could not trace the vessel in Lloyds and doubts the interpretation of the original shorthand comparison. No flag was noted.

Company and reconstructed band/panel uncertain.

LIQUIGAS LTD.

The original flag is white with narrow deep-sky-blue bands at hoist and fly and a blue ring enclosing a white L with a slanted upright, outlined and shaded blue. Rosanoski’s actual flag measured 72 by 36 inches: the end bands were 8 inches wide, the circle 30 inches in diameter and its ring 1 inch wide. The L was 4 inches wide, with 1-inch blue shading above, on the hoist side and above its horizontal stroke, and 3 inches elsewhere. Black outlines around the ring, letter and shading were actually one-eighth-inch stitching, visible only close up.

Mitchell’s Tarihiko funnel is presumably an interpretation of the air-sea-rescue orange-red shade.

Tarihiko adopted the new funnel after its Lyttelton survey on 25 January 1990, but initially kept the old flag. The new flag was seen at the Christchurch LPG depot in August 1991 and on the ship in November. LPG refers to the cargo. The funnel has five horizontal lines, while the flag has six. Funnel lines point aft on both sides, with letters arranged to read normally; the starboard pattern was confirmed at New Plymouth on 31 August 1994, as was the flag. Its blue seemed darker than the original flag, but Rosanoski could not inspect it closely enough to be certain.

Brown 1995’s L433 is reversed and has five horizontal lines instead of six. Rosanoski explains that the information originated with him but the funnel’s five-line pattern was incorrectly transferred to the flag, and the side arrangement was confused. Jarig Bakker’s FOTW image follows Brown.

LIQUIMAR TANKERS MANAGEMENT INC.

L494 carries the website logo, supported by distant photographs of Frixos and Elli. Dark details were interpreted as black, but Rosanoski allows that this may be wrong or that the design later changed. Sabine and Brazos 1 instead had plain black funnels, apparently in a charter context with Anglo-Eastern management.

Afroditi’s close starboard photograph on 25 November 2012 shows different funnel and arrow shades, possibly from light or camera effects. Enlargement nevertheless confirms that the dots and lines on yellow are black.

LIRO SHIPPING A/B.

Mitchell assigns the funnel to Liro Marin for Liro Sun. The Collectors Corner cap badge shows a white flag with a blue schooner whose sails form LIRO.

LITHUANIAN SHIPPING CO.

L246’s yellow emblems are small circles. Rosanoski doubts this flag because no record was kept and the archived source could not be accessed in 2012.

Jarig Bakker’s FOTW L40 follows Brown 1995.

L522 is based on Daina’s starboard funnel.

L280 is documented on Akvile and Daina, with a flag from company photographs. Its yellow devices are small circles. Jan Mertens considered the field white or light blue; the FOTW rendition is darker than Rosanoski’s version, lightened to match the photographs.

L521 comes from Asta’s starboard funnel on 20 May 2010.

LIVANOS FAMILY.

LIVANOS GROUP.

Livanos Group is dated to 1920. Its operating companies include N.G. Livanos Maritime and Sun Enterprises, the latter established at Piraeus in 1968 with roots traced to 1902, consolidating operation of chartered-out tankers and bulk carriers. Dos Oceanos is also listed, and Southern Shipping as a joint venture between S. Livanos and Niarchos.

Greece, Piraeus.

LIVANOS BROTHERS.

Greece, Chios.

G.M. LIVANOS.

The G.M. Livanos section associates Aethalia Shipping, Liberian Maritime and Tramp Tankers with that concern, without establishing its country.

Unknown.

JOHN LIVANOS & SONS LTD.

MICHAEL G. LIVANOS.

Bakker’s Caltex-based L314 and L315 are retained in the Michael G. section, with L315 specified for foreign-flagged ships.

Michael G. Livanos appears in pre-war and post-war registers, later through Ocean Shipbrokerage as agent; Euroshipping is listed as an associate.

Greece, Chios and Athens; later UK, London.

N.G. LIVANOS MARITIME CO. LTD.

George S. Livanos

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

John Livanos & Sons

John Livanos’s livery appears to have changed after the war. L160 is noted for agency vessels; Mitchell’s assignment of Georgios to Livanos Bros. Maritime differs from Lloyds’ placement under S. Livanos & Co.

L309 is retained from Mitchell’s funnel evidence.

UK, London.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

N.G. Livanos Maritime

N.G. Livanos shared the Livanos Group address and is later listed as its operating company. Agency interests included Carreto and the Monrovia Bulkers, Carriers, Tanker and Tramp concerns; Stratos Gerodimos also appears as agent.

Greece, Piraeus.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

S. Livanos & Co.

UK, London; Greece, Piraeus.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

S. Livanos Shipbrokers

UK, London.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Theofano Maritime

Theofano Maritime appears under the Livanos manager in 1939 and N.G. Livanos in 1942, with later separate register entries.

Greece, Piraeus; also UK, London.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Family background

Livanos shipping began in the 1880s. The source places family origins at Kardamyla on Oinoussai in one passage and at Chios in another, and distinguishes several branches rather than one company. Stavros G. Livanos’s son George P. founded Ceres Hellenic Shipping in 1949 and shortly afterwards inherited his father’s fleet. George’s sisters Eugenia and Tina married Stavros Niarchos and Aristotle Onassis respectively. On George’s death in 1997 the business passed to his son Peter.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Livanos Brothers and John Livanos & Sons

Livanos Brothers became John Livanos & Sons in 1939. Accounts say Michael J. and George became independent owners, but use differing initials for George. The firm operated Greek and UK fleets and later acted as agent for concerns including Amfitriti, Anatolian Maritime, Lamda Shipping, North Europe & Persian Gulf Transport and West End Shipping.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

S. Livanos concerns

S. Livanos & Co. operated the UK Trent Maritime fleet and managed Greek ships. The separately headed S. Livanos Shipbrokers acted for Livanos Maritime, Atlantic and Ocean companies, Theofano Shipping and United Cargo Lines. Atlantic-prefixed names were widespread, though some fleets adopted Livanos family or other Greek names.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Shared Livanos liveries

The source distinguishes Greek lambda and Latin L versions, apparently for Greek- and British-registered vessels. The L22 and L23 drawings simplify the repeated border motif to three horizontal and two vertical sets, whereas Nüsse’s Sun Enterprises table flag has five and three. Rosanoski does not know whether motif counts change with flag size. Books vary between continuous chains and separate units and in the border’s distance from the edge.

Amazon Brilliance and Athina Zakirakis show a white funnel band narrowly edged blue, only clear close up, with a slight difference at the lambda’s top and a wider sinister arm. Amazon Guardian confirms the starboard treatment. Tubarao instead has a chain resembling connected upright and inverted Ls, whereas the other photographs resemble connected Ps and Js. Eugenie Livanos confirms the older funnel. Blue shades range from the light shade specified in Merchant Ships to darker or sky blue in photographs.

Bakker’s Caltex-based flags distinguish Greek-flagged vessels, L471, from foreign-flagged vessels, L472.

L473 follows Brown 1995 in Bakker’s FOTW illustration.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Shared usage

Sources distribute the common funnels among several Livanos concerns. Brown gives L23 to Livanos Brothers, US Navy to S. Livanos, and Jordan to John Livanos and related Greek companies. L22 is assigned to S. Livanos’s Atlantic and Ocean agency companies and to Trent. L23 also appeared on Panagiotis Lemos, Pantelis A. Lemos and Irene S. Lemos, presumed chartered. These overlapping attributions are retained without assigning every variant to a single branch.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Vessel-specific observations

Other observations vary further: Atlantic Sunrise, Atlantic Empress and Atlantic Sun had a red L; Atlantic Falcon, Atlantic Guardian and Meandros had blue bands without a recorded letter. Mesros had an additional edged band and blue between outer and inner white, making nine bands. Atlantic Queen carried a red lambda, and Demos dark bands with a red lambda; the latter’s owner identification does not agree with Mitchell.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Sun Enterprises

Nüsse attributes S1467 to Sun Enterprises. It has a gold fringe except at the hoist. Its letter and pattern relationship to published funnels is not straightforward: Rosanoski notes that Nüsse supplies the L22 type and that Christies also shows L22 where he expected L23.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Michael G./N.G. attribution difference

Rosanoski considers Stewart’s L25 wrongly attributed to N.G. Livanos and says it should be Michael G.’s. Christies gives a black lambda with normal blue bands, differing from Mitchell. Jordan instead gives a red lambda, as for other Livanos companies, while Ships & the Sea uses the normal Livanos funnel.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

N.G. and related Livanos usage

L24 is noted for Monrovia Shipping and Monrovia Tanker. Mitchell also associates this funnel with Michael J. in one passage and George S. in another, without sufficient vessel detail to reconcile the branches.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

N.G. Livanos context

Mitchell associates L310 with Michalos in an unclear capacity, possibly through John Michalos. Oana’s starboard photograph on 21 March 2012 confirms the funnel.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Further recorded variants

L311 is retained from Christies and L313 from Mitchell, without additional verbal vessel identifications.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

N.G. Livanos

Bakker’s L474 follows Brown 1995.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

LIVERPOOL & MARANHAM STEAMSHIP CO.

The flag is quartered blue and white. Two FOTW chart-based identifications attach an additional “Silvain Steamship” name. Rosanoski accepts Liverpool & Maranham but suspects the second name is an agent, not another company title; its reading remains uncertain.

LIVERPOOL & NORTH WALES STEAMSHIP CO. LTD.

The funnel is yellow or buff. The white swallowtail bears a blue cross surmounted by yellow Prince of Wales feathers.

LIVERPOOL SCREW TOWING CO.

L413 follows a Merseyside illustration. British Steam Tugs gives a cowl top, and ABC British Tugs describes the funnel as yellow for both Liverpool Screw and North West.

Mitchell’s N463 is orange, although Rosanoski considers it should be the same as L413.

LIVERPOOL STEAM TUG CO.

L414 is documented by Lloyds and British Steam Tugs.

LLOYD A.G.

Switzerland, Basel.

Hamburger Lloyd Dr. Jürgen Bernhold GmbH & Co. KG

Panocean Lloyd Tankschiffahrt GmbH

Rhein-Lloyd GmbH, Mannheim

N.V. Rijn-Lloyd Scheepvaart en Expeditiebedrijf

Rheinischer Lloyd, Duisburg-Ruhrort historical company

Lloyd and Hamburger Lloyd

Louis Groschupf established Lloyd at Basel in 1928, with towage and tanker branches. Kurt Bernhold and Carl-Heinz Laß left in 1948 with permission to establish the connected Hamburger Lloyd. After Kurt’s death in 1962, Jürgen Bernhold took over and formed a new Hamburger Lloyd in 1963. The account describes a further re-establishment in January 1981 following disputes and a takeover of Basel Lloyd; other statements qualify the Basel sale date. Lloyd Schleppschiffahrt had already been wound up in 1961.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Hamburger Lloyd

Bernhold added a black stripe for the new Hamburger Lloyd in 1963. Four- and five-black-stripe flags were used alongside each other until 1981, presumed here to mean L432 and H672.

Related Tietjens companies were established in Berlin-Spandau and Hamburg in 1971. Hamburger Lloyd’s headquarters moved to Basel in 1983. Bernhold left in 1997; the companies were removed from the Hamburg and Basel registers and the remainder passed to Stolt-Nielsen.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Rhine concerns

Rhein-Lloyd at Mannheim was probably formed in 1936, with Rheinischer Lloyd at Duisburg-Ruhrort later established as a local branch. The Rotterdam concern is identified as N.V. Rijn-Lloyd. Rosanoski questions whether some earlier Mannheim/Rotterdam names were companies or divisions and whether later Lehnkering colours imply a takeover; he does not resolve the relationship.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Panocean Lloyd

Panocean Lloyd Tankschiffahrt was formed in Hamburg in 1971 as a 50:50 venture with Panocean Shipping & Terminals.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Basel Lloyd

The 1952 Flaggen auf dem Rhein gives the same Lloyd Seeschiffahrt-pattern flag for Lloyd A.G., Lloyd Schleppschiffahrt and Lloyd Tanker.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Rhein-Lloyd Mannheim

The seven-stripe Rhein-Lloyd flag is also shown for Rhein-Fracht. Its yellow canton’s red diagonal represents Baden, while black and yellow are suggested to recall Württemberg. Mertens explicitly leaves the corporate succession between Rhein-Lloyd and Rhein-Fracht unproved.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Rijn-Lloyd Rotterdam

R376 is documented for N.V. Rijn-Lloyd of Rotterdam through Piet Hein. A monochrome photograph from 1966–67 appears to show a slightly wider white diagonal.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Rheinischer Lloyd

Rheinischer Lloyd’s flag has seven black and yellow horizontal stripes and a red canton four stripes high, containing part of Duisburg’s arms in white outline. The roughly drawn castle may be an incomplete representation or a deliberate selection. Mertens does not establish a connection with the later Duisburg namesake.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

Panocean Lloyd source context

P588 is retained from Flaggen der Binnenschiffahrt 1973.

Keep the explicit scope label independent; no alias or company identity is inferred.

LLOYD AUSTRIACO.

Griffin makes L193 an ordinary flag and attributes it to Austro Hungarian Lloyd.

Reed attributes L195 to Austrian Lloyds; the Lloyd Triestino website version has a red bishop’s crown.

L270 is retained from Reed 1891, L194 from Lloyds 1904 and L269 from Bonsor.

LLOYD ITALIANO SOCIERTÀ DI NAVIGAZIONE.

Jan Mertens describes a blue disc on a white diamond, with initials LIL, the first L reversed, possible yellow laurel branches around it and a yellow anchor behind. The emblem is uncertain. Bonsor calls the diamond large, suggesting it may lie within the field, but a company document shows it extending to the edges; Rosanoski’s undated note does not resolve this.

LLOYD MEDITERRANEO S.P.A.

LLOYD NACIONAL SOCIEDADE ANONYMA.

The Brazilian website records the livery in 1950 as Lloyde Nacional and identifies the flag emblem as the Southern Cross.

L219 is retained from the Talbot-Booth and related sources, and L220 from Brown 1943.

LLOYD ROYAL BELGE S.A.

Later sources continue to show the old livery under the merged company, with Ships & The Sea specifying some cargo vessels. Rosanoski therefore suggests it remained in use for a time. Jarig Bakker’s FOTW flag follows Brown 1926.

L492 is retained from Larousse Commercial Illustré 1930.

LLOYD SABAUDO SOCIETÀ ANONIMA PER AZIONI.

L227 was the original livery, replaced in 1914 according to Bonsor. Its eagle is that of Savoy. Bonsor gives yellow LI and does not describe the wreath surrounding the circle in Lloyds; Lloyds’ lettering is indistinct but appears white.

Loughran gives the eagle a proper shield rather than a circle. The emblem varies between sources, and the cross is not clearly specified as white. Larousse 1930 shows a blue Savoy eagle with a red oval breast shield and a small yellow crown on white. Company postcards show light-blue funnel bands and eagles facing different directions. Rosanoski considers the company-document illustration consistent with L228.

Bakker’s first illustration used a military flag in the Piemonte Sabaudo museum as its model; his second followed Loughran’s white flag with a blue eagle, red triangular shield and a red crown above. Rosanoski questions this reconstruction: the museum flag has a blue field and black eagle, unlike the company evidence. L267’s eagle design and colouring are therefore suspect, and its unrecorded funnel is only assumed to be the same.

LLOYD TRIESTINO DI NAVIGAZIONE S.P.A.

The early blue flag bears white emblems: a crowned fouled anchor, accompanied by L and T, in the upper hoist, and Trieste’s spearhead in the lower fly. Larousse 1930 and a 1928 brochure support this arrangement despite doubts about its unusual placement. Brown 1929 reverses it. Flaggenbuch 1928 instead gives the crowned anchor the whole hoist, without initials. A cap emblem places the device within a rope with a Savoy knot and a possibly naval crown. Loughran’s end date of 1935 is questioned because Brown 1934 already shows the subsequent flag; the proposed range is 1919–1934 or 1935.

The later flag is a red-and-white vertical bicolour: Trieste’s white halberd on red and Genoa’s red St George cross on white. Candeias describes a very dark red and a slender fleur-de-lys-like device. The website likewise uses dark red, but Martins-Tuválkin points to ordinary red in postcards and suggests the darker shade may be artistic licence. Brown 1934 also attributes L47 to the two absorbed companies, Società Italiana di Servizzi Marittimi and Società Marittima Italiana. A 1940 source confirms replacement of the blue flag.

The L7 and L46 funnels are recorded in 1939. Brown 1934 identifies L46 with the Eastern Express Service. A monochrome photograph of Africa confirms the L8 funnel.

Mitchell dates L10 to 1989, with sloping letters and a black band apparently joining them. Photographs of LT Greet suggest that connection may be an optical effect. L316 is supported by LT Usodimare in May 2004 and LT Greet; LT Cortesia in May 2005 shows very dark blue, which may explain the black rendering or indicate a later brighter-blue change. Its indistinct flags cannot be identified. LT Usodimare in December 2000 carries the red-and-white design as a bow jack.

L9 is retained from Brown 1951 and Loughran.

LLOYD-LIBRA NAVEGAÇÁO S.A.

The yellow flag carries red and blue italic L letters. The funnel yellow is assumed to match the flag.

LMZ TRANSOIL GROUP.

The website flag shows a readable logo on the reverse, but an incorrectly reversed Cyprus flag alongside it leads Rosanoski to question whether the digital image is reliable.

The group was formed in 1999 and is listed as acting through operating companies: LMZ Transoil Shipmanagers and LMZ Transoil Shipping Enterprises.

Greece, Athens.

LMZ TRANSOIL SHIPMANAGERS LTD.

LMZ Transoil Shipmanagers was formed in 2001 and listed as an agent.

Cyprus, Nicosia.

LMZ TRANSOIL SHIPPING ENTERPRISES S.A.

The website logo uses darker red and blue than its flag illustrations; LMZ Artemis photographed on 10 March 2005 supports lighter colours. The white angled device on the funnel and lower flag oval consists of stylised lmz letters with very short horizontal arms. This appears to be the tanker livery; an indistinct bulk-carrier photograph shows a blue funnel.

LMZ Transoil Shipping Enterprises was formed in 2000 as an agent.

Greece, Athens.

LNG CARRIERS LTD.

The black funnel carries three triangles, white, red and blue, arranged as a triangle. The white flag has a black disc containing the same group. Alan Watt recorded the colours on Pollenger on 29 May 1983: the triangles represent the three original partners, although Fernley & Eger had withdrawn.

LOBITOS OILFIELDS LTD.

L257’s funnel was replaced by L258 around 1960.

LOCAT LOCAZIONE ATTREZZATURE SPA.

L462 comes from Alea Tony on 3 June 2007. One photograph appears to show blue letters and funnel top, but other views support black. Rosanoski suspects the letters refer to Alea Tony itself: formerly Bro Tony, it was acquired by Locat in 2005 and none of the intervening company names he found fits the letters. He provisionally classes it as a funnel relating to Locat. Without photographs of Peterpaul, he cannot establish whether the leasing fleet had individual or managers’ colours.

LOG-IN LOGISTICA INTERMODAL S.A.

L468 records Log-in Macau on 12 April 2008, on charter from Frota Oceanica e Aamazonica. It shows the basic Log-In funnel; whether wording was subsequently added is unknown. The ship was among three laid up in the second half of 2009.

L469 follows Log-in Rio on 23 November 2008. A flag apparently matching this design appears in coverage of Log-in Jacandara’s launch on 15 June 2010.

L470 follows distant photographs of Log-in Jacaranda on 1 April 2011. A narrow strip of funnel green may separate the white and blue bands, as close views show on Log-in Rio. The letters appear to have changed to all white and to occur on the front as well as the side; no stern view was available.

LOLLI-GHETTI CARBONAVI S.A.

L244 is documented by Brown 1995.

LOMAR CORPORATION.

Mitchell associates L516 with Michael Logothetis and gives Limassol, presumed by Rosanoski to be the port of registry. A portside photograph of Hamburg Trader supplies the recorded funnel, although its stated October 2014 photograph date postdates the January 2014 access date.

L517 follows Ocean Primus photographed to port on 17 June 2012.

LOMBARDO MARINE GROUP PTY. LTD.

The emblem is a reef knot. Many vessels had no funnel; the cited illustrations show those with funnels without a black top. Names commonly ended in Bluff or Creek.

LONDON & NORTH EASTERN RAILWAY CO.

David Prothero’s National Archives account gives 24 April 1923 for three flags: Harwich, a St Andrew’s flag with a red dragon’s left wing on a central white disc; Grimsby, a white star on a red pennant; and Scottish services, a thistle on a white shield on a red pennant. It dates the common flag with a distinguishing hoist emblem to 17 February 1932. Rosanoski notes disagreement with Haws and Brown and asks whether these were retained predecessor flags before later LNER designs. The Harwich disc differs from the Great Eastern flag; the Grimsby pennant’s shape and star position are unspecified.

Haws assigns L179 to Harwich, L180 to Grimsby and L181 to Scotland, the last retaining the North British funnel and shield. The later common flag distinguishes Harwich as L182 and Scotland as L183. Liveries initially survived nationalisation; Haws places stops after the initials. The Great Eastern crest and Great Central star carried into the LNER flags, although the text’s star reference is numbered L189.

L543 is blue with a white saltire, overlaid by a white, red-edged lens-shaped panel bearing red sans-serif LNER, the middle two letters larger. Dixon suggests the saltire refers to the London–Edinburgh connection.

The postcard version for former Great Central ships, dated 1923–33, adds an upright white five-pointed star edged red.

The postcard version for former Great Eastern ships, also dated 1923–33, has a red wing crest on a torse. It resembles the City of London crest, but the wing is plain red rather than bearing St George’s cross.

L546 is retained from Martins-Tuválkin’s postcard-based illustration.

LONDON & NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY CO.

L187 retains the Chester & Holyhead funnel; L186 is buff.

The badge shows Britannia facing the fly, with a train trailing smoke across a viaduct. The surrounding ring reads LONDON & NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY CO.

L186 includes Britannia facing the hoist and a ship. Badge details and the definition of its circular boundary vary; Lloyds gives a tapered swallowtail.

Reed 1891 shows Britannia’s body towards the hoist while she looks back towards the fly. The indistinct background includes a lion. Later Reed editions retain the outline but make the facial details less clear.

Lloyds 1904 likewise has Britannia looking back over her shoulder, apparently with a ship and tower behind.

The Lloyds 1912 account has Britannia facing the hoist and no defined circle, whereas the postcard defines it. The narrative calls this L544, while the corresponding source entry is L554.

LONDON & OVERSEAS FREIGHTERS LTD.

LOF shared Counties Ship Management’s livery. The flag is a pennant divided white over blue with a central red five-pointed star; the National Maritime Museum example is dated 1955–67. Stewart gives a buff funnel, but Fenton specifies yellow. Rosanoski considers Brown 1951’s slightly different Kulukundis/Counties flag probably erroneous.

London & Overseas Bulk Carriers Ltd.

L297 is retained from the Mitchell collection.

LONDON & ROCHESTER TRADING CO. LTD.

The National Maritime Museum’s Crescent Shipping flag, dated 1955–67, supplies L29’s elongated form; book sources show a normal rectangle. A 1983 Lyttelton sighting confirmed the crescent’s bias towards the hoist but not the depicted horn angles or proportions. Its position on the funnel varies: Faience shows it farther forward, nearly filling the red band. Tug references call it silver, while other vessel descriptions use white. Mitchell’s small white circle, possibly a star, has no supporting evidence here; his blue-band version belongs to former Bowker & King tankers under Crescent.

Bakker’s FOTW versions differ in proportions: the London & Rochester illustration follows Loughran at 2:3, while the museum-based version uses 1:2.

The additional variants are retained from the US Navy and Stewart sources.

LONDON TUGS LTD.

The rectangular white flag has a broad red border and a blue cross. At the centre, a white rectangle bears two black towing hooks on a bar, joined below by a shallow V of wire. The black funnel has a broad red band edged white at the top and a depicted white flag on a pole angled slightly “Pbd”. This flag has a red cross with the same central hook emblem. Loughran’s relationship to the new owners’ funnel may imply white edging below the band as well, but this is uncertain.

LONDON WELSH STEAMSHIP CO. LTD.

L295 is documented by Lloyds 1912.

LONDON, BRIGHTON & SOUTH COAST RAILWAY.

The funnel was black in 1847–67, represented by L367; white with a black top in 1867–1922, L41; and buff with a black top from 1923.

L365 was also used for the Western of France Railways’ Newhaven–Dieppe service and subsequently the French State Railways service.

Rosanoski records a cap badge as confirming L366’s flag.

L364 is retained from Reed 1901.

LONDON, MIDLAND & SCOTTISH RAILWAY CO.

L184’s 1923–25 funnel is dark buff with a black top separated by a red band. From 1925 to 1948 the L185 version has a black top without that band and a yellower buff ground. Rosanoski considers Brown 1943’s funnel depiction incorrect.

The red flag has a white cross, surmounted by an undefined white disc with a yellow badge above a green laurel wreath. L184 follows Haws and L185 the Brown version. Brown 1943 supplies a more detailed, mainly red emblem in its earlier format and specifies the Goole–Copenhagen service.

LONG LINE FISHERIES AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD.

At Newcastle the F was observed to be light blue.

LONGSHENG SHIPPING CO. LTD,

L537 follows Beilun Whale photographed to port at Lyttelton on 18 March 2011. The same mark is supported by Ningbo Seal and Beilun Sea Lion photographs. Beilun Whale was registered to Hong Kong Whale Shipping and managed by Tosco Keymax; earlier photographs apparently show a plain blue funnel, which Rosanoski tentatively compares with the manager’s T643 attribution.

LORD HOWE ISLAND SHIPPING CO.

Sitka’s mark represents Mounts Lidgbird and Gower, Lord Howe Island’s prominent peaks. The mountains are blue; the palm’s colour is unspecified, but apparent blue hatching on its leaves led Rosanoski to presume the whole design blue. The Log attributes this funnel to Lord Howe Island Shipping, while a similar mark in different colours on Maasmond is assigned to Roslyndale. Sitka appears to have been bought by Roslyndale in 1986, possibly renamed Sitka II in 2000 and reverted in 2002.

LORD LINE LTD.

The L298 funnel is supported by a monochrome photograph of Lord Wavel.

LORENTZENS REDERI CO.

Nüsse’s L172 table flag has what appears to be a very dark blue upper band. The funnel is supported by a monochrome Caledonia photograph. Mitchell gives buff, while other sources use yellow; GIF conversion made the buff rendering appear yellow. Brown 1951 and 1958 have a narrow L, while Brown 1971 widens and outlines it in black on funnel and flag and adds a black funnel top. Skipet gives funnels with and without that top and small extensions to the letter ends. Its centred L differs from Nüsse’s placement.

Bulkship (Nigeria) Ltd.

B881 follows Yola on 30 June 2000, registered to Lagos-based Bulkship (Nigeria), a minor operating company of Lorentzen Marine.

Lorentzen Skibs A/S, post-1997 green-livery branch

L479 follows the account and illustration of Nicolai’s green replacement for the red livery. The precise date and duration of its use are unclear.

Ross Chemical II A/S

Oceanic Cobalt on 24 September 2009 supplies R373’s air/sea-rescue red-orange. Its owner Ross Chemical II was a minor operating subsidiary of Lorentzens Rederi.

LORENZO SHIPPING CORPORATION.

L499 follows a distant, overcast photograph of Lorcon Luzon on 2 July 1999. The colours are uncertain: the logo may be lighter sky blue, and Rosanoski cannot establish whether its apparently green components are green or the whole emblem is one colour.

LORILLARD LINE.

McMillan’s attribution comes from Manning’s 1874 chart, which gives no home ports. He assumed an American, New York concern from the prominence of the Lorillard family there, while explicitly saying he was not certain.

LOS ANGELES STEAMSHIP CO.

The FOTW interpretation from a photograph of shipboard porcelain has a white flag edged green, with a yellow stripe from lower hoist to upper fly bearing three blue stars and blue L and A on either side. The colours are expressly uncertain, and Rosanoski marks the stated count of three stars with sic.

Stindt’s Matson book gives green letters and stars rather than blue, with black funnels. The lategreatliners reference is described as supporting FOTW while also being numbered L352 in the notes; the source wording is not reconciled.

A postcard of Yale dated about 1922 shows two black funnels, the forward one apparently bearing two yellow chevrons pointing upwards.

LOSINJSKA PLOVIDBA BRODARSTVO OOUR D.D.

US Navy 1961 gives a green pennant with a white disc bearing black LP, a completely different design.

The blue flag has two thin white horizontal stripes and a white disc with a red five-pointed star. Nüsse displays the star pointing down. Heimer suspects this is inverted but acknowledges his initial judgement lacked firm evidence; Rosanoski agrees and states that other sources support the upright version. Mitchell gives the earlier funnel a lighter blue than L190, with its letters lighter still.

The later flag replaces the star with tricolour LP initials. Heimer dates this to 1990 or after 1990, while another note links it with Croatian independence in 1991; the original explicitly flags the discrepancy. Both flags appear to be 3:5. Brown spreads L190’s bands more widely and enlarges the disc and letters; Rosanoski follows Nüsse’s flag and assumes the funnel matches. Lošinj also supplies photographic funnel evidence.

LOTSBETRIEB GMBH.

The flag is divided vertically white and red, the pilots’ colours. In the upper hoist is Mecklenburg’s blue–yellow–red horizontal tricolour; in the upper fly, Hither Pomerania’s blue-over-white bicolour. Black L and B stand at the bottom centre, respectively on the white and red halves.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Marine Discoverer was recorded with a yellow or buff funnel and black top. The collection ascribes it to the agent, but the attribution is uncertain. No flag is noted.

Lotus versus Wheelock/Marden association unresolved; QA2 excluded P397 unchanged.

LOUCAS NOMICOS (ENGLAND) CO. LTD.

The original funnel is red with a black top and a broad green intervening band. It bears a white saltire with splayed arms, overlaid by an undefined white circle containing a red N.

The alternative replaces green with blue. It apparently became general, being recorded for agency companies in the 1960s.

The later red, black-topped funnel has a broad blue band with a white couped saltire resembling propeller blades and a white disc with red N. The blue flag repeats the splayed, couped saltire and lettered disc. Rosanoski presumes this version belongs to the subsidiary.

LOUIS CARLINI & CIE.

The Moor’s head recalls Carlini’s Corsican origins.

LOUIS CASTALDI & FILS.

LOUIS PUBLIC CO. LTD.

Mitchell associates C.P. Scordilis and shows L347 on drawings of ships with Princesa as their first name.

LOUIS SICARD & CIE.

LOUISA SHIPPING CO. INC.

The flag is black with a red diamond bearing white LSC. The funnel is yellow or buff with a black top; its additional feature is described only as “a panel of the funnel”, leaving the wording unclear.

LOVETT, MCCRACKEN & BRAY PTY. LTD.

The emblem’s circle is described as golden buff. The object inside has a pointed top and a base, but the hatching does not establish whether the intervening area is golden buff or a white structure joining them.

LOWDEN, EDGAR & CO.

The flag is red with a white saltire; no funnel is recorded.

LOWER DNEPR STATE RIVER SHIPPING AUTHORITY.

Lomantsov recalls the flag in 1970s magazines, states that it was adopted in the 1920s and believes it lasted into the 1990s. A separate reference records authorisation of a pennant by decree on 29 August 1924 without further detail.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

Rosanoski assumes this is the L. Castro y Cia. Ltd. that US Navy 1961 places in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mitchell also gives Buenos Aires but omits lettering. The company was not found in La Marina Mercante Argentina 1961, so the identification remains qualified.

Brazilian company equivalence with Argentine chart attribution is not proved.

LUCKENBACH OVERSEAS CORPORATION.

The L-shaped funnel mark varies between sources but is supported by a monochrome photograph. Rosanoski rejects Jordan’s white band between narrow white bands with a white L as an impossible description. Stewart also attributes L200 to Luckenbach Gulf Steamship, which the source has not traced.

Luckenbach Gulf Steamship Co. Inc.

No exclusive fleet-wide use or unrecorded corporate equivalence is asserted.

LUDV. G. BRAATHEN.

The funnels are yellow or buff with a flag flapping from a pole; one version points aft at an angle described as “pbds”. The flag is quartered blue and red with a white diamond bearing black “B”. One diamond extends to the edges; another version has a white border around the field. Brown 1951 and 1958 show a white border on the flag painted on the funnel.

LUEDTKE ENGINEERING CO.

L456 follows the tug Kurt R. Luedtke photographed on 28 August 2010. The panel is actually very dark grey, nearly black; it was lightened in the illustration for contrast.

LUGGATE GAME PACKERS LTD.

L416 is documented by The Log, November 1995.

LULEÅ BOGSERBÅTS A/B.

The funnel follows Valkryia photographed on 11 August 2007 and uses the logo shown by the Lulea website. Viscaria appears to fly a blue flag with a broad white horizontal band bearing the logo’s ship and immediate sea, the sea extending across the flag. The photograph is too small to establish this securely.

LUMAR S.A.

Atlantic Project on 19 September 2007 supplies the portside funnel, with small www.lumarsa.com lettering beneath. Atlantic Action’s March 2006 starboard view confirms the panel but not the inscription, perhaps because of distance. General use of the lettering needs closer evidence.

L515 follows the animated flapping flag on the company website. Its proportions may be inaccurate.

LUMBER OPERATORS PTY. LTD.

L385 is documented by The Log, August 1992.

LUNDGREN & BÖRJESSONS REDERIER.

Lundgren’s flag resembles Börjesson’s yellow flag with a blue shield and yellow disc, but carries a blue S instead of A. US Navy 1961 attributes L81 to Sigyn.

The combined livery is recorded for Silken in 1957–63 under Lundgren & Börjesson, although Lloyds lists Hans Lundgren. NJK’s funnel and Bakker’s Bryggan-based flag give green letters; the US Navy’s Alfa Sigyn attribution and the Collectors Corner cap badge give blue. Rosanoski considers the apparent green an optical effect of blue over yellow. The merger and the colour interpretation remain distinct questions.

LUNDQVIST REDERIERNA.

K101 is recorded for Hildegaard during 1935–60.

Suomi ja meri gives a golden-yellow funnel with brighter yellow in the band and flag. Its centrally placed flag emblem is contradicted by the company website. Loughran places the funnel diamond forward, while other sources centre it; Brown varies the band widths and uses a smaller diamond.

The flag was designed by Capt. Unto Lindberg in 1952. Aarniaho gives vertical proportions 17:4:5:4:17 and horizontal divisions 30:30:23; the L is 17:11 with strokes four units wide, and the diamond 37:30. Rosanoski observes that other sources show a normal rectangular flag.

Mitchell’s principal funnel, L282, refers to Alfa, Hildegaard and Shinobu Shipping. L283, with the hexagon defined, has no further identification. L284 is labelled Hildegaard, without establishing whether this means ship or company.

LUNHAM & MOORE STEAMSHIPS LTD.

The green swallowtail bears an orange disc containing a green maple leaf. The funnel is green with a black top and the same disc and leaf. The orange may actually be deep yellow.

LUNMAR S.A.

Berna was recorded in April 1965 with a yellow or buff funnel and a broad blue band. No flag is noted.

Resistência Serviços à Navegaçâo Lda.

R455 follows Lutamar photographed to starboard on 7 November 2013. Lloyds 2011–12 places the tug under Lutamar, but Rosanoski interprets its funnel as Resistência’s, possibly reflecting a recent change. The website apparently ceased operating after 2011.

LUZON STEVEDORING CORPORATION.

Brown 1982 gives wider blue funnel bands than Brown 1995. Bakker’s FOTW flag is a blue-and-white horizontal triband, probably based on Brown 1995, although no source is quoted.

LYDIA MAR SHIPPING CO. S.A.

The flag is based on the parent company’s. Sache’s FOTW illustration follows Nüsse, while the company website depicts the L and its surrounding ring in black.

L445 follows Naxos photographed on 21 November 2008.

L446 follows Skros on 11 July 2008.

L448 follows Dorothea on 29 July 2006.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

L447 probably follows Mitchell’s Felicity drawing, associated with managed company Castano Shipping. The precise relationship is unclear.

Vessel and livery proprietor unresolved.

LYGMAR SHIPPING INC.

L380 is retained from Mitchell. His Lygnos card also shows Agiogalusena’s A234 funnel, a documentary cross-reference rather than an additional image association here.

LYKES BROS. STEAMSHIP CO. INC.

Southern States Line’s white swallowtail has a smaller blue diamond without a letter. Some sources assign it directly to Lykes; Ships & The Sea 1938 notes addition of L to form L213. Merchant Ships’ discussion of lettering while showing the unlettered version is internally unclear.

Dixie Mediterranean and Dixie U.K. shared a white tapered swallowtail, blue-bordered except at the hoist, with red DIXIE. Their precise corporate relationship to the Lykes concerns remains uncertain.

The lettered diamond appears under both Lykes Bros. Steamship and Lykes Bros.-Ripley. Photographs of Almeria Lykes and Aimee Lykes support a horizontally elongated funnel diamond and an L shaped like the flag’s letter rather than a plain form. Merchant Ships also suggests replacement by the unlettered Southern States funnel, adding to the chronology’s uncertainty.

The flag later becomes an ordinary rectangle. Brown 1995 calls this recent, yet Talbot-Booth 1949 and Stewart 1957 already show it; Stewart 1963 returns to the swallowtail. Stewart 1957 puts the diamond towards the hoist. Brown gives L13 as an alternative funnel, and Bakker’s L13 flag follows that source.

Small website photographs and Lykes Hero on 10 August 2005 suggest a later funnel change to L303. The top may be light sky blue like the logo or the teal blue apparent in the photograph.

LYKIARDOPULOS.

The star’s size varies. Rosanoski’s notes favour L51, supported by Spartia in February 2005; US Navy 1961 assigns its funnel to Cephalonian Maritime. Bakker’s flag follows the Caltex book.

The earlier Lloyds 1904 flag was quartered yellow and black with black N and L in the yellow quarters. Lloyds 1912 changes to white with a red star; Sache’s L307 records the later flag.

Jordan describes a black Cephalonian funnel bearing the house flag without specifying the flag, apparently referring to Lykiardopulo’s. Merchant Ships instead photographs Nicolas D.L. with the L50 arrangement and does not mention this version.

L50’s band may actually be a panel which appears continuous because of the funnel’s width. Merchant Ships gives L308 as an alternative; its Nicolas D.L. photograph, identified as Cephalonian’s vessel, appears to show a panel spanning the visible width. The band/panel interpretation remains uncertain.

LYLE SHIPPING CO. LTD.

The blue flag has a white disc bearing a blue L. The funnel is described as yellow or light buff. Loughran says the light-buff shade survived the management amalgamation with a new emblem, while the house flag continued as a stem jack.

Documentary images — company attribution uncertain

L30 has a black funnel with a broad band of the blue flag, whose white phi consists of a circle and vertical baton. Rosanoski warns that these are Fafalios colours and probably an error here; he also questions the phi’s precise form. The accepted illustration is retained with that original reservation.

No proof of exclusive or shared use.

LYS-LINE A/S.

The funnel emblem is a flapping flag, although Mitchell shows a panel and small website images do not resolve the distinction. Most funnels appear white, one perhaps with a narrow black top; another is black with a red top and flag panel. Mitchell’s alternative panel version appears associated with Lys Sky and Lystind. The blue shade is uncertain; Sache’s website-based L107 uses bright blue.

S365 may show the obverse or may be reversed: what looks like a sleeve could be a sewn edge, and the emblem may be applied separately on both sides. Lysfoss in December 2002 flies this version. Lysvik’s port funnel in August 2006 shows L107 while its starboard side shows S365.

LYTTELTON PORT CO. LTD.

The Harbour Board’s white flag bore large arms occupying much of the field. Granted in 1961, they incorporated Lyttelton family features with Lord Cobham’s permission. The shield is quartered yellow and four white-and-blue waves, crossed by blue and red counterchanged so blue adjoins the first and fourth quarters and red the second and third. White crosses on the arms represent the Southern Cross. A flaming brazier in the first quarter denotes beacon services, a black fouled anchor in the fourth marine activities, and the waved quarters the sea.

White sea-lion supporters have golden fins and manes and each holds a boathook. A merman holding a single-masted galley forms the crest, above land surrounded by sea and the motto MORE ILLUSTRIOUS BY SERVICE. The reproduced scan muted the colours, particularly blue.

The later emblem represents the Christchurch–Lyttelton Road Tunnel portal opening towards the harbour, symbolised by three blue wavy bands. The flag was first observed over the company administration building on 8 June 1992. Dignan independently suggested a road through a chain-like stylised tunnel, and Rosanoski confirmed the tunnel interpretation from the 1991 company review.

LÜBECK LINIE A.G.

The white flag has two red horizontal stripes, each doubled in width at the hoist to suggest LL. Mitchell dates his sighting to Seton in 1979.

The grouped variants retain the Flaggenbuch/Massary, 1937–38 and Stewart 1963 evidence alongside the later L523 sources.

LÜBECK-WYBURGER DAMPFSCHIFFAHRTS-GESELLSCHAFT.

Mitchell records light blue from an Eschenbrug sighting at London in August 1959. Schneider’s flag follows Deutsche Reedereien und ihre Erkennungszeichen.

LÜDER BISCHOFF GMBH & CO.

FOTW places the Brown-based flag among “Bischoff firms”, but Rosanoski found no evidence establishing a connection with those other firms.

Mitchell bases the funnel on a line drawing of Weserberg, named “Weserborg” in his record.

ÖLHANDEL UND TRANSPORT GMBH.

The company used the Palm Line funnel after the Second World War.

"LA COLUMBIA" SOCIETÀ MARITTIMA PER AZIONI.

Merchant Ships 1944 notes that the number of stars on the L198 flag may once have been smaller.

L199 is retained from the 1930s Talbot-Booth and Ships & The Sea sources.